[初二英语]英语语法形容词、副词比较级和最高级的用法

[初二英语]英语语法形容词、副词比较级和最高级的用法 轻松掌握形容词、副词比较级和最高级的用法 淮北市杜集区杜集区张庄中学LY ?语法 形容词和副词比较等级的用法 一(概念 英语中大多数形容词和副词都有三个等级:原级、比较级和最高级。原级即 原形;比较级表示“较„„”，“更„„”;最高级表示“最„„”。少数形容 词和副词只有原形，没有比较级和最高级。如right(正确的), wrong , woolen(羊 毛制的)等。 二(比较级和最高级的构成——有一下几种情况 ?规则变化的 又分两种情况: ? 单音节和少数双音节的变化规则 一般是比较级加-er，er发[-?];最高级加 -est，-est发[-ist]。分?“直接加”;?“变y加”;?“双写加”三种情况。 具体如下: ?直接在词尾加-er, -est。如tall—taller, tallest; long—longer, longest 原词以e结尾时直接加-r, -st。如nicer—nicer, nicest; fine—finer, finest ?以“辅音字母+ y”的，变y为i再加-er, -est。如easy—easier, easiest early—earlier, earliest; funny—funnier, funniest ?有些需要双写最后一个辅音字母在加-er, -est。如“胖瘦大热红伤湿”等。 fat—fatter, fattest; thin—thinner, thinnest; big—bigger, biggest; hot—hotter, hottest; red—redder, reddest; sad—sadder, saddest wet—wetter, wettest ? 多音节和部分双音节的变化规则 比较级是在原形前加more;最高级是在原 形前加most。如: interesting—more interesting, most interesting beautiful—more beautiful, most beautiful slowly—more slowly, most slowly ?不规则变化的 要分别单独记忆，常见的有“多少好坏老远”等。 many/much more most little(少的) less[les] least[li:st] good/well better best bad/badly/ill worse[w?: s] worst[w?: st] old older/elder oldest/eldest far farther/further farthest/furthest 三(用法与句型 ?比较级的用法和句型 比较级一般用于两者(或两方)之间的比较。主要句型如下: ? A … . B more. 例:1)Bob is tall. Mike is taller. 2)A car runs fast. A train runs faster. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 轻松掌握形容词、副词比较级和最高级的用法 淮北市杜集区杜集区张庄中学LY ? B more than A 例:1)Mike is taller than Bob (is). 2)A train runs faster than a car. ? Who/Which … more…, A or B? 例:1)Who is taller, Mike or Bob? 2)Which of them is taller, Mike or Bob? 3)Which runs faster, a car or a train? 说明: ?此句型中who指人;which一般指物。但后跟of短语时必须用which 代替who指人(因为who后不能跟of短语)，如例2)。 ?此句型中的or不可改为and。 ?more and more句型 即“比较级 + and +(同一个)比较级”句型。此句型表示“越来越„„”。 如果是用more帮助构成的比较级，只重复more。 例: 1)Our life is better and better. 2)You look more and more beautiful. *?The more …, the more …句型 具体结构:The + 比较级 + 一个句子，the + 另一比较级 + 一个句子。 表示“越„„越„„“。 例:The harder you study, the better grades you will get. ?最高级的用法和句型 最高级一般用于三者(或三者以上)之间的比较。主要句型如下: ? A … . B more. C the most. 例:1)Bob is tall. Mike is taller. John is the tallest. 2)A car runs fast. A train runs faster. A plane runs (the) fastest. ? the most + of + 范围;或 the most + in + 范围 例:1)John is the tallest of the students. 比较:John is the tallest in the class. 2)China is the largest of the countries. 比较:China is the largest in the world. 说明:当主语和范围属于“同类概念”时要用介词of ;当主语和范围不属 于“同类概念”时则用介词in。如例1)中第一个句子，我们可以说 主语John是学生，后面的范围也是学生，属于“同类概念”，所以 用介词of。而第二个句子主语John是学生，后面的范围是班级，不 属于“同类概念”，所以用介词in。 ? Who/Which … the most…, A, B or C? 例:1)Who is tallest, Mike, Bob or John? 2)Which of them is tallest, Mike, Bob or John? 3)Which runs fastest, a car, a train or a plane? ? one of the most ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 轻松掌握形容词、副词比较级和最高级的用法 淮北市杜集区LY 例:This is one of the most interesting books. ?原级的用法和句型 原级即原形，一般不用于比较，如:My bother is very tall and thin. 但也可用 于as … as 句型, 在两者(或两方)之间进行比较。具体句型如下: ?肯定式:A as + adj./adv. + as B A和B一样„„ 例:1)Mike is as tall as Bob (is). Mike和Bob一样高。 2)He draws as well as the teacher (does). 他和老师画得一样好。 ?否定式:A not so/as + adj/adv. + as B A不如B„„ ? 要注意译法，决不可译为:A和B不一样„„×～～～ 例:1)Bob is so/as tall as Mike (is). Bob没有Mike高。 2)He doesn’t so/as well as the teacher (does). 他没有老师画得好。 说明:?当as .. as句型是否定式时，第一个as通常可以改用so(见上面)， 但肯定式不可以。 ?as … as句型中间有时还可以插入名词，其顺序为:as + adj.+ a/an +n .+ as 。如Japanese is (not) as difficult a language as Chinese. *四(值得注意的问题 ?使用比较级句型时要准确抓住比较部分，弄清是什么和什么作比较。(有时不能 单从汉语字面上去判断，要根据意义～有时还要改变句型) 例:1)他比我胖。He is fatter than me. 2)他比我的性格更外向。He is more outgoing than me(mine×). 3)他的法比我好。His handwriting is better than mine(me×). 4)他的朋友比我多。 His friends are more than mine.× ?He has more friends than me. ? 5)我们今年学的科目比去年多。 We learn more subjects this year than (we did) last year. 6)他们班的女生比我们的女生活泼。 The girls in their class are more active than the girls in our class. 7)他们班的女生比我们的女生多。 The girls in their class are more than the girls in our class. × ?There are more girls in their class than (there are) in our class. ? ?比较级的范围要排斥主语;最高级的范围要包含主语 ?比较级范围要排斥主语，以避免与自身比较。需要排斥时可用other或else。 例:1)比较: 可以说John is stronger than any girl in his class. ? 不可说Tina is stronger than any girl in her class. × ?Tina is stronger than any other girl in her class. ? 2)She is thinner than anyone in her class. × ?She is thinner than anyone else in her class. ? ?与比较级句型相反，最高级的范围必须包含主语。 例:1)比较: 不可说John is the strongest of the girls in his class.× ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 、轻松掌握形容词、副词比较级和最高级的用法 淮北市杜集区杜集区张庄中学LY 可以说Tina is the strongest of the girls in her class. ? 或者说John is the strongest of the boys in his class. ? 或者说John is the strongest of the students in his class. ? 2)Mary is the tallest of _______ . A. the sisters B. her sisters C. her friends D. the boys ?最高级前的冠词问题 ?形容词最高级前一般要用定冠词the ;副词最高级前常省the 。 例:1)He is the best student in our class. 2)He draws (the) best in our class. ?比较级前已用了one’s等其它限定词时，必须省the 。 例:He is my best friend in our class. ?比较级句型中连词than后用me还是用I 比较下列说法: 1)He is taller than I am. =He is taller than me. 2)He knows you better than I know you. 他比我更了解你。即:我了解你，他更了解你。 ?He knows me better than you know me. 他比你更了解我。即:你了解我，他更了解我。 说明:在不造成歧义的情况下，在than后可用宾格人称代词me等代替主格人称代 词I等。如上述例1)。不过在than后用主格人称代词时，其后常用“情 助be”。又如:He gets up earlier than I do. =He gets up earlier than me. ?比较级句型连词than后的省略和代替 为了突出和强调比较部分，比较级句型连词than后，通常用省略式，省略与前 面主句重复的成分;或者用代词等代替与前面主句重复的成分。见以上各例。 例:The milk in my cup is more delicious than the milk in your cup is. ?The milk in my cup is more delicious than that in yours. ?比较级、最高级以及as ... as句型中的修饰语 ?比较级的修饰语:常见的有still(更)，even(甚至更，还要);some(稍微)，any(稍 微);a lot(„„得多)，much(„„得多);a little(=a bit)(稍微，一点,一些);twice(两 倍)，three times(三倍)等等。 例:1)Are you feeling any better today? —Yes, I’m feeling some better. 2)He is a little(much, a head ) taller than me. 他比我稍高一点(高得多，高一头)。 3)He is twice older than me. 他的年龄比我大两倍。 4)He is two years older than me. 他比我大两岁。 ?最高级的修饰语:常见的有much(放于冠词the之前)=very(放于冠词the之后)(最大程 度地，完全)， first(second, third …)等等。 例:1)This is much the best. =This is the very best. 这是最好最好的。 2)Huanghe River is the second longest river in our country. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 轻松掌握形容词、副词比较级和最高级的用法 淮北市杜集区杜集区张庄中学LY 3)He is the first tallest in our class. ?as … as句型的修饰语:常见的有about(大约), almost(几乎)，just(恰恰，正好)， twice(两倍)，third times (三倍)等等。 例:1)He is about/almost/just as tall as me. 他大约/几乎/恰恰和我一样高。 2)He is three times as old as me. =He is twice older than me. ?比较级句型、最高级句型和(not) as … as句型的转换——三种句型之间可以转换 例:1)She is the thinnest in her class. =She is thinner than anyone else in her class. =She is not as fat as anyone else in her class. 2)This ruler is twice as long as that one. =This ruler is once longer than that one. ?比较级前用the的一种情况 比较级前一般不用冠词，但表示“两者中较„„的一个”时要用the。 例:He is the stronger of the two. (strong强壮的) 此时，也可用最高级:He is the strongest of the two.(但是较少用) ?几组应特别注意的比较级 ?more的用法——有3个 ?作many或much的比较级。如I have more books(bread) than he does. ?帮助多音节的形容词或副词构成比较级。如I’m more outgoing than my sister. *?放于表数量的词之后，表示“另外的”、“另加的”、“还(有)”、“再”等。如 1)The child has ate some apples. And he wants two more (apples).这个孩子吃了 两个苹果了，他还想再要两个/一些。2)Would you like some more rice?要不要 再来点米, 3)A few more students went.又有几个学生回家了。 ?most的用法——有3个 ?作many或much的最高级。如I have most books(bread) of all. ?帮助多音节的形容词或副词构成最高级。如I’m most outgoing in our class. ?作“大多数;大部分”(前面不用冠词)。此用法与最高级无关系。修饰或代替 可数名词或不可数名词均可。例如:1)Most (of the) students like music. 2) Most of them/us like music. 3)Most (of the) work is difficult; 4)Most of it is difficult. ?less、least的用法——有2个 ?作little(少的)的比较级和最高级。如I have less free time than you. And I have the least free time of us three. ?帮助各种音节的形容词或副词构成否定意义的比较级和最高级。less表示“较 不„„”，least表示“最不„„”。 例:1)He is less tall than me. =He isn’t as tall as me. 2)This book is less interesting than that one. 这本书没有那本书有趣。 3)This book is the least interesting of all. 在这所有书当中这本书是最没有趣的。 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 轻松掌握形容词、副词比较级和最高级的用法 淮北市杜集区杜集区张庄中学LY ?older, oldest与elder, eldest区别 older, oldest可以表示年龄、物品的破旧、时间的久远等;可作定语或表语。 而elder, eldest只用于家庭成员的长幼关系，并且只可放于名词前作定语。 例:1)His eldest son is a policeman. 2)Her elder bother is one year older than me. 3)This car is older than that one. 4)China is one of the four oldest countries. ?farther, farthest与further, furthest的区别 表示距离时further=farther(较远的), farthest=farthest(最远的)。另外，further, furthest还可以表示表示程度等引申意义:further表示“更进一步的(地)”，furthest 表示“最大程度的(地)”，此时不可改用farther, farthest。 例:1)Li Lei’s home is farther/further from the school than Wang Hai’s. And Lily’s home is the farthest/furthest. 2)We will go further into the question. 我们将进一步研究这个问题。 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6