医护英语考试（三级）辅导

医护英语考试（三级）辅导 医护英语水平考试(三级)辅导 METS LEVEL III UNIT ONE TEXT Prenatal Development Normally, it takes about 40 weeks for a single cell to grow up into a fully formed newborn baby. The long period takes on dramatic changes and is typically divided into three phases: the zygote phase, the embryo phase and the fetus phase. The zygote refers to the single-celled form of the new baby produced by fertilization. It travels along the mother?s fallopian tube and finally embeds itself into the uterus. At the same time, the zygote divides rapidly and turns into the multi-celled form, called blastula. After the first three weeks of zygote phase follows the embryo phase. Dramatic changes and organ and system developments take place during this phase. The placenta comes into being and establishes the life-support system between the embryo and the mother. It is responsible for gas and blood supply and waste excretion of the new baby. Meanwhile, part of the blastula differentiates into the amniotic sac, which contains amniotic fluid and the baby. The main part of embryo differentiates into three layers. The outside layer, called ectoderm, eventually becomes the spinal column, the nervous system and the skin. The middle layer, named mesoderm, later develops into muscle and bone. The inner layer, named endoderm, differentiates into the internal organs. During the fourth and fifth weeks after conception, heartbeat can be detected and limbs, hands or even fingers apparent. Vital organs, including brain, lungs, stomach and kidneys are formed and start functioning in the following weeks. By the end of the ninth week, testes or ovaries are visible to tell the sex of the baby. thThe last phase of fetus begins from the 12 week after conception. The baby with fully developed organs and systems comes into the rapid growth period. Various thkinds of movements are detected by the 14 week, including swallow, digestion, urination and limb movements. In the later phase of fetus development, body size and weight are dramatically increased till birth. ththSensory perceptions are developed between the 13 and 29 weeks. The fetus is alert to the outside noise, sensitive to different tastes and able to initiate neurological reactions to stress hormones. Therefore, pregnant women often complain of the vigorous kicking by the fetus especially when the mothers themselves fall into distress. New s prenatal [pri:neitl] adj. 出生以前的 zygote [zaiɡ?ut] n. 合子，受精卵 1 embryo [embri?u] n.胚胎 amniotic fluid [æmni,tik flu:id]n.羊水 fetus [fi:t?s] n.胎儿 ectoderm [ekt?ud?:m]n.外胚层 fertilization [f?:tilaizei,?n] n. 受精，受spinal column [spainl k,l?m] n.脊柱 孕 mesoderm [mes?d?:m] n.中胚层 fallopian tube [f?l?upi?n tju:b] n.输卵管 endoderm [end?ud?:m] n.内胚层 embed [imbed] v.把……嵌入，埋入 conception [k?nsep,?n] n.怀孕 uterus [ju:t?r?s] n.子宫 testis [testis] n. 睾丸 blastula [blæstjul?] n.囊胚 ovary [?uv?ri] n.卵巢 placenta [pl?sent?]n.胎盘 digestion [did,est,?n] n.消化 excretion [ekskri: ,?n]n. 排泄 urination [ju?rinei,?n] n.排尿 differentiate [dif?ren,ieit]v.分化 sensory perception [sens?ri p?sep,?n] n.amniotic sac [æmni,tik sæk] n.羊膜囊 感知觉 NOTES OF THE TEXT 1. Normally, it takes about 40 weeks for a single cell to grow up into a fully formed newborn baby. 正常情况下，一个单细胞生长成发育完善的新生儿需要经历40周的时间。 本句句型可以归纳成: It takes + 时间 + 不定式。其中，it为形式主语，指代其后的不定式短语。我们在语言学习的过程中，应该做个有心人，不断地归纳一些句型，这样做，有利于提高自己的英语实际运用能力。 2. The long period takes on dramatic changes and is typically divided into three phases: the zygote phase, the embryo phase and the fetus phase. 这段漫长的时期中会发生翻天覆地的变化，通常可划分成三个阶段:受精卵期、胚胎期和胎儿期。 先注意本句主语，The long period 再对照其中文表达方式，你可以发现英文思维方式的点点滴滴。说句实话，学英文的中国学生要写出这样的句子有一定难度。但是学习中多多注意这样的思维方式的观摩与学习，可以避免写出中国式英语，那种对于英国人来说充满异国情的英文。 3. The fetus is alert to the outside noise, sensitive to different tastes and able to initiate neurological reactions to stress hormones. 他们对外界声响产生了警觉，对各种味道有了感应，并对各种应激激素开始产生神经反应。 注意搭配be alert to，我们在学习英文的过程中，要十分重视词组的积累。有一个说法很有道理:背单词不如背词组，这是因为，词组在构句过程中，能量更大。不要寄希望于临机一动，那是不可靠的。因此，不妨做个有心人，边学习，边收集，日积月累，必有成效。 学习建议:学完课文以后，可以试着把课文译文翻译成英文，再与课文对照，以加深对课文的理解和对语言点的掌握。 READING COMPREHENSION 1. The single-celled form of the new baby is called [A] Blastula [B] Zygote [C] Embryo 2 [D] Placenta 2. Which part is responsible for oxygen supply for the fetus? [A] Blastula [B] Zygote [C] Embryo [D] Placenta 3. How long does it take the fertilized zygote to develop into a mature newborn? [A] 7 months [B] 8 months [C] 9 months [D] 10 months 4. The endoderm is the original form of the [A] Skin [B] Muscle [C] Organs [D] Spinal column 5. The lungs come into function at the rd[A] 2 week th[B] 4 week th[C] 6 week th[D] 12 week 6. How would fetus response to his mother?s depression? [A] He decreases its movements. [B] He increases its movements. [C] He reduces its growth. [D] He quickens its growth. ANSWERS 1(B 2(D. 3(D. 4(C. 5(C. 6(B. 阅读点津 应试技巧:定位答依据 阅读理解需要运用技巧，首先，学生要弄懂“定位”解题信息的方法，因为在定位答案过程中，这一方法可以起到关键作用。定位词(词组)指的是题干中与原文中某一词或词组相同、相似的词或词组。一般我们选择1-2个定位词，犹如XY坐标，这样做有利于准确定位原文中的答案依据。例如，阅读理解第4题，我们可以选用endoderm和original作为定位词。因而，很快就可找到并确定原文中的答题依据为:The inner layer, named endoderm, differentiates into the internal organs. 因此答案为C。当然，我们所选的定位词最好具有某种排他性的意义， 3 这样有利于迅速在文中找到答案依据。 具体来说，可分四步走: (1)浏览问题，确定定位词; (2)浏览文章，寻找定位词所在句，即答题依据; (3)精读答题依据，确定细节信息点; (4)浏览问题后各选项，确定文中的细节信息与哪一项相符。 TRANSLATION OF THE TEXT 胚胎的生长发育 正常情况下，一个单细胞生长成发育完善的新生儿需要经历40周的时间。这段漫长的时期中会发生翻天覆地的变化，通常可划分成三个阶段:受精卵期、胚胎期和胎儿期。 受精卵指受精后产生的单细胞形式的新生儿，必须沿着母体的输卵管向外游走，最终到达并种植在子宫内。与此同时，受精卵快速分化，变成多细胞形式的囊胚。 完成受精的三个星期之后，受精卵即转化进入胚胎期。在此阶段，胚胎发生巨大变化，并且完成器官和系统的生长发育。胎盘出现后，胚胎和母体间建立起生命支持系统，为胚胎和胎儿输送血液和氧气，并清除排泄废物。与此同时，一部分囊胚分化成羊膜囊，包被胎儿和羊水。 胚胎的主体部分分化成三个胚层。最外一层，称为外胚层，最终会演变成脊柱、神经系统和皮肤;中间一层，称为中胚层，今后将形成肌肉和骨骼;最内一层，称为内胚层，分化成内脏器官。 受精后的第四周到第五周，可检测到胎儿的心跳，并分辨出四肢、手臂甚至是手指的模样。之后的数周内，大脑、肺脏、胃、肾脏等重要生命器官开始成形并发挥功能。到第九周，可以根据显现的睾丸或卵巢来辨别胎儿的性别。 最后一个阶段，即胎儿期，从怀孕12周开始。这个阶段中，胎儿的各个器官和系统进入快速发展期。14周时，可检测到胎儿的各种运动，包括吞咽、消化、排尿和肢体运动等。胎儿期的后半阶段直至出生，胎儿的体型和体重迅速增长。 胎儿的感知觉发育出现在第13周至第29周。他们对外界声响产生了警觉，对各种味道有了感应，并对各种应激激素开始产生神经反应。因此，怀孕妇女常常抱怨腹中胎儿对自己拳打脚踢，自己在情绪低落时，这种感受尤其明显。 翻译要诀 双语对比学习英语 其实，对于METS一级的学生讲一点翻译，真正的意图并非是训练翻译技巧，培养翻译能力。我们希望通过翻译练习，一方面熟悉所教语言知识，另一方面，通过双语对比，我们有可能学到地道的英文思维方式。比如，我们对比下面的两个句子: He is a good runner. 4 He runs well. 虽然意思差不多，第一句显然更为地道。记住:与中文表达方式差距比较大的句子往往是地道的英语表达方式。 正是出于这个目的，我们主张医学生要学一点翻译技巧。 注意，翻译其实传达的应该是原文的意思，而不是原文的结构。如果我们严格地按照原文的结构进行翻译，很可能得到的是带有浓重翻译腔的译文，这样就达不到通过双语对比学习英语的目的。毕竟中文与英文是两种不一样的语言。 比如，课文中有这样一句: Therefore, pregnant women often complain of the vigorous kicking by the fetus especially when the mothers themselves fall into distress. 如果我们逐词翻译:因此，孕妇常常抱怨被胎儿猛踢，尤其是当穆青情绪低落时。那么译文就不太流畅。其实，翻译时，可以根据中文的表达习惯，进行某种程度的“改写”，这样译文才能符合中文习惯。因此，我们在这里译成:因此，怀孕妇女常常抱怨腹中胎儿对自己拳打脚踢，自己在情绪低落时，这种感受尤其明显。 课文中还有一些句子的“改写”，也是基于这么个考虑。大家可以细心加以体会。 语法点滴 语法应试技巧 一般来说，METS考生已经接受过一定时间的基础英语语法的学习与训练。尽管如此，还是有相当多的考生，面对语法题一筹莫展。其中一个原因可能是不熟悉语法题解题方法。其实，命题老师在编写语法考题时，一定会在题目中自觉或不自觉地留下解题信息。抓住这些信息，无疑会大大提高考生的答题效率与答题准确性。 要抓住解题信息，考生可采取“优选法”，即通过直观判断，运用相关语法知识，做出抉择。此时，即使题中有若干生词，或对题意不甚了解，也可不加理会。例如: By the end of this term I ____ my diploma. A) shall have obtained B) shall obtain C) may have obtained D) ought to have obtained 题干中By the end of this term表明，只有现在或过去将来时态可以匹配。因 此，A)为 答案。一般来说，时态的选择与时间状语有关，也就是说，时间状语构成所谓的解题信息。若By the end of this term改为This term，则应选择B)，因为this term表将来时间。此时，考生是否理解整句意思似乎并非解题关键，不明白diploma一词的意思也并不妨碍正确答题。 Exercise 1(We _____ with you for the time being. A. will stay B. will be staying 5 C. would stay D. have stayed 2(What _____ you _____ tomorrow morning? A. are/going to do B. are/doing C. are/done D. have/done 3(It _____ Jane who helped me the other day. A. is B. was C. are D. were 4. Mother promised she _____ me an English-Chinese dictionary. A. is buying B. will buy C. would buy D. has bought 5. It is getting late. It?s time we _____. A. go B. went C. are going D. must go 6. He _____ English for ten years by the time he takes the examination. A. will have been studying B. would have been studying C. will study D. studied The Key 1(B 2(A 3(B 4(C 5(B 6(A 写作园地 1)写作辅导 到目前为止，我们在大学英语课程中学习了一些基本的英语句型，无疑，掌握这些句型，对于英文写作是很有帮助。]但是，符合句型的句子也不一定是好的句子。下面我们要在三级辅导材料部分中，通过实例分析来讲解初学英语写作的人经常出现的一些问题。 请看下例: 6 Yesterday Tom had his hand burnt, and he could not find his lecture notes anywhere. 这句句子有问题，但问题不在于语法或句型，而在于这句句子表达了两个联 系不甚紧密的思想，给人一种莫名其妙的感觉，没有逻辑性。 注意下列规则: 用一句句子表达联系紧密的思想;用两句或更多的句子表达相关但联系不甚 紧密的思想。 根据这条规则，我们可以修改上句如下: Unfortunately all day yesterday, Xiao Li not only had his hand burnt, but also lost his lecture notes. 说明:采用not only…but also，两个思想的关系就变得清楚了。同时增加 unfortunately一词，起到了概括的作用。由此可见，掌握一定的写作技巧有多重 要。 2) Writing Practice Write a paragraph on „Nursing Home? based on the following key words (130 words): Long-term care facility, rehabilitation, the elderly, ADL, meet the needs of, nurse, dominent role, basic nursing care, malnutrition, dehydration, chronic diseases, health maintianence, disease prevention, symptom management, self-care Answer: A nursing home is one kind of long-term care facilities in our society. It is a special place for the elderly and mainly focuses on rehabilitation care. In the nursing home, health care workers help the residents with activities of daily living and meet their physicial, emotional and social needs. Nursing homes operates a little different from other kinds of health care facilities. In a nursing home, it is the nurses who take thedominent role as most residnets there require basic nursing care rather than medical treatments. The major tasks for nurses may be dealing with malnutrition and dehydration rather than medication administration. Most elderly residents have more thanone chronic diseases. Therefore nurses in nursing homes play an important role in health maintainence and disease prevention. They are responsible for sumptom management and self-care assistance. 医护英语水平考试(三级)辅导 METS LEVEL III UNIT TWO TEXT Consciousness & Personality: Freud’s theory In Freud?s theory, human beings bear both conscious and unconscious mind. Conscious mind refers to one?s awareness of particular matters at particular moments. One person?s present perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies and feelings, all of these make up of the conscious mind. The unconscious mind also takes a large part of our thinking, which, according 7 to Freud, is the source of our motivations. Instincts and drives are not easily available and come into our awareness, but they do affect our decision and action. Other kinds of unconscious mind such as panic memories and emotions long time ago also hit back on us from time to time without any reason. Based on the theory above, Freud conceptualized the process of personality development into a series of conflicts at a person?s early age. On one hand, children develop various primitive desires, most of which are based on hedonism; on the other hand, the society and surroundings impose many restrictions and obstructions on children. Inside each person there are three types of personality dealing with the conflict. Each type, although operating separately from the other two, is essential for every human being. The first type is id, an unconscious collection of selfish instincts, consisting of all the basic desires, motivations and vitality. Id is the source of psychological power and follows the hedonistic rules rather than obeying the social morality or code of conduct. The mission of id is to pursue individual physical comfort, the needs of survival and reproduction, which attributes to the unconscious mind. The second personality type, ego, although belonging to the unconscious level, refers to the thoughts, feelings, judgments or memories within the self-awareness realm. The motivation of ego is to fulfill the needs of id under the realistic rules without any punishment and injuries to the individual. The third type, superego, represents for the ideal part of a person?s personality. The superego receives impacts from the social ethics, culture and values throughout the individual growth and development. It is under the mission of pursuing personal perfection through self-supervision, self-criticism and restriction. As a result, the superego demands the ego to serve the needs of id in a socially acceptable pattern. New Words perception [p?s'ep,?n] n. 观点，看法 psychological [saik?'l,d,ik?l] adj. fantasy ['fænt?si] n. 想象，幻想 心理的，精神的 motivation [m?uti'vei,?n] n. 动机 hedonistic [hi:d?'nistik] adj. 快乐主义 instinct ['insti?kt]n. 本能，天性，直觉 的 panic ['pænik] adj. 恐慌的，惊慌的 morality [m?'ræliti] n. 道德，德行 conceptualize [k?n'septju?laiz] v. 使概reproduction [ri:pr?'d,k,?n] n. 繁殖， 念化 生殖 primitive ['primitiv] adj. 原始的，简单ego ['i:ɡ?u] n. 自我 的 realm [relm] n. 领域，范畴 hedonism ['hi:d?niz?m] n.享乐主义 superego [sju:p?r'eɡ?u] n. 超我 id [aidi:] n. 本我 ethics ['eθiks] n. 伦理，道德 vitality [vai'tæliti] n.生命力，活力 criticism ['kritisiz?m] n. 批评，批判 NOTES OF THE TEXT 1. The unconscious mind also takes a large part of our thinking, which, according to 8 Freud, is the source of our motivations. 无意意识也是我们思想中的一大重要 内容。根据弗洛伊德的说法，无意意识是人类动机的源泉。 分析本句结构，The unconscious mind also takes a large part of our thinking为 主句，which, according to Freud, is the source of our motivations.为非限制性从句。 值得注意的是according to Freud, 插入从句，本身构成割裂式结构。这种结构与 中文距离比较大，那就是比较地道的英文说法。事实上，中国学生英文写作时， 很少会主动选择这种思维表达法。因此，值得我们关注。 2. The first type is id, an unconscious collection of selfish instincts, consisting of all the basic desires, motivations and vitality. 第一种人格是本我，它是一种无意识 状态下的自我本能的集合，包括所有基本欲望、动机和生命力。 本句中的an unconscious collection of selfish instincts与id同位，本质上它是 名词结构，这种结构也值得我们关注。我们可以这样理解，an unconscious collection of selfish instincts=which is an unconscious collection of selfish instincts。 后一种句式，更容易为我们所理解，因为与中文喜欢多用句子的表达倾向比较接 近。不过作为准备参加国际医护考试或从事涉外医务实践的学生，了解英文思维 表达方式很有必要。 3. The mission of id is to pursue individual physical comfort, the needs of survival and reproduction, which attributes to the unconscious mind. 本我的职责是追求 个人生理上的舒适，满足个体生存和繁殖的需要，属于无意意识的范畴。 本句同样可以从课文注释3的角度去理解，the needs of survival and reproduction,也是同位语，作为名词结构与individual physical comfort同位。3级 程度课文中这种结构出现得比较多，其实也反映英文的特点。可以得到的启发是;我们以后用英文写作翻译时，可以有意识地多用这类结构，这样，我们所说或写 的英文才能更多地体现英文的内在特点。分析一下本句的结构:The mission of id为主语，is to pursue individual physical comfort为系表结构，其中不定式to pursue individual physical comfort作表语，the needs of survival and reproduction作为名词 结构与表语部分同位，非限制性定语从句which attributes to the unconscious mind 补充说明前句内容。这种结构本课课文中还有一些，大家不妨找找看，加深印象。 学习建议:学完课文以后，可以试着把课文译文翻译成英文，再与课文对照，以 加深对课文的理解和对语言点的掌握。 READING COMPREHENSION 1. All of the following, which are related to „conscious mind?, are true except [A] A person?s awareness of special things [B] Memories in specific period of time [C] Quickness to recall [D] The major part of thinking 2. The unconscious mind consists of a set of things except for [A] Instincts [B] Drives [C] Scare experiences [D] Fresh memories 3. The differences of conscious mind and unconscious mind do not include 9 [A] Aware vs. unaware [B] Action influential vs. uninfluential [C] Specific vs. ambiguous [D] Present vs. past 4. Which kind of action is excluded as for pursuing personal perfection under superego? [A] Self-awareness [B] Self-criticism [C] Self-supervision [D] Self-restriction 5. A person?s id works under the guidance of [A] Social rules [B] Realistic rules [C] Self-gratification rules [D] The needs of ego 6. Which statement is true in regard to the relationship of three personality types? [A] Id serves for ego [B] Id serves for superego [C] Ego serves for id [D] Ego serves for superego ANSWERS 1(C. 2(D. 3(B. 4(A. 5(C. 6. C. 阅读点津: 寻读技巧 (scan) 英语考试阅读题题型，一般来说，主要是细节事实题。 细节题常用来测试考生理解阅读材料具体内容的能力。应对细节题，关键是理解细节信息，包括理解作者写作时所使用的具体事实、数据、图表、图形等等细节信息，与此同时，考生还得思考这些细节信息在具体上下文中出现的原因，有什么功能。这些细节信息都是我们在做阅读题必须思考的问题。 要迅速有效地把握细节信息，我们需要掌握在考试中快速搜索信息的方法。细节题是对学生思维能力的挑战，用于检验学生是否具有良好的识别能力及迅速应变能力。在以前的学习中，我们已经了解作细节题的关键是要学会在题干中寻找定位词。当然定位词还应该具有排外性、标志性。这样有利于快速定位答案依据。本课的阅读练习题大多为为细节题。读者可试着做一下。 当然，为了提高解题效率与速度，正确把握文章细节，我们可以适当运用寻 10 读技巧(scan) 。所谓“寻读”技巧(scan)， 就是说，要求考生在阅读的时候，不必过分强调对于文章内容的整体理解。我们只需按照文章顺序，跳跃式地寻找有关的具体内容，往往是考题所涉及的细节、事实，来加以阅读理解即可。换句话说，考试时，就是只阅读你认为重要的可能要考的细节部分，其他可以略过不读。 一般来说，寻读技巧使用时，有一些规律性的东西。比如，因果关系重在果，因此，寻读时，优先关注表结果的句子，因为这个部分才是作者强调的东西。再如，目的行动重在行动，等等。 我们不妨利用上述方法来解答本课的阅读理解题。 TRANSLATION OF THE TEXT 弗洛伊德理论:意识和人格 在弗洛伊德的理论中，人类同时具有有意和无意两种意识。有意意识指人在特定时刻对特定事件的感知。一个人现阶段的观念、记忆、想法、幻想和感受，所有这些均属于有意意识。 无意意识也是我们思想中的一大重要内容。根据弗洛伊德的说法，无意意识是人类动机的源泉。直觉和内在驱使无法轻易获得，也无法直接清楚地感知到，但却能影响人的决定和行动。其他类型的无意意识，例如很久之前经历的恐慌记忆和情绪，也会偶尔在毫无缘由的情况下突然重现。 根据上述理论，弗洛伊德将人格的发展过程归结为人类孩童时期所经历的一系列冲突。一方面，儿童会产生各种简单的欲望，这些欲望大多以获得快乐为目标。另一方面，整个社会和周围环境给儿童施加了很多限制和障碍。 在人类内心，有三种人格类型同时处理这些冲突和矛盾。三种类型尽管各不相同，对于每一个个人而言，三者都是必须的，不可或缺的。第一种人格是本我，它是一种无意识状态下的自我本能的集合，包括所有基本欲望、动机和生命力。本我是心理能量的源泉，它遵循快乐为本的原则，而不是中规中矩地遵循社会道德或行为规范。本我的职责是追求个人生理上的舒适，满足个体生存和繁殖的需要，属于无意意识的范畴。 第二种人格类型称为自我。自我也属于无意意识，但它包含了思想、感觉、判断或记忆等能为自己所察觉的内容。自我的动机是遵循现实的原则，在不使个体受惩罚和伤害的前提下满足本我的需求。 第三种人格类型是超我，它代表了个体人格中的理想状态。超我在个体的生长发育过程中不断接受社会道德、文化和价值观的熏陶。它通过自我监督、自我批评和自我制约的方式追求和实现自我完美。因此，超我要求自我按照社会可接受的方式满足自我。 翻译要诀: 什么是翻译, 什么是翻译,追根究底，翻译就是用一种语言准确而又通顺地表达另一种语言所包含的思想内容。翻译的成败得失取决于译文的意思是否与原文保持一致。 评判译文好坏优劣公认的是“准确、通顺”。所谓译文准确，就是说，译文必须符合原文的意思，我们对于原文不应有任何的篡改和随意的发挥，否则就可能差之毫厘，失之千里。所谓译文通顺，就是说，译文应该在忠实于原文的 11 基础上，对原文的表达形式进行一定的灵活处理，使译文通顺流畅。 为了达到这个目的，我们不能拘泥于原文的形式，逐字逐句地死译。 请看例句讨论，在课文翻译中，“自我的动机是遵循现实的原则，在不使个体受惩罚和伤害的前提下满足本我的需求。”一句所对应的课文原文为: The motivation of ego is to fulfill the needs of id under the realistic rules without any punishment and injuries to the individual. 倘若逐字翻译:自我的动机是在无对个体任何惩罚与伤害的现实规则之下实现本我的需求，这样的译文就充满了翻译腔，仿佛是“披着中文外衣的英文”。 对比原文与译文，我们可以发现，在译文中，译者对原文中的一些词作了调整。因此，译者在翻译过程中可以根据各自语言特点，根据目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式做出调整，以避免翻译腔。 语法点滴 wish的用法 1、2级的学习中，我们了解了基本的语法知识。在3级辅导材料中，我们根据考试的要求，选择一些容易搞错的语法项目进行深入学习。本课中，我们学习wish的用法。 wish可用于虚拟语气，表达说话者的某种愿望。其具体用法可分下面几种情况: 1)用于wish所引导的宾语从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为: a. 表与现在事实相反:过去时(be的过去式为 were)，例如: I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。 b. 表与过去事实相反:过去完成时，例如: He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。 c(表将来不大可能实现的愿望:would/could +动词原形，例如: I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。 2)wish to do sth 或 wish sb / sth to do Wish除了用于虚拟语气句型之外，还可作普通动词使用，用于直陈语气，此时，with的意思和用法与want相似，表示“想要做某事/希望某人做某事”。例如: I wish to see the manager. 我要见经理。( = I want to see the manager.) I wish the manager to be informed at once. 我希望立刻通知经理。(= I want the manager to be informed at once.) Exercise 1. I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _____ the book from which it was made. A. have read B. had read C. should have read D. are reading 2(I wish that I _____ with you now. A. went B. could go C. have gone D. could have gone 12 3(I can't speak Japanese, but I do wish I . A. can B. could C. had D. speak 4(I wish you interrupt when I'm talking on the phone. A. will not B. would not C. do not D. did not 5(I ____ you to take a good care of it. A. hope B. do hope C. wish D. with The Key 1(B 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. C 写作园地 1)写作辅导 我们在上一课中学习了一条重要的写作技巧:用一句句子表达联系紧密 的思想;用两句或更多的句子表达相关但联系不甚紧密的思想。本课，我们 介绍另一条规则:不要用并列连词将主要思想句和从属思想句连接起来。 请看下句: The patient didn?t come and we were worried. 从句子结构角度看，使用and连词表明，两个思想是同等重要的。虽然 我们有理由相信worried是因为the patient didn?t come造成的，但却无法肯定， 因为至少从结构上无法看出这一点。 因此有理由，加上从属连词，作出如下改动: We were worried because the patient didn't come( 这样一改，两个思想之间的关系就变得清晰起来，因为它呈现出清晰的 因果关系。 一般说来，“并列”表示“对等”，即具有同样价值，同等重要性或同样的 地位;而“从属”则表示“不对等”，即一个思想从属于另一个思想。英语中并 列连词不多，主要有:and，but，or，so，however，for，either …or，both…and， not only …but also等。 常见的从属连词有after，as soon as，while，since，until，although， if， though， because， unless， lest， so that， than， as if等。 2)Writing Practice 13 You are a community nurse receiving a group of elderly people asking for information about diabetes. Prepare an information sheet on the disease for public health education covering definition, signs and symptoms, risk factors and prevention related to the disease. (within 130 words): Key words: chronic, insulin, blood sugar, urine output, water consumption, weight loss, vision damage, infection, genetics, obesity, smoking, exercise, diet Answer: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases in our society. It is characterized by insulin secretion defect and high blood sugar level. The disease may have sets of signs and symptoms including excessive urine output, thirst, increased water consumption, weight loss and increased appetite. Severe patients may suffer vision damage and skin infection. Many factors have been proved related to the disease, including genetics, ethnic groups, birth weight, metabolic syndrome, obesity, specific lifestyle and smoking. However, much can be done to prevent the disease. Establish a balanced diet and keep away from excessive sugar and fat intake will do much good to you. Furthermore, regular physical exercise and keeping fit are also of great help in preventing diabetes and other kinds of chronic diseases. Last but not least, smoking do great harm and must be quit. 医护英语水平考试(三级)辅导 METS LEVEL III UNIT THREE TEXT Stroke A stroke, also called „brain attack? or „cerebral vascular accident?, is the sudden death of brain cells due to oxygen deprivation. The stroke, mainly attacking the aged population, is one of the leading causes of death and severe disability in developed countries. The stroke, according to its cause, could be classified into two types, hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke. A hemorrhagic stroke is the undue brain bleeding due to vessel bursts. Common causes of hemorrhagic strokes are hypertension and congenital malformation of brain vessels such as aneurysm. The excessive bleeding greatly raises the pressure inside the brain tissue, resulting in brain cell death and vessel collapse. The second type, ischemic stroke, is a sudden blood interruption due to blockages in brain vessels. In pathology, there are three sub-categories of ischemic stroke, thrombotic ischemia, thromboembolic ischemia and embolic ischemia. A thrombotic stroke refers to the direct obstruction of blood flow in a arteriosclerotic vessel. Sometimes the blockage is caused by a clot, which is broken off from an arteriosclerotic plaque. In this case, the stroke is called a thromboembolic ischemia. If the clot is ambulatory and moves everywhere inside the vessels, a blockage 14 could happen anywhere at any time. An embolic ischemia may be light or cause permanent damage. Sometimes the clot causes a temporary obstruction and no cell death occurs. This kind of patient is diagnosed with transient ischemic attack (TIA) and recognized as high-risk population of thrombotic stroke. Patients with atrial fibrillation or previous experience of heart attack are also of high potential of having an embolic stroke. Signs and symptoms of stroke vary depending on the area and size of brain damage. Commonly most patients take on unilateral facial and limb weakness or paralysis, speech and visual problems, intense dizziness, altered responsiveness, or severe headache. As time for effective stroke treatment is limited, mainly within the first three hours after the attack, the victim must be sent to qualified health care facilities so as to reverse and prevent permanent brain damage. Anticoagulant is one of the routine therapies for stroke for minimizing blood clotting. Blood pressure regulation and oxygen supply are also of great importance. New Words stroke [str?uk] n. 中风 adj. 血栓栓子的，血栓栓塞性的 cerebral vascular accident [seribr?l embolic [em'b,lik] adj. 栓子的 væskjul? æksid?nt] n. 脑血管意外 arteriosclerotic [ɑ:t?ri? skli? 'r?utik] deprivation [depri'vei,?n] n. 剥夺、adj. 动脉粥样硬化的 缺失 plaque [plɑ:k] n. 斑块 hemorrhagic [hem?rid,ik] adj. 出血transient ischemic attack [trænzi?nt 的 iski:mik ?tæk] n. 短暂性脑缺血发作 ischemic [is'ki:mik] adj. 缺血的 atrial fibrillation [eitri?l faibri lei,?n] n. burst [b?:st] n. 爆炸，爆裂 心房纤颤 congenital [k?n'd,enit?l] adj. 先天的 unilateral ['ju:ni 'læt?r?l] adj. 单边的， malformation [mælf,: 'mei,?n] n. 畸单侧的 形，残缺 paralysis [p?' rælisis] n. 麻痹，瘫痪 aneurysm ['ænjuriz(?)m] n. 动脉瘤 dizziness ['dizinis] n. 眩晕，头晕眼 collapse [k?'læps] n. 倒塌，塌陷 花 pathology [p?'θ,l?d,i] n. 病理学 anticoagulant ['æntik?u' æɡjul?nt] n. thrombotic [θr,m'b,tik] adj. 血栓形抗凝剂 成的 ischemia [is' ki:mi?] n. 缺血 thromboembolic [θr,mb,em'b?lik] NOTES OF THE TEXT 1. A stroke, also called „brain attack? or „cerebral vascular accident?, is the sudden death of brain cells due to oxygen deprivation. 中风，也称为“脑中风”或“脑血管 意外”，是由于缺氧而导致的脑细胞突然死亡。 句中also called „brain attack? or „cerebral vascular accident?部分为非限制性过 去分词短语，相当于定语从句:which is also called „brain attack? or „cerebral vascular accident?，修饰主语A stroke。另外，相对主句而言，also called „brain attack? 15 or „cerebral vascular accident?属于不太重要的信息，因此放在句中。相对而言， 英语句子中，句末、句首位置较为重要。 2. The excessive bleeding greatly raises the pressure inside the brain tissue, resulting in brain cell death and vessel collapse. 大量出血大大增加了脑组织的压力，可产生 脑细胞死亡和血管塌陷。 注意主语The excessive bleeding的结构，形容词+名词。这种结构在正式英 文中运用非常普遍。想一想，如果让你用英文表达中文的意思，你会写出课文中 的这种句子吗,似乎不太可能。这是因为，在你的心中，中文思维表达模式会强 烈地影响到你的英文表达。记住我的这句话:与中文表达方式距离越远的英文句 子越可能是地道的英文说法。注释1中的例句部分the sudden death of brain cells due to oxygen deprivation也是一个典型的例子，请注意观察。 3. This kind of patient is diagnosed with transient ischemic attack (TIA) and recognized as high-risk population of thrombotic stroke. 此类患者多诊断为“短暂性 脑缺血发作”，但同时也因此成了发生血栓形成性中风的高危人群。 注意短语be diagnosed with，尤其是介词with。后半句 recognized as high-risk population of thrombotic stroke省略了be动词。另外，high-risk population对应于 中文“高危人群”，注意把握。 4. As time for effective stroke treatment is limited, mainly within the first three hours after the attack, the victim must be sent to qualified health care facilities so as to reverse and prevent permanent brain damage. 对中风患者进行有效治疗的时间非 常有限，主要集中于中风发作后的前3小时内，所以应尽早将中风患者送至符合 资质的医疗机构进行急救，逆转和避免永久性的脑损伤。 本句主语为the victim，谓语部分为must be sent to qualified health care facilities，As time for effective stroke treatment is limited, mainly within the first three hours after the attack,表原因，so as to reverse and prevent permanent brain damage表目的。 学习建议:学完课文以后，可以试着把课文译文翻译成英文，再与课文对照，以 加深对课文的理解和对语言点的掌握。 READING COMPREHENSION 1. Which statement is not true according to the article? [A] The stroke attacks cerebral nerves [B] The stroke leads to brain cell death [C] The stroke targets the elderly [D] The stroke results in disabilities 2. The cause for ischemic strokes is [A] Vessel bursts [B] Vessel blockages [C] Hypertension [D] Hypotension 3. Which of the following should be excluded from the characteristics of hemorrhagic stroke? [A] Excessive blood 16 [B] Excessive pressure [C] Decreased oxygen [D] Decreased cells 4. Which population is of high potential to have thrombotic stroke? [A] Patients with TIA [B] Patients with atrial fibrillation [C] Patients with previous heart attack [D] Patients with permanent brain damage 5. What are the major treatments for stroke rescue? 6. Which of the following is not true concerning the thrombotic stroke [A] Fixed location [B] Direct blood obstruction [C] Ambulatory vessel blockage [D] Usually inside a arterioscerotic vessel ANSWERS 1(A. 2(B. 3(D. 4(A. 5(The major treatments for stroke rescue include administrating anticoagulants, regulating blood pressure and delivering oxygen. 6(D. 阅读点津: 应试技巧:阅读猜词 英语是世界上词汇量较大的一种语言，有资料表明，英语的总词汇量达一百 万以上。因此，即使英文教授业无法夸下海口，说没有自己不认识的英文词。 因此，在阅读的过程中，我们当然会经常会碰到生词。在平时的学习中，我 们鼓励学生查字典，即使猜了词义，事后也应该查字典确认。因为我们并非在英 语环境中学习英语，没有很多自然语言环境让我们去体会所猜词的语境。然后， 在考场上，情况就不同了。一方面，不能查字典;另一方面，理所当然，应该运 用应试技巧。下面，我们介绍猜测词义的技巧。 1)利用上下文 英语文章特定思维模式决定了，文章中会大量出现你不认识词的定义、解释 或列出其同位语。这就为我们据此推测创造了条件。 例如，在课文中有这么个句子: A stroke, also called „brain attack? or „cerebral vascular accident?, is the sudden death of brain cells due to oxygen deprivation. 如果你不认识“stroke”一词，甚至也不认识„brain attack? or „cerebral vascular accident?等专业词，你还是可以利用其上下文:injured in a car accident、selecting new blood 等。因为这些词语帮助建立一种意境，我们可以据此推测，“stroke” 17 是“中风”的意思。 2)根据生活常识 我们还可以根据生活常识，对词义进行推测。 例如:If you don?t put the food in the refrigerator, it will become stale. 即使不认识"stale"一词，我们还是可以根据常识判断，这个词应该是“不新鲜的”的意思。 一般运用这两种方法在考场上就可以有效地猜测词义。 TRANSLATION OF THE TEXT 中风 中风，也称为“脑中风”或“脑血管意外”，是由于缺氧而导致的脑细胞突然死亡。中风主要发生于老年人，是发达国家中致死和严重致残的一大罪魁祸首。 根据发生原因可将中风分为出血性和缺血性两种。出血性中风指血管破裂引起的脑内大量出血，最常见的原因包括高血压和先天性脑血管异常，例如动脉瘤。大量出血大大增加了脑组织的压力，可产生脑细胞死亡和血管塌陷。 第二种类型，即缺血性中风，指脑血管阻塞而引起的脑血流突然中断。病理学上，将缺血性中风分为血栓形成性、血栓栓塞性和栓子性三类。血栓形成性中风指动脉粥样硬化的血管中发生直接的血流阻塞。有时，从动脉粥样硬化斑块上脱落的凝血块也可引起血流阻塞，即称为血栓栓塞性中风。 如果凝血块能在血管内自由活动，到处游走，那么凝血块可随时随地产生血流堵塞。栓子性中风有时不会产生严重后果，但也可能产生永久性的损害。有时凝血块产生的血管阻塞是暂时性的，不会造成细胞死亡。此类患者多诊断为“短暂性脑缺血发作”，但同时也因此成了发生血栓形成性中风的高危人群。患有房颤或有既往心脏病突发病史的病人，也是发生栓子性中风的潜在高危人群。 不同中风发作产生的脑损伤病变部位和病变大小各不相同，因此患者出现的症状体征也各异。大多数患者通常会出现的症状包括单侧脸部和肢体的无力或瘫痪、语言和视觉障碍、严重的眩晕、反应能力下降、或严重的头痛等。 对中风患者进行有效治疗的时间非常有限，主要集中于中风发作后的前3小时内，所以应尽早将中风患者送至符合资质的医疗机构进行急救，逆转并且避免永久性脑损伤。抗凝剂是中风治疗中的一类常规药物，主要用于减少血液凝固。此外，调节血压和供氧也是重要的救治内容。 翻译要诀: 谈谈拆译技巧 中文属于汉藏语系，英文属于印欧语系，英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞、尤其是思维模式方面存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时，我们必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。 本课，我们学习拆句法。两种语言存在的差异，在一定程度上会影响到语言表达形式的选择，尤其在长句的翻译中表现得较为明显。处理这种差异，我们可以采用拆句这一翻译技巧。所谓拆句法，就是把一句句子，通常是长句或者虽然不长却复杂的句子，拆译成若干个短而简单的句子。这是因为，汉语强调意合， 18 结构较松散，因此简单句较多;英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长或相对复杂 的句子比较多。我们在英译汉时，可以在原句适当处的语言片断处，主要是基本 意思完整(语法结构不一定完整)的语言片断，将长句切断，译成汉语小句。这 样就可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，以迎合现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相 间的句法修辞原则。请看课文翻译: As time for effective stroke treatment is limited, mainly within the first three hours after the attack, the victim must be sent to qualified health care facilities so as to reverse and prevent permanent brain damage. 译文:对中风患者进行有效治疗的时间非常有限，主要集中于中风发作后的 前3小时内，所以应尽早将中风患者送至符合资质的医疗机构进行急救，逆转并 且避免永久性脑损伤。 英文原文虽然是一句句子，从逻辑上讲，其实包含了4句完整的句子意思。 因此，中文拆译成四句，就比较通顺。 语法点滴 关系代词that 的用法 关系代词用来引导定语从句。但作为关系代词的that在引导定语从句时却有 诸多需要注意的地方: a. 在引导非限定性定语从句时，只能用which，不能用that。 例如:The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b. 介词后不能用that，只能用which。例如:We depend on the land from which we get our food. c. 在带有定语从句的there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。 例如:There is much room that is worth improvement. d. 在诸如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等不定代词作定 语从句的先行词时，只用that，不用which。例如:That is all that I can do. e. 先行词由the only, the very修饰时，只用that。 例如:That is the only thing I can do. Exercise 1. Don?t talk about such things of __________ you are not sure. A. which B. what C. as D. those 2. Is this the factory __________ you visited the other day? A. that B. where C. in which D. the one 3. He failed in the examination, __________ made his father very angry. A. which B. it C. that D. what 4. ---- “How do you like the book?” ---- “It?s quite different from __________ I read last month.” A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what 5. The train __________ she was travelling was late. A. which B. where C. on which D. in that 6. There is only one thing __________ I can do. 19 A. what B. that C. all D. which The Key 1. A 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. B 写作园地 1)写作辅导 在本课中，我们学习写作第三条规则:不要将主要思想放在从属地位。 在写作过程中，决定哪个思想是主要的，哪个是从属的，完全取决于你所要 强调的侧面。例如，同样的内容我们可以写成下面两句话: While he was still at college, his father died. When his father died, he was still at college. 第一句突出了“他父亲去世”这个事实;第二句却强调了“他父亲去世时他还在 上大学”这一事实。 另外，我们在确定哪个思想较为重要时应注意符合常理。例如: I happened to glance at the ground, noticing a watch at my foot. 上句显然违反了常理。因为，相比之下，“发现手表”一事更为重要。 因此，改写为下句较为妥当: Happening to glance at the ground; I noticed a watch at my foot. 2)Writing Practice A young mother in the your department is wondering whether to give breastfeeding to her baby. You as a nurse is responsible for her nursing care. She just requier some information on the benefits of breastfeeding from you to help her make the decision. Prepare a brief report on the topic. (within 130 words) Key words: nutrition, proportion, safe, availbility, inexpensive, milkpowder, growth and development, immune fuction, recover, breast cancer Answer: Breastfeeding is the natural way of feeding and does much good the infant. First of all, human breast milk contains much nutrition that is sufficient to meet the infant?s needs of growth and development. The proportion of fat, protein and suger perfectly matches with the infant?s physical condition. It also facilitates the infant in establishing and enhancing the immune function. 20 Furthermore, breastfeeding is safe. There is few allergic reactions reported in infant feeding with brest milk. it is available at any time and can be very efficient. Compared with milkpowders, human breast milk is inexpensive and affordable for most families. Besides, breastfeeding also do good to the mother. By breastfeeding, the mother will recover much more quickly from the delivery. And it has been proved that breastfeeding is also helpful to decrease the risk of breast cancer in women. 21 医护英语水平考试(三级)辅导 METS LEVEL III UNIT FOUR TEXT CPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure used to resume breath and circulation by exerting artificial respiration and external cardiac massage. It is widely spread and taught among health care workers and the public. The procedure of CPR follows an ABC rule, that is, A for airway, B for breathing and C for circulation. Assessment is the first step during the rescue and should be re-applied before and after each step. At the beginning of CPR, rescuer needs at first to gently shake the victim, shouting “Are you OK?” If the victim gives no response, emergency response system should be called at once for further help. Before starting CPR, the victim should be carefully moved onto the back. Then open the airway by tilting the victim?s head back with one hand and lifting the chin with the other hand. When head or neck injuries are suspected, choose the „jaw thrust? way. By holding the airway open, the rescuer needs to look at the victim?s chest, listen for sounds of breathing and feel for air movement from the victim?s noses and mouth. If no regular breathing is detected, twice mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose breathing rescue should be performed immediately. The artificial respiration should be delivered slowly. And also check for signs of effectiveness such as chest rise and air escape during exhalation. Circulation assessment is followed after two breathing rescues. Index and middle fingers should be put between the trachea and muscle at the side of the neck for carotid pulse detection. When no normal pulse could be felt, chest compression needs to be initiated right away. The heel of one hand should be placed on the lower half of the sternum between the victim?s nipples and the other on top of the first so as to keep the two hands parallel. 15 compressions should be performed continuously at a rate of 100 times per minute. A one-minute rotation of 15 chest compressions and two rescue breaths should be performed before the second circulation assessment. If no sign of circulation is detected, the rotation needs to be replicated. If the victim resumes normal pulses, no more chest compressions are needed. Rescue breaths may be delivered if needed. New Words cardiopulmonary [kɑ:di?u'p,lm?n?ri] external cardiac massage [eks't?:nl adj. 心肺的 'kɑ:diæk 'mæsɑ:,] n. 胸外心脏按摩 resuscitation [ri s,si'tei,?n] n. 复苏，tilt [tilt] v. 使倾斜 复活 chin [t,in] n. 颏，下巴 exert [iɡ'z?:t] v. 运用，发挥 thrust [θr,st] n. 推，塞 artificial respiration [ɑ:ti'fi,?l rescue ['reskju:] n. 营救，救援 resp?'rei,?n] n. 人工呼吸 exhalation [eksh? 'lei,?n] n. 呼气 22 trachea [tr?'ki:?] n. 气管 缩 carotid [k?'r,tid] adj. 颈动脉的 rotation [r?u'tei,n] n. 轮流，轮换 compression [k?m'pre,?n] n. 按压，压 NOTES OF THE TEXT 1. By holding the airway open, the rescuer needs to look at the victim?s chest, listen for sounds of breathing and feel for air movement from the victim?s noses and mouth. 打开气道后，施救者应观察患者的胸部是否有呼吸起伏，听其呼吸气流，感觉其 口鼻是否有气流进出。 注意need的用法。need to do sth = 需要做某事，need doing sth = need to be done。除此之外，还需注意，need既可作情态动词用，如:need do sth，又可作 行为动词用，如need to do sth。 2. When no normal pulse could be felt, chest compression needs to be initiated right away. 如果仍无法检测到脉搏，须重复进行胸外按压和人工呼吸的轮替救护。 医学英文章读多了，就会有个感觉，好像被动语态用的比较多。基于医学英 语语料库的统计数据似乎也可证明这一点。原因无非有二:一是客观，而是正式。 了解了这一点，我们在写医学相关文章时，也可有意识地多用一点被动语态。不 要担心用得太多，中文背景的同学本来就受中文母语的影响，不大会用被动语态。 注意观察一下本课课文中其他的被动语态的使用情况。 3. Rescue breaths may be delivered if needed. 如果有必要，单纯实施人工呼吸即 可。 本句if needed省略了it is。 学习建议:学完课文以后，可以试着把课文译文翻译成英文，再与课文对照，以 加深对课文的理解和对语言点的掌握。 READING COMPREHENSION 1. Which of the following is irrelevant to CPR? [A] Respiratory system [B] Circulatory system [C] Hematological system [D] Cardio-vascular system 2. What is the significance of shouting “Are you OK?” to the victim? 3. The priority of rescuing an unresponsive victim is to [A] Assess the breath of the victim [B] Open the airway of the victim [C] Check for airway obstruction of the victim [D] Telephone the emergency response system nearby 4. What should be avoided when rescuing a victim with injured cervical spine? [A] Moving onto the back [B] Thrusting the jaw [C] Tilting the head and lifting the chin [D] Holding the airway open 5. The function of chest compression is 23 [A] Artificial blood pumping [B] Artificial blood infusion [C] Artificial oxygen intake [D] Artificial carbon dioxide exhalation 6. ABC should be administered again for a victim under the condition of [A] Resumed pulse [B] Resumed breath [C] Resumed consciousness [D] None of above ANSWERS 1(C. 2(It is necessary for the rescuer to ascertain the state of consciousness of the victim. 3(D. 4(C. 5(A. 6(D. 阅读点津 阅读黄金法则 阅读题经常采用的题型是选择题。对于大部分选择题来说，学生应该明白，一般情况下，解题信息一定包含在文章之中。因此，有一个黄金法则要切记在心:题干+某个选择项=文章中某一句的意思。以上述课文理解题为例，第三题题干部分为: The priority of rescuing an unresponsive victim is to 正确答案为:D。 即题干+某个选择项为: The priority of rescuing an unresponsive victim is to telephone the emergency response system nearby 在意义上与文章原句“If the victim gives no response, emergency response system should be called at once for further help. ”是吻合的，因此，D为答案确定无疑。 由此可见，在做阅读理解题时，答题关键是要找到文章中的解题信息。至于如何快速准确地找到解题信息，当然是有技巧的。我们可以在题干中选择细节信息作为定位手段，这样就很容易找到答题依据。 一般来说细节信息往往涉及5个w，what、when、where、why、who等。这些信息构成寻找答案的有利资源。我们应优先从中寻找定位依据。这样做，至少可以减少答题盲目性，提高答题的效率和准确性。请考生尝试一下。 TRANSLATION OF THE TEXT 心肺复苏 心肺复苏(简称CPR)是通过实施人工呼吸和胸外心脏按摩恢复呼吸和循 24 环的一种急救措施。CPR在医务人员和大众百姓中广为传播。 CPR遵循ABC原则，A即气道，B即呼吸，C即循环。急救之前首先是评估，而且在每次结束或开始新的急救措施之前，都必须进行评估。开始实施心肺复苏时，施救者应首先轻轻摇动患者，大声呼叫“你还好吗,”如果患者毫无反应，需要立即打电话，请求急救医疗机构的支援。 在开始实施心肺复苏之前，应将患者轻轻地放置在平面上平卧。然后一手向后按住其头部，一手抬高下巴打开气道。如果患者可能存在头部或颈部损伤，需选择“推下颌法”。打开气道后，施救者应观察患者的胸部是否有呼吸起伏，听其呼吸气流，感觉其口鼻是否有气流进出。 如果没有检测到患者的呼吸运动，应立即给予两次口对口或口对鼻人工呼吸，呼吸时应缓慢，并通过观察胸部起伏和呼气间隙时有无气流溢出等方法来判断人口呼吸的有效性。 两次人工呼吸后应评估患者的循环状况。施救者须将食指和中指放在患者的气管和颈侧肌肉之间，探测颈动脉波动。如果无法检测到正常的动脉波动，应立即实施胸外按压。施救者的一个手掌跟置于患者胸骨下端乳头连线中点处，另一手置于其上，两手保持平行，以每分钟100次的频率连续按压15次。 连续进行15次胸外按压和2次人工呼吸的轮替救护，满一分钟后再次评估循环状况。如果仍无法检测到脉搏，须重复进行胸外按压和人工呼吸的轮替救护。如果患者恢复了脉搏波动，即不必再行按压，如果有必要，单纯实施人工呼吸即可。 翻译要诀 被动语态译法 英语中，尤其是在科技英语中, 被动语态的使用范围极为广泛,几乎随处可见。因此, 掌握被动语态的翻译方法, 对于护理专业学生来说是极为重要的。在汉语中, 也有被动语态, 但通常通过“把”或“被”等词体现出来, 而且它的使用范围远远小于英语中被动语态的使用范围。因此，我们可以归纳出一个规则，英语被动语态在很多情况下都要翻译成中文的主动结构。 下面我们来讨论被动语态译法。 (1) 英语被动句原文中的主语在中译文中仍做主语。此时, 我们往往在译文中用 “加以”, “经过”, “用……来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义。例如: Other questions will be discussed briefly. 其它问题将简单地加以讨论。 The nuclear power's danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation. 核能对健康、安全, 甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词—辐射来概括。 (2) 将英语被动句原文中的主语翻译为宾语, 同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家 等)作主语。例如: It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real. 25 可能有人会指出, 无线电广播同样也能做到这一点, 但还是电视屏幕上的节 目要生动、真实得多。 It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality. 人们普遍认为，孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来 的人品。 (3) 将英语被动句原文中的by, in, for等做状语的介词短语翻译成译文的主语, 在此情况下, 英语原文中的主语一般可以翻译成宾语。例如: A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor. 原子反应堆需要一种合适的燃料。 By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives. 大战结束时, 这个组织拯救了八百人, 但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人 的生命为代价的。 (4) 将英语被动句翻译成汉语的无主句。 例如: Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit. 应该尽最大努力告诉年轻人吸烟的危害, 特别是上瘾后的可怕后果。 Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft. 我们这个世纪内研制了许多新奇的交通工具, 其中最奇特的也许就是气垫 船了。 (5) 英文被动语态句翻译成带表语的主动句。例如: The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。 On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence.总的来说, 得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的。 (6) 英文被动语态句译成汉语的被动语态。英语中的许多被动句可以翻译成 汉语的被动句。中文常用“被”, “给”, “遭”, “挨”, “为……所”, “使”, “由…”, “受到” 等词来表被动。例如: Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man. 地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。 Natural light or “white” light is actually made up of many colors. 自然光或者“白光”实际上是由许多种颜色组成的。 写作园地 1)写作辅导 本课要跟大家谈谈第三个写作技巧:避免写“生写作”式的句子。这个技 巧与前几节课讲的技巧有联系，我们可以结合起来一起学习。 所谓“小学生写作式”(Primer Style)的句子，指的是一连串结构相似，呆板 26 而短小的简单句。这样的句子使所有的动作或思想呈现出同等的重要性，因而给 人以一种单调而幼稚的感觉。 请看下例: Franz Mesmer was a physician. He was from Germany. He invented hypnotism. Hypnotism was invented in the eighteenth century. 以上四句话都采用最常应用的“主语+谓语”的结构，句子呆板而短小，是典型 的“小学生写作式”句子。 我们尝试改写成; Franz Mesmer was a physician from Germany. He invented hypnotism in the eighteenth century. 或: Franz Mesmer was a physician from Germany, who invented hypnotism in the eighteenth century. 或: Franz Mesmer, a physician from Germany, invented hypnotism in the eighteenth century. 这样写，4句变成了2句或1句，不仅简练，主要思想与次要思想也层次分 明了。 2)Writing Practice You are invited to attend to give a public health club in a college. The students ask you to give an introduction of AIDS. Please finish a brief report on the disease. (within 130 words) Key words: HIV, sexual transmitted, immune system, infection, sexual contact, contaminated blood, mother-to-child transmission, vaccine, prevention Answer: AIDS is the short form of „acquired immunodeficiency syndrome?. It is one of the most important sexual transmitted diseases and mainly attacks our immune system. Human immonodeficiency virus (HIV) is responsible for the disease. The virus may hide in the human body for many years without any manifestation. However, eventually the victim with a currputed immune system will suffer all kinds of infection and develop severe illness and complications. 27 AIDS may be spread in many ways including sexual contact, exposure to contaminated blood or blood products and passage from the infected mother to the child throuth the amniotic fluid and breast feeding. As no effective vaccine has been developed up to now, the best way of protecting ourselves is prevention, avoiding any potential risk contact of catching the HIV virus. The basic prevention includes avoiding unsafe sex, unsafe blood infusion and needle sharing. 28 医护英语水平考试(三级)辅导 METS LEVEL III UNIT FIVE TEXT Menopause Menopause refers to the time in a woman?s life when her menstrual periods naturally stop for 12 consecutive months. It marks the permanent loss of fertility. Most women gradually cease menstruation between the age of 45 to 55. Heredity and specific life style such as cigarette smoking have been found related to the time of menopause, while race, height, number of children and use of oral contraceptives irrelevant. Smokers come to their menopause 2 years earlier on average compared with those non-smoking women. Menopause lasts for a long period of time, which is called „perimenopause? or „menopause transition?. Most women could tell lots of changes of their periods during the perimenopause as the production of ova as well as the sex hormone, named estrogen, decreases gradually. The menstruation finally reaches a complete ending when estrogen in the blood drops as low as one-sixth of the normal reproductive level. Most women feel the arrival of menopause themselves as lots of changes in their physiological function taking on during the special period. Irregularity in the length of the period and the time between periods is the major manifestation. Other changes proved to specific during menopause transition are hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, mood swings, forgetfulness, fatigue and fluctuations in libido. Potential related symptoms cover a set of physical problems including dizziness, headache, constipation, insomnia, weight gain. Most physical discomforts disappear after the complete cessation of menstruation.However, two things are not likely to get back to normal—dry skin and osteoporosis. Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) has been widely used in side effect relief of menopause. ERT can not only reduce physical discomforts but prevent osteoporosis and lower the risk of heart diseases as well. Lots of women in Western countries follow the ERT throughout their life. However, ERT alone is found associated with increased risk of endometrial cancer. Therefore ERT has been gradually replaced by „hormone replacement therapy? (HRT), which contains progestogen and estrogen. The artificial menopause, or induced menopause, refers to the abrupt cutoff of ovarian hormones due to chemical, surgical or radiant causes such as bilateral oophorectomy. These women suffer the same physical discomforts and changes as those in the natural menopause. New Words menopause [men?p,:z] n. 停经，绝经fertility [f?:'tiliti] n. 生育能力 (期) menstruation [menstru'ei,?n] n.月经 consecutive [k?n'sekjutiv] adj. 连续的，heredity [hi'rediti] n.遗传 连贯的 oral contraceptives [',r?l k,ntr?'septiv] 29 n.口服避孕药 insomnia [[in's,mni?] n.失眠 perimenopause [pi?ri 'men?p,:z] n.围osteoporosis [,sti?up,:'r?usis]] n.骨质 绝经期，更年期 疏松 estrogen ['estr?d,?n] n.雌激素 endometrial cancer [end?umi:'tri?l irregularity [[ireɡju'læriti] n.不规律 'kæns?] n.子宫内膜癌 manifestation [mænifestei,?n] n.表现 progestogen [pr?u'd,estd,,n] n.孕酮 swing [swi?] n.摇摆，摆动 ovarian [?u'v|,,?ri?n] adj.卵巢的 libido [li'bai:d?u] n.性欲 bilateral oophorectomy [[bai'læt?r?l constipation [[k,nsti'pei,?n]] n.便秘 ?u?f?'rekt?mi] n. 双侧卵巢切除术 NOTES OF THE TEXT 1.Smokers come to their menopause 2 years earlier on average compared with those non-smoking women. 相比不吸烟者，吸烟女性总体上的绝经年龄要提早两年。 短语on average 意为“平均起来”。average除了作名词以外，还可以作动词用。 average 用作动词，意为“平均为”，例如: Months of high and low sales average out over the year. 销售额高低不同的月份按全年统算达到一般水平。 2. Most women feel the arrival of menopause themselves as lots of changes in their physiological function taking on during the special period. 围绝经期内女性身体会 出现一系列的生理变化，因此大多数妇女会感觉到绝经的到来。 有一些简单的词，比如feel，我们似乎很熟悉，其实不然。上句中feel的用法 就值得我们关注，甚至归纳一下它的用法。比如feel ...... as ......。另外，也请同 学们注意一下，本句中的名词词组: the arrival of menopause，lots of changes in their physiological function 。让我们来写这样的句子的话，我们很可能要用上许 多句子才行，不是吗,思考一下，我们从中可以学到点什么。 3.However, ERT alone is found associated with increased risk of endometrial cancer. 然而，单纯使用雌激素可增加罹患子宫内膜癌的危险。 本句is found associated with 部分值得关注。其中使用了被动语态，又省略了一 些词。完整的句子应该是:However, ERT alone is found to be sociated with increased risk of endometrial cancer. 了解了这一点，我们就可以在写作实践中， 运用这样的结构。模仿对于语言学习来说很重要。 READING COMPREHENSION 1. Which kind of population is more like to have earlier menopause? [A] Multipara [B] Vegetarian [C] Black women [D] Smoking women 2. Which of the following is not included in the changes of menopause? [A] Increased estrogen secretion [B] Termination of ovum production [C] Alteration of menstrual periods [D] Decreased libido 3. Which factor is related to a woman?s age of having menopause? 30 [A] Age [B] Race [C] Genetic background [D] Fertility experience 4. The superiority of HRT over ERT is [A] Smaller dose [B] Quicker effect [C] Fewer side effects [D] Lower expense 5. A women having a bilateral oophorectomy would experience menopause due to [A] Termination of estrogen [B] Dysfunction of uterus [C] Fluctuation of libido [D] Damage of self-image 6. Which of the following symptoms lasts longest among menopausal women? [A] Headache [B] Forgetfulness [C] Vaginal dryness [D] Skin dryness ANSWERS 1(D. 2(A. 3(C. 4(C. 5(A. 6(D. 阅读点津: 阅读技巧小结 做阅读题，一般有三种方法: 1)先看文章后作题。为了提高阅读效率，采用这种阅读方法的学生必须注意抓住文章中心思想与作者基本观点，同时要注意，只需搞清重要细节的位置，无需细读。由于考试时间限制，阅读速度应稍快。不要沉迷于原文细节。 2)先看问题再读文章。这是效率比较高的一种阅读方式，但对学生的阅读技巧有相当的要求。尤其适用于细节题较多的文章。要注意使用定位技巧。 3)读文章做题交叉进行。本方法适用于阅读速度较慢的同学。每次阅读一小段时，要力求弄清本段意思，同时结合接下来要回答的问题去抓信息。采用这种方法时，要特别注意掌握时间，以免出现时间来不及的问题。 31 这三种做阅读题的方式并无孰优孰劣之分，适合自己的才是最好的，学生应根据自己的情况做出选择。 TRANSLATION OF THE TEXT 绝经 女性在自然状态下持续停经达12个月即为绝经，绝经后女性永久地丧失了生育能力。 大多数妇女在45至55岁之间逐渐出现停经现象。现已证明，遗传和一些特殊的生活方式，如吸烟，与女性绝经时间有关;而人种、身高、子女数量、使用口服避孕药等因素与之无关。相比不吸烟者，吸烟女性总体上的绝经年龄要提早两年。 绝经期一般持续较长时间，称为“围绝经期”或“绝经过渡期”。由于配卵数量减少以及雌激素水平下降，大多数妇女在围绝经期会出现各种月经周期的改变。当血液中的雌激素降低到生殖期妇女正常水平的六分之一，月经即完全停止。 围绝经期内女性身体会出现一系列的生理变化，因此大多数妇女会感觉到绝经的到来。围绝经期最主要的表现即为月经期发生长度改变，以及月经周期的间隔时间发生改变。其他一些绝经期的特异性表现还包括燥热、夜间盗汗、阴道干燥、情绪波动、健忘、疲乏、性欲改变等。此外还有一些可能与绝经有关的症状，包括头晕、头痛、便秘、失眠、体重增加等。围绝经期一旦结束，即月经完全停止后，大多数症状也随之消失，但皮肤干燥和骨质疏松仍会持续存在。 缓解绝经期症状常用的方法就是雌激素替代疗法(ERT)，ERT不仅能减少生理不适，还具有预防骨质疏松、降低心血管病发生危险的功效。西方许多妇女终身使用ERT。然而，单纯使用雌激素可增加罹患子宫内膜癌的危险，因此ERT逐渐被孕酮和雌激素联合使用的激素替代疗法(HRT)所取代。 人工绝经，或称为诱导性绝经，指由于化学、手术或放射等原因导致卵巢激素突然中断，而出现的绝经现象，双侧卵巢切除术即是其一。此类女性将出现与自然绝经相同的一系列生理不适和功能改变。 翻译要诀: 处理长句 由于其特定的思维表达方式使然，英文语篇中经常出现长句。因此，理解乃至翻译长句就成了我们学习英文的学生所经常要遇见的问题。 在处理较长句子的翻译时，译者常用拆句和合句技巧，这是两种相对应的翻译方法。 所谓拆句法，就是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子;所谓合句法，则是把若干个短句合并成一个长句。 翻译时要根据需要，在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。 请看课文中的句子: However, ERT alone is found associated with increased risk of endometrial cancer. Therefore ERT has been gradually replaced by „hormone replacement therapy? (HRT), which contains progestogen and estrogen. 32 然而，单纯使用雌激素可增加罹患子宫内膜癌的危险，因此ERT逐渐被孕酮和雌激素联合使用的激素替代疗法(HRT)所取代。 有时需要把一些英文短句，连在一起考虑，译成一句汉语长句。如课文原句: Most physical discomforts disappear after the complete cessation of menstruation.However, two things are not likely to get back to normal—dry skin and osteoporosis. 这里虽然出现了几句短句，但这几句句子之间呈现出比较密切的逻辑联系，因此宜于采用合句法，译成汉语的长句: 译文:绝经期一旦结束，即月经完全停止后，大多数症状也随之消失，但皮肤干燥和骨质疏松仍会持续存在。 这样做，可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，适应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。 语法点滴 语法应试策略 许多语法题，其解题信息同时存在于题干与选择项中。因此，解题时，在题干与选择项之间上下求索，上挂下联，有助于寻找到正确的答题线索。 当然，在这过程中，需要运用“排除法”，适者留下，不适者排除。 请看下例: Is there anyone who ________ the plans put forward by the committee? A) differs B)opposes C) disagrees D) refuses 从词义上讲，这几个动词似乎都可以用。 但A)和C)都是不及物动词，不能直接跟宾语。因此，根据题干信息，即可排除A)和C)。在比较B)和D)，refuses虽然是及物动词，但按照英语的习惯用法，不能与表“思维”的词(如，plan、proposal、suggestion等)搭配。因此，B)才是答案。 由此可见，解答语法题的过程是综合思考的过程，采用排除法的思路可以帮助考生把握正确答题的思路。 Exercise 1(I didn?t go to see the film because I _____ it. A. saw B. have seen C. had seen D. am seeing 2. Did you ask the teacher what _____ this afternoon? A. will we do B. we would do C. shall we do D. would we do 3. Who _____ to school earliest in your class every morning? A. comes B. come 33 C. will come D. is coming 4. I?m sure I _____ her four years ago. A. have seen B. saw C. had seen D. will see 5. An unexpected heavy rain caused severe floodings, and the water _____ all the time. A. rose B. raised C. was rising D. was raising 6. _____ a noise just then? A. Have you heard B. Were you hearing C. Are you hearing D. Did you hear The Key 1(C 2(B 3(A 4(B 5(C 6(D 写作园地 1)写作辅导 要写效果好的句子，除了采用前几课介绍的技巧外，我们还可以采用加强句子语气的规则:主要思想放在句末。 英语在其长期的发展过程中，形成了一种相对固定的语序，因此，英语句子的意义重心也相对固定。这就是所谓的“句末重心(end focus)”。效果好的句子往往把重要思想放到句末才出现，这种句子体现了英文的这种特点。如果句中先出现较重要的思想，然后再出现次要的思想，这样的句子就显得松散，不太符合英文的行文特点。 请比较下面两句: His doctor insisted that he should take a good rest after he suffered such an ordeal. His doctor insisted that he, after suffering such an ordeal, should take a good rest. 显然第二句要比第一句效果好，因为句中重要的思想直到句末才出现，体现了英文的行文特点。而第一句，尽管句式没有错，但重点似乎放在了并不那么重要的细节上，这与本句所要表达的意思不相吻合。 2)Writing Practice 34 A 5-year-old boy has been sent to the emergency with an asthma attack. After sufficiet medical care, the boy is eventually to back home. Before discharge, you as the nurse in charge is going to give some health education to his mother on the disease and family management and prevetion. Please finish a brief report on the topic. (within 130 words) Key words: chromic, allergen, pollen, dust, weacher, attack, short of breath, wheeze, cough, chest tightness, life-threatening, prevention, flu vaccine Answer: Asthma is one of the most common chronic illness in children and usually starts in the age of 2 to 6. Asthma in children is often related to exposure to allergents. The most comm allergens include pollens, dust, specific kinds of food, pets and changes in the weacher. Asthma comes very quickly and it is necessary for us to predict the attack based on the warning signs. The major symptoms of the attack covers shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing and chest tightness. An acute attack is potentially life-threatening and will not stop without treatment. Therefore, it is urgent for parents to take the child to the nearest hospital for emergency medical treatement. The best way to avoid attack is to keep the allergents away from the child, be aware of weather changes, follow the doctor?s prescription and receive a flu vaccine shot each year. 35 36