词汇语法第一节课讲义雅思托福四六级适合使用

词汇语法第一节课讲义雅思托福四六级适合使用 语法讲义一:句子成分及基本句型 (一)构成句子的成分: 主、谓、宾、表. 定、状、补.同位语 (1) 主语:句子的核心主体，通常位于谓语动词之前，表明一个句子是谁或何 种情况所发出或是执行的。 名词、代词、数词、主语从句、介词、V-ing 、To do、 The+adj ? 名词:Success is the result of good judgment. Life lights the candle of hope. ? 代词:We live and learn. I doubt, therefore I think. I think, therefore I am. ? 数 词:Two in distress makes the sorrow less. ? 主语从句:How a person masters his fate is more important than what his fate was. What is worth doing is worth doing well. ? 介词:To success is difficult. From words to deeds is a great space. ? V-ing: Losing can be a real beginning. Believing in yourself is the secret of success. ?To do: To light the candle of heart is better than to curse the darkness of the outside world. To know is wisdom and to do is a skill. ? The+adj: The selfless can be fearless. The ignorant can be fearless. The shameless can be fearless. 注意:形式主语和真实主语 使用形式主语的目的是为了防止头重脚轻。通常形式主语在前，真实主语在后。 不定式的形式主语 1.It is wrong to waste time. It是形式主语 to waste time是真实主语 2.ing形式的形式主语 It is no use trying it again. It是形式主语 trying it again是真实主语 3.that引导的主语从句的形式主语 It is a pity that we lost the game yesterday. It是形式主语 that we lost the game yesterday是真实主语 4.whether引导的主语从句的形式主语 It doesn’t matter whether you answer the question or not. It是形式主语 whether you answer the question or not是真实主语 (2) 谓语:描述或阐述主语的情况，由动词来充当，常位于主语之后。 表状态、表动作、表拥有、情态动词，动词原形 表状态:Life is full of ups and downs. Life is hope and hope is life. 表动作:Many hands make light work. I came I saw I conquered. 表拥有:人或物时用:have has 无生命的东西:there be 情态动词，动词原形:You can’t control your life, but you can control your attitude towards life 注意:动词有六种变形: 1. work动词原形 2. works动词的第三人称单数形式 3. worked动词的过去式 1 4. to work动词的不定式 5. working动词的ing形式 6. worked动词的ed形式(过去分词) ，2，3可以单独做谓语，4，5，6不能单独做谓语。 其中1 所以我们把4，5，6称为动词的非谓语形式 (3) 宾语:及物动词或介词所指向的对象。 名词、代词、数词、复合结构、句子、V-ing 、To do、 The+adj ? 名词作宾语:Reading enriches our mind. ? 代词作宾语:God help those who help themselves.. ? 数词作宾语:One plus one makes two. ? 复合结构:If you lack confidence you will find it hard to win. ? 宾语从句作宾语:Change what you can’t bear; bear what you can’t change. ? To do: Winners expect to win in advance. ? V-ing: Reading is like opening a window to the outside world. 注意:直接宾语和间接宾语:有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如:give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语;一个指物， 为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。 一般的顺序为:动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如:Give me a cup of tea,please. 强调间接宾语顺序为:动词 + 直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。如:Show this house to Mr.Smith. 若直接宾语为人称代词:动词+ 代词直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。如: Bring it to me,please. (4) 表语:接在系动词后，补充说明主语的情况又称为主语补足语。 名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、V-ing 、To do、 V-ed、 从句 ? 名词:Life is struggle. ? 代词:The master of your life is yourself. ? 数词:Two plus two is four ? 形容词:Life is short and art is long ? 副词:She is out. ? 介词短语: I’m under the weather today. ? 从句:The real measure of success is how happy we are. ? V-ing: Courage is doing what others think you can’t ? To do: A proper function of a man is to become stronger everyday. ? V-ed: He is excited (5) 定语:修饰名词或类似于名词的词。一般翻译为“,,..的”，表示事物性质或 状态，分为前置或后置。 形容词、代词、数词、名词、名词所有格、介词短语、定语从句、V-ing 、V-ed 、 To do ? 形容词:A warm smile is the universal language ? 代词:Plato is my teacher. I love my teacher, but I love the truth more ? 数词:Two heads are better than one. ? 名词:Lady-bird woman-killer ? 名词所有格:A positive attitude is a person’s passport to bright future. ? V-ing: Failure is a learning experience. 2 ? To do: There is no time to lose. ? V-ed: fallen leaves boiled water. ? 介词短语:A friend in need is a friend indeed. ? 定语从句:That is a good book which is opened with expectation and closed with profit. (6) 状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整句的词或句。按照功能分十一种:时 间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、让步、比较、伴随、评注。 副词、介词、形容词、独立主格、状语从句、状语从句省略结构、名词、To do V-ing V-ed ? 介词Along the road to success, there are many failures. ? To do To leap higher, we must draw back further. ? V-ing Life is just like a brook, flowing away and never turning back ? V-ed United we stand; divided we fall ? 形容词He got home, tired. ? 独立主格Life being hard ,struggle is the only way out. (7) 补语:主语补足语(补充说明主语的性质或状态)、宾语补足语(补充说明 宾语的性质或状态) 主语补足语:形容词、名词、数词、介词短语、To do V-ing As + n V-ed ? 形容词:He died young. He was found died. ? 名词:He is called Tom. ? 数词:Tom 16 is a troublemaker ? 介词短语:He came back, out of humor. ? To do: He is seen to go upstairs. ? V-ing: She is often heard singing in the morning ? V-ed: He came back, quite changed. ? As+n: Be accepted/treated/taken/described/used/considered/known/looked upon/recognized/regarded as+n 宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上 的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。 名词/代词宾格 + 名词The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士. 名词/代词宾格 + 形容词 New methods make the job easy./新方法使这项工作变 得轻松. 名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语 I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工 作. 名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式 The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户. 名词/代词宾格 + 分词 I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过 了马路. (8) 同位语:句子中的两种成份表达同一种概念，即A=B 称之为同位语。 名词、代词、数词、形容词、介词短语、从句、To do V-ing ? 名词:We should make full use of today, the hope of tomorrow ? 代词:She herself said: “time works wonder.” ? 数词:We two like the saying: money talks. ? 形容词:All countries, big or small, should be treated equal. ? 介词短语:of 结构:The city of Rome wasn’t built in a day 3 ? 从句:The fact that you have tried your best is in itself a big victory. ? To do: His belief, to seize today and to begin now, is quite great. ? V-ing: His proposal doing what you like and liking what you do is reasonable. 英语语句五种基本结构: S十V主谓结构 S十V十P主系表结构 S十V十O主谓宾结构 S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构 S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构 基本句型一: S十V主谓结构 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，这些动词常见的有:appear, apologize, arrive, come, go, die, disappear, exist, fall, happen, take place, rise,等等。 例句: Miss Jeana has gone abroad(冉娜小姐已经出国了。 Most students work hard(大部分学生努力学习。 Great Changes have taken place in our hometown(我们家乡已经发生了巨大的变 化。 1). 学生们学习很努力。_____________________________________ 2). 她再次向我道歉。 _______________________________________ 3). 事故是昨天晚上发生的。 _____________________________________ 补充: 少数不及物动词后面能跟一个相同意义的名词作宾语，这个名词和前面 的动词在词根上是相同的或者在意义上是相近的，这样的宾语就叫做同源宾语。 常见的能带同源宾语的动词有:lead, live, die, sleep, dream, breathe, smile, laugh, fight, run, sing等。例如: 4). Under the leadership of the Party, the peasants lead a happy life. _______________________________________________________________________。 5). I dreamed a terrible dream last night. __________________________________________。 6). Our soldiers fought a wonderful fight against the floods last August. ___________________________________________________________________ ___。 7). He died a glorious death. _____________________________________________________。 基本句型二: S十V十P主系表结构 例句: He is an IT engineer(他是一位信息工程师。 The cloth feels smooth(这块布料手感细滑。 The river near my house looks more beautiful in the early morning. 我家附近的那条河在清晨看上去格外美丽。 这种句型中的系动词一般可分为下列两类: A. 表示状态的连系动词。这些词有:be, look, seem, appear, smell, feel, taste, sound, keep, remain, 等等。如: 8) We should __________ __________ any time. 我们在任何时候都应该保持谦虚。 9) 这种食物尝起来很糟糕。 _________________________________________________. B. 表示转变或结果的系动词。这些词有:become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove, 等等。如: 10) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer. 春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 4 11) Don?t have the food. _______________________________. 不要吃那种食物，它已经变质了。 12) The fact __________ ___________. 这个事实证明是正确的。 基本句型三: S十V十O主谓宾结构 这种句型中的动词应为及物动词或者可以后接宾语的动词短语。同时，句子中有时含有与宾语有关的状语。作宾语的成分常是:名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句。如: 例句: We like sports(我们喜爱运动。 He knows what to do next(他知道下一步做什么。 He began learning English ten years ago(十年前他开始学英语。 I have decided to play the flute well(我已经决定把长笛吹好。 13) 我昨天看了一部电影。 ________________________________________________. 14) You place me in a difficult situation.________________________________________。 15)They finally managed to get along with us. _____________________________________。 16)They have ________ ________ _________ of the children(这些孩子他们照看得很好。 17)I don’t like being treated like this.________________________________。 基本句型四: S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构，O1,间接宾语;O2,直接宾 语 例句: The old man gave the little boy some coins( 老人给了那个小男孩几个硬币。 Mr(Hardey teaches US European Literature( 哈代先生教我们欧洲文学。 His aunt bought him a book and several toys( 他婶婶给他买了一本书和几个玩 具。 His praise gave US great encouragement( 他的表扬给了我们很大的鼓舞。 The programmer is showing us how to use the computer(程序员正在教我们如何 使用电脑。 这种句型中作间接宾语的常常指“人”，直接宾语常常指“物”。如: 18)Yesterday her father _______________ ________ _____ ____________ as a birthday present. 昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物。 19) The old man is telling the children stories in the Long March. ___________________________________________________。 这种句型还可转换为其他两种句型: A. 动词 ， 直接宾语 ， for sb.; B. 动词 ， 直接宾语 ， to sb.。 20) Please show me your picture. ==Please _________ ________ __________ _____ _____. 请把你的画给我看一下。 21) I?ll offer you a good chance as long as you don t lose heart. == I?ll offer ____ _________ ____________ _______ ________ as long as you don?t lose heart. 只要你不失去信心，我会给你提供机会的。 基本句型五: S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构 例句: We think Creek too difficult(我们认为希腊语太难了。 We made him captain(我们选他作队长。 They don?t want to let us go(他们不想让我们走。 When the policemen came in，they found the old man dead(警察进来时发现老人 死了。 5 He 1ikes to watch the boys playing football. 他喜欢看那些男孩们踢足球。 这种句型中的“宾语， 补语”可统称为“复合宾语”, 作补语的常常是名词、形容 词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如: 22)Keep ________________________________, please. 请让孩子们安静下来。 23)他把墙漆成白色。 ________________________________________________________. 24)我们发现他是一个诚实的人。 ______________________________________________. 注意:动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, observe, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。 如: 25)The boss made him do the work all day. ______________________________________。 句子的成分练习 (一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词(4分， 4分钟) ? The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ? There is an old man coming here. ? The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. ? To do today?s homework without the teacher?s help is very difficult. (二) 选出句中谓语的中心词(10分， 10分钟) ? I don?t like the picture on the wall. ? The days get longer and longer when summer comes. ? Do you usually go to school by bus? ? There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. ? Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? ? Tom didn?t do his homework yesterday. ? What I want to tell you is this. ? We had better send for a doctor. ? He is interested in music. ? Whom did you give my book to? (三) 挑出下列句中的宾语(10分，10分钟) ? My brother hasn?t done his homework. ? People all over the world speak English. ? You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. 6 ? How many new words did you learn last class? ? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? ? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. ? They made him monitor of the class. ? Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. ? You will find it useful after you leave school. ? They didn?t know who"Father Christmas"really is. ) 挑出下列句中的表语(5分， 5分钟) (四 ? The old man was feeling very tired. ? Why is he worried about Jim? ? The leaves have turned yellow. ? Soon They all became interested in the subject. ? She was the first to learn about it. (五) 挑出下列句中的定语(6分，6分钟) ? They use Mr,Mrs with the family name. ? What is your given name? ? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. ? I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. ? The man downstairs was trying to sleep. ? I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! (六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语(6分， 6分钟) ? She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ? He asked her to take the boy out of school. 7 ? She found it difficult to do the work. ? They call me Lily sometimes. ? I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. ? Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? (七) 挑出下列句中的状语(8分， 8分钟) ? There was a big smile on her face. ? Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ? He began to learn English when he was eleven. ? The man on the motorbike was travelling to fast. ? With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. ? She loves the library because she loves books. ? I am afraid that if you?ve lost it, you must pay for it. ? The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. (八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语(5分， 5分钟) ? Please tell us a story. ? My father bought a new bike for me last week. ? Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. ? Here is a pen.Give it to Tom. ? Did he leave any message for me? (九)划句子成分。 Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned round. I looked at the man and the woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the end, I could not bear it. I turned round again. „I can?t hear a word!? I said angrily. „It?s none of your business,? the young man said rudely. „This is a private conversation!? 8