三大构成之平面构成

三大构成之平面构成 平面构成的概念 所谓构成(包括平面构成和立体构成)，是一种造型概念，也是现代造型用语。其含义就是将几个以上的单元(包括不同的形态、材料)重新组合成为一个新的单元，并赋予视觉化的、力学的概念。其中，立体构成是以厚度塑形象，是将形态要素按照一定的原则组合成形体;平面构成则是以轮廓塑形象，是将不同的基本形按照一定的在平面上组合成图案。 平面构成元素，包括概念元素、视觉元素和关系元素，概念元素是指创造形象之前，仅在意念中感觉到的点、线、面、体的概念，其作用是促使视觉元素的形成。视觉元素，是把概念元素见之于画面，是通过看得见的形状、大小、色彩、位置、方向、肌理等被称为基本形的具体形象加以体现的。关系元素，是指视觉元素(即基本形)的组合形式，是通过框架、骨格以及空间、重心、虚实、有无等因素决定的;其中最主要的因素是骨格，是可见的，其它如空间、重心等因素，则有赖感觉去体现。 平面构成的框架 一切用于平面构成中的可见的视觉元素，通称形象，基本形即是最基本的形象;限制和管辖基本形在平面构成中的各种不同的编排，即是骨格。基本形有“正”有“负”，构成中亦可互相转化;基本形相遇时，又可以产生分离、接触、复叠、透叠、联合、减缺、差叠、重合等几种关系。骨格可以分为:在视觉上起作用的有作用骨格和在视觉上不起作用的无作用骨格，以及有规律性骨格(即重复、近似、渐变、发射等骨格)和非规律性骨格(即密集、对比等骨格)。基本形与骨格的上述这些特性，将相互影响、相互制约、相互作用而构成千变万化的构成图案(如下图，就是由基本形通过重复、接触、差叠等构成的)。 1 平面构成的要素 平面构成的要素:点的构成形式、线的构成形式、面的构成形式 点的构成形式 (1) 不同大小、疏密的混合排列， 使之成为一种散点式的构成形式 。 2)将大小一致的点按一定的方向进行有规律的排列，给人的视觉留下一种由点的移动而产生线化的感觉。 (3)以由大到小的点按一定的轨迹、方向进行变化，使之产生一种优美的韵律感。 (4)把点以大小不同的形式，既密集、又分散的进行有目的的排列，产生点的面化感觉 。 (5)将大小一致的点以相对的方向， 逐渐重合，产生微妙的动态视觉。 (6)不规则点的视觉效果。 2 线的构成形式 (1) 面化的线(等距的密集排列) (2)疏密变化的线(按不同距离排列)透视空间的视觉效果 (3)粗细变化空间、虚实空间的视觉效果 (4)错觉化的线(将原来较为规范的线条 排列作一些切换变化) (5)立体化的线 (6)不规则的线 面的构成形式 (1) 几何形的面，表现规则、平稳、 较为理性的视觉效果 (2)自然形的面，不同外形的物体以面的形式出现后，给人以更为生动、厚实的视觉效果 (3)徒手的面 (4)有机形的面，得出柔和、自然、抽象的面的形态 3 (5)偶然形的面，自由、活泼而富有哲理性 (6)人造形的面，较为理性的人文特点 平面构成的形式 平面构成的形式 1.平面构成的基本格式(基本格式大体分为:90度排列格式、45度排列格式、 弧线排列格式、折线排列格式) 2、重复构成形式(以一个基本单形为主体在基本格式内重复排列，排列时可作方向、位置变化，具有很强的形式美感) 骨格与基本形具有重复性质的构成形式，称为重复构成。在这种构成中，组成骨格的水平线和垂直线都必须是相等比例的重复组成，骨格线可以有方向和阔窄等变动，但亦必须是等比例的重复。对基本形的要求，可以在骨格内重复排列，也可有方向、位置的变动，填色时还可以“正”、“负”互换，但基本形超出骨格的部分必须切除。 ,简单重复构成 ,多元重复 3.近似构成形式(有相似之处形体之间的构成，寓“变化”于“统一”之中是近似构成的特征，在设计中，一般采用基本形体之间的相加或相减来求得近似的基本形)。骨格与基本形变化不大的构成 4 形式，称为近似构成。近似构成的骨格可以是重复或是分条错开，但近似主要是以基本形的近似变化来体现的。基本形的近似变化，可以用填格式，也可用两个基本形的相加或相减而取得。 4.渐变构成形式(把基本形体按大小、方向、虚实、色彩等关系进行渐次变化排列的构成形式)，骨格与基本形具有渐次变化性质的构成形式，称为渐变构成。渐变构成有两种形式:一是通过变动骨格的水平线、垂直线的疏密比例取得渐变效果;一是通过基本形的有秩序、有规律、循序的无限变动(如迁移、方向、大小、位置等变动)而取得渐变效果。此外，渐变基本形还可以不受自然规律限制从甲渐变成乙，从乙再变为丙，例如将河里的游鱼渐变成空中的飞鸟，将三角渐变成圆等。 ,形的大小、方向渐变 ,形状的渐变,疏密的渐变 ,虚实的渐变 ,色彩的渐变 发射构成形式(以一点或多点为中心，呈响周围发射、扩散等视觉效果，具有较强的动感及节奏感)。格线和基本形呈发射状的构成形式，称为发射构成。此种类的构成，是骨格线和基本形用离心式、向心式、同心式以及几种发射形式相叠而组成的。其中，发射状骨格可以不纳入基本形而单独组成发射构成;发射状基本形也可以不纳人发射骨格而自行组成较大单元的发射构成;此外，还可以在发射骨格中依一定规律相间填色而组成发射构成。 ,一点式发射构成形态 ——,多点式发射构成形态 ,旋转式发射格 6.空间构成形式(利用透视学中的视点、灭点、视平线等原理所求得的平面上的空间形态) ,点的疏密形成的立体空间 ,线的变化形成的立体空间 ,重叠而形成的空间 ,透视法则形成的空间(以透视法中近大远小、近实远虚等关系来进行表现的) ,矛盾空间的构成(错觉空间构成):以变动立体空间形的视点、灭点而构成的不合理空间，“反转空间”是矛盾空间的重要表现形式之 5 一 。 7.特异构成形式(在一种较为有规律的形态中进行小部分的变异，以突破某种较为规范的单调的构成形式，特异构成的因素有形状、大小、位置、方向及色彩等 ，局部变化的比例不能变化过大，否则会影响整体与局部变化的对比效果) 8.分割构成形式 ,等形分割(形式较为严谨) ,等量分割(只求比例的一致，不需求得型的统一 ,自由分割(特点灵活、自由) 9(密集构成:密集构成是指比较自由性的构成形式，包括预置形密集与无定形密集两种。预置形密集是依靠在画面上预先安置的骨格线或中心点组织基本形的密集与扩散，即以数量相当多的基本形在某些地方密集起来，而从密集又逐渐散开来。无定形的密集，不预置点与线，而是靠画面的均衡，即通过密集基本形与空间、虚实等产生的轻度对比来进行构成。基本形的密集，须有一定的数量、方向的移动变化，常带有从集中到消失的渐移现象。此外，为了加强密集构成的视觉效果，也可以使基本形之间产生复叠、重叠和透叠等变化，以加强构成中基本形的空间感。 10(对比构成:较之密集构成更为自由性的构成，称为对比构成。此种构成不以骨格线而仅依靠 6 基本形的形状、大小、方向、位置、色彩、肌理等的对比，以及重心、空间、有与无、虚与实的关系元素的对比，给人以强烈、鲜明的感觉。 11(肌理构成:凡凭视觉即可分辨的物体表面之纹理，称为肌理，以肌理为构成的设计，就是肌理构成。此种构成多利用照相制版技术，也可用描绘、喷洒、熏炙、擦刮、拼贴、渍染、印拓等等多种手段求得。 制作更多的肌理图案: 滴色法 水色法 水墨法 吹色法 蜡色法 撕贴法 压印法 干笔法 木纹法 叶脉法 拓印法 盐与水 色彩构成基础理论 色彩原理 一、色彩形成 物体表面色彩的形成取决与三个方面:光源的照射、物体本身反射一定的色光、环境与空间对物体色彩的影响。 光源色:由各种光源发出的光，光波的长短、强弱、比例性质的不同形成了不同的色光，称为光源色。 物体色:物体色本身不发光，它是光源色经过物体的吸收反射，反映到视觉中的光色感觉，我们把这些本身不发光的的色彩统称为物体色。 白色光(全色光) 不透明物体 光 复色光 反射 源有色光 投射在物体上 半透明物体 色 单色光 透明物体 透射 色彩组成 基本色 一个色环通常包括12种明显不同的颜色。而对于艺术设计师充分理解的色环和色论的重要方面，也许不会被我们中的网页设计者们能够充分欣赏。缺少多这方面的了解，你将会把事情搞乱。 7 三原色 从定义上讲，三原色是能够按照一些数量规定合成其他任何一种颜色的基色。为了确定三原色，你必须首先确切明确哪一种颜色是你正在使用的中间色。在上时，你可能就知道了三原色:红、黄、蓝，并且你现在用于展示的，仍然是红、黄、蓝三原色。但是如果你有喷墨打印机的话，花点时间把它的盖子打开，看看它的墨盒。你能看到红、黄、 蓝吗,不能～你可能看到的是四种墨色:蓝绿(青)色、红紫(洋红) 色、黄色和黑色。颜色的不同是由于你的电脑用的是正色，而你的打印机用的是负色。显示器发出的是彩色光，而纸上的墨则吸收灯光发出的颜色。更进一步的解释就超出了本文要探讨的范围。除了发射与吸收光的不同之外，本文涉及的概念同样适用于正色和负色模式，出于本文的写作目的，我们仅探讨着正色模式的三原色:红、 绿、蓝。 近似色 近似色可以是我们给出的颜色之外的任何一种颜色。如果从橙色开始，并且你想要它的两种近似色，你应该选择红和黄。用近似色的颜色主题可以实现色彩的融洽与融合，与自然界中能看到的色彩接近起来。 补充色 正如我们所知道的相对色一样，补充色是色环中的直接位置相对的颜色。当你想使色彩强烈突出的话，选择对比色比较好。假如你正在组合一幅柠檬图片，用蓝色背景将使柠檬更加突出。 分离补色 分离补色由两到三种颜色组成。你选择一种颜色，就会发现它的补色在色环的另一面。你可以使用补色那一边的一种或多种颜色。 8 组色 组色是色环上距离相等的任意三种颜色。当组色被用作一个色彩?题时，会对浏览者造成紧张的情绪。因为三种颜色形成对比。上面所讲的基色和次色组可以被称作两组组色。 暖色 暖色由红色调组成。比如红色、橙色和黄色。它们给选择的颜色赋予温暖、舒适和活力，它们也产生了一种色彩向浏览者显示或移动，并从页面中突出出来的可视化效果。 冷色 冷色来自于蓝色色调。譬如蓝色、青色和绿色。这些颜色将对色彩主题起到冷静的作用，它们看起来有一种从浏览者身上收回来的效果，于是它们用作页面的背景比较好。需要注明的是，你将发现在不同的书中，这些颜色组合有不同的名称。但是如果你能够理解这些基本原则，它们将对你的网页设计是十分有益的。 色彩对比两种以上的色彩，以空间或时间关系相比较，能比较出明显的差别，并产生比较作用，被称为色彩对比。该想象分为两大类:同时对比和连续对比。 色相对比 因色相之间的差别形成的对比。当主色相确定后，必须考虑其他色彩与主色相是什么关系，要表现什么内容及效果等，这样才能增强其表现力。 9 将相同的橙色，放在红色或黄色上，我们将会发现，在红色上的橙色会有偏黄的感觉，因为橙色是由红色和黄色调成的，当他和红色并列时，相同的成份被调和而相异部份被增强，所以看起来比单独时偏黄，以其他色彩比较也会有这种现象，我们称为色名对比。 除了色感偏移之外，对比的两色，有时会发生互相色渗的现象，而影响相隔界线的视觉效果，当对比的两色，具有相同的彩度和明度时，对比的效果越明显，两色越接近补色，对比效果越强烈。 明度对比 因明度之间的差别形成的对比。(柠檬黄明度高，蓝紫色的明度低，橙色和绿色属中明度，红色与蓝色属中低明度)。 明度对比 将相同的色彩，放在黑色和白色上，比较色彩的感觉，会发现黑色上的色彩感觉比较亮，放在白色上的色彩感觉比较暗，明暗的对比效果非常强烈明显，对配色结果产生的影响，明度差异很大的对比，会让人有不安的感觉。 纯度对比 一种颜色与另一种更鲜艳的颜色相比时，会感觉不太鲜明，但与不鲜艳的颜色相比时，则显得鲜明，这种色彩的对比便称为纯度对比。 补色对比 将红与绿、黄与紫、蓝与橙等具有补色关系的色彩彼此并置，使色彩感觉更为鲜明，纯度增加，称为补色对比。(视觉的残像现象明显)。 色彩功能的相关概念 功，包含着力与艺;能，则可解释为能力，能量或效能。功能一词可作作用、能量来解释。色彩的功能是指色彩对眼睛及心理的作用，具体一点说，包括眼睛对它们的明度(色相(纯度(对比刺激作用，和心理留下的影响、象征意义及感情影响。 10 色彩依明度、色相、彩度、冷暖而千变万化，而色彩间的对比调和效果更加千变万化。同一色彩及同一对比的调和效果，均可能有多种功能;多种色彩及多种对比的调和效果，亦可能有极为相近的功能。为了更恰如其分地应用色彩及其对比的调和效果，使之与形象的塑造，表现与美化统一，使形象的外表与内在统一，使作品的色彩与内容、气氛、感情等表现要求统一，使配色与改善视觉效能的实际需求统一;使色彩的表现力、视觉作用及心理影响最充分地发挥出来，给人的眼睛与心灵以充分的愉快、刺激和美的享受，必须对色彩的功能作深入地研究。但是，要逐一地研究数以千计的色彩功能，既不可能，也不必要。只要研究一些最基本的色彩就可以了。 基本色的功能 1.红色 2(黄色 3(橙色 4(绿色 5(蓝色 6(紫色 7(土色 8(白色 9(黑色 10(灰色 11(极色 红色 在可见光谱中红色光波最长J处于可见长波的极限附近，它容易引起注意、兴奋、激动、紧张，但眼睛不适应红色光色光的刺激，可它善于分辨红色光波的细微变化。因此红色光很容易造成视觉疲劳，严重的时候还会给人造成难以忍受的精神折磨。 红色光由于波长最长，穿透空气时形成的折射角度最小，在空气中轴射的直线距较远，在视网膜上成象的位置最深，给视觉以逼近的扩张感，被称为前进色。 在自然界中，不少芳香艳丽的鲜花，以及丰硕甜美的果实，和不少新鲜美味的肉类食品，都呈现出动人的红色。因此在生活中，人们习惯以红色为兴奋与欢乐的象征，使之在标志、旗帜、宣传等用色中占了首位，成为最有力的宣传色。若装演商品便成为畅销的销售色。 火与血人类视之以宝，均红色。但纵火成灾、流血为祸，这样的红色又被看成危险、灾难、爆炸、恐怖的象征色。因此人们也习惯地引作预警或报警的信号色。 总之，红色是一个有强烈而复杂的心理作用的色彩，一定要慎重使用。 黄色 黄色光的光感最强，给人以光明、辉煌、轻快、纯净的印象。 在自然界中，腊梅、迎春、秋菊以至油茶花、向日葵等，都大量地呈现出美丽娇嫩的黄色。 11 秋收的五谷、水果，以其精美的黄色，在视觉上给人以美的享受。 在生活中，在相当长的历史时期，帝王与宗教传统上均以辉煌的黄色作服饰;家具、宫殿与庙宇的色彩，都相应地加强了黄色，给人以崇高、智慧、神密、华贵、威严和仁慈的感觉。 但由于黄色有波长差不容易分辨轻薄、软弱等特点，黄色物体在黄色光照下有失色的现象，故植物呈灰黄色，就被看作病态，天色昏黄，便预告着风沙，冰雹或大雪，因而有象征酸涩，病态和反常的一面。 橙色 橙色又称桔黄或桔色。在自然界中，橙柚、玉米、鲜花果实，霞光、灯彩，都有丰富的橙色。因其具有明亮、华丽、健康、兴奋、温暖、欢乐、辉煌、以及容易动人的色感，所以妇女们喜以此色作为装饰色。 橙色在空气中的穿透力仅次于红色，而色感较红色更暖，最鲜明的橙色应该是色彩中感受最暖的色，能给人有壮严、尊贵、神秘等感觉，所以基本上属于心理色性。历史上许多权贵和宗教界都用以装点自己，现代社会上往往作为标志色和宣传色。不过也是容易造成视觉疲劳的色。 上述红、橙、黄三色，均称暖色，属于注目、芳香和引起食欲的色。 绿色 太阳投射到地球的光线中绿色光占50,以上，由于绿色光在可见光谱中波长恰居中位，色光的感应处于“中庸之道”，因此人的视觉对绿色光波长的微差分辨能力最强，也最能适应绿色光的刺激。所以人们把绿色作为和平的象征，生命的象征。邮政是抚慰着千家万户的使者，因此她的代表色也是绿色。 在自然界中，植物大多呈绿色，人们称绿色为生命之色，并把它作为农业、林业、畜牧业的象征色。由于绿色体的生物和其他生物一样，具有诞生、发育、成长、成熟、衰老到死亡的过程，这就使绿色出现各个不同阶段的变化，因此黄绿、嫩绿、淡绿就象征着春天和作物稚嫩、生长、青春与旺盛的生命力;艳绿、盛绿、浓绿，象征着夏天和作物茂盛、健壮与成熟;灰绿、上绿、褐绿便意味着秋冬和农作物的成熟、衰老。 蓝色 12 在可见光谱中，蓝色光的波长短于绿色光，而比紫色光略长些，穿透空气时形成的折射角度大，在空气中辐射的直线距离短。每天早上与傍晚，太阳的光线必须穿越比中午厚三倍的大气层才能到达地面，其中兰紫光早已折射，能达到地面的只是红黄光。所以早晚能看见的太阳是红黄色的，只有在高山、远山、地平线附近，才是蓝色的。它在视网膜上成像的位置最浅。如果红橙色被看作前进色时，那么蓝色就应是后退的远渐色。 蓝色的所在，往往是人类所知甚少的地方，如字宙和深海。古代的人认为那是天神水怪的住所，令人感到神秘莫测。现代的人把它作为科学探讨的领域。因此蓝色就成为现代科学的象征色。它给人以冷静、沉思、智慧和征服自然的力量。 现代装潢设计中，蓝与白不能引起食欲而只能表示寒冷，成为冷冻食品的标志色。如果把它作为食欲色的陪衬色时，效果是相当不错的。 紫色 在可见光谱中，紫色光的波最短。尤其是看不见的紫外线更是如此。因此，眼睛对紫色光的细微变化的分辨力很弱，容易引起疲劳。紫色给人以高贵、优越、幽雅。流动、不安等感觉。灰暗的紫色只是伤痛、疾病、以及尸斑的色，容易造成心理上的优郁痛苦和不安。不少民族都把它看作是消极和不祥的色。浅紫色则是鱼肥的色，容易让人联想到鱼胆的苦涩和内脏的腐败。因此，紫色还具有表现苦、毒与恐怖的功能。但是，明亮的紫色好象天上的霞光，原野上的鲜花，情人的眼睛，动人心神，使人感到美好，因而常用来象征男女间的爱情。在某些地方，如果紫色用得不当，便会产生低级、荒淫和丑恶的印象。 土色 土色指土红、土黄、土绿、赭石、熟褐一类，可见是光谱上没有的混合色。 它们是土地和岩石的颜色，具有浓厚、博大、坚实稳定、沉着、恒久、保守、寂寞诸意境。它们也是动物皮毛的色泽，具有厚实、温暖、防寒之感。它们近似劳动者与运动员的肤色。因此具有象征刚劲、健美的特点。它们还是很多坚果成熟的色彩，显得充实、饱满肥美，给人类以温饱、朴素、实惠的印象。 白色 白色是全部可见光均匀混合而成的，称为全色光，是光明的象征色。白色明亮、干净、畅快、 13 朴素、雅致与贞洁。但它没有强烈的个性，不能引起味觉的联想，但引起食欲的色中不应没有白色，因为它表示清洁可口，只是单一的白色不会引起食欲而已。 在西方，特别是欧美，白色是结婚礼眼的色彩，表示爱情的纯洁与坚贞。但在东方，却把白色作为丧色。 黑色 从理论上看，黑色即无光无色之色。在生活中，只要光明或物体反射光的能力弱，都会呈现出黑色的面貌。 无光对人们的心理影响可分为两大类: 首先是消极类，例如漆黑之夜及漆黑的地方，人们会有失去方向失去办法和阴森、恐怖、烦恼、忧伤、消极、沉睡、悲痛，甚至死亡等印象。所以在欧美，都把黑色视为丧色，近代我国受到西方的影响，城市已开始用黑纱圈代替白色丧服了。 其次是积极类，黑色使人得到休息、安静、深思、坚持、准备、考验，显得严肃、庄重、坚毅。 在两类之间，黑色还具有使人捉摸不定、阴谋、耐脏、掩盖污染的印象，黑色不可能引起食欲，也不可能产生明快、清新、干净的印象。 但是，黑色与其它色彩组合时，属于极好的衬托色，可以充分显示它色的光感与色感。 黑白组合，光感最强，最朴素、最分明。 在白纸上印黑字，对比极分明，黑线条极细，结构很均匀，对比效果不仅不刺激，而且很和谐，能提高阅读效率。 灰色 灰色原意是灰尘的色。从光学上看，它居于白色与黑色之间，居中等明度，属无彩度及低彩度的色彩。 从生理上看，它对眼睛的刺激适中，即不眩目，也不暗淡，属于视觉最不容易感到疲劳。的 14 色。因此，视觉以及心理对它的反应平淡(乏味、甚至沉闷、寂寞、颓废、具有抑制情绪的作用。 在生活中，灰色与含灰色数量极大，变化极丰富，凡是胜了的，旧了的。衰败、枯萎的都会被灰色所吞没。但灰色是复杂的色，漂亮的灰色常常要优质原料精心配制才能生产出来，而且需要有较高文化艺术知识与审美能力的人，才乐于欣赏。因此，灰色也能给人以高雅，精致、含蓄、耐人寻味的印象。 极色 极色是质地坚实，表层乎滑，反光能力很强的物体色。主要指金、银、铜、铬、铝、电木、塑料、有机玻璃，以及彩色玻璃的色。 这些色在适应的角度时反光敏锐，会感到它们的亮度很高，如果角度一变，又会感到亮度很低。 其中金、银等属于贵重金属的色，容易给人以辉煌、高级、珍贵、华丽、活跃的印象。 电木、塑料、有机玻璃，电化铝等是近代工业技术的产物，容易给人以时髦、讲究、有现代感的印象。 总之极色属于装饰功能与实用功能都特别强的色彩。 设计中的符号学 设计中的符号学 [摘 要]运用符号学原理，探讨符号设计工作的关系。并指出设计中符号具有认知性、普遍性、约束性和独特性。设计中对符号的运用有直接和间接之分，阐述了对符号学的研究将帮助设计者更好地处理人—产品—环境—社会—自然之间的关系。 1. 符号学与设计 符号学(Semiotics)是研究符号系统的学问，最早是本世纪初由瑞士语言学家索绪尔(Sauaaure)、美国哲学家和实用主义哲学创始人皮尔士(Pierce)提出的。前者着重于符号在社会生活的意义，与心理学联系;后者着重于符号的逻辑意义，与逻辑学联系[1]。大约从本世纪60年代开始，符号学才作为一门学问得以研究。现在符号学已经成为一项科学研究，其理论成果也已经渗透到其他诸多学科之中。 设计与符号学关系密切。设计这个词来源于拉丁文的Designare，意思就是画记号[2]。现在被普遍采用的英文Design，也就是做记号的意思。研究和运用符号学的一些原理来帮助设计人员“做记号”，不能说不是从事设计人员的一条重要的途径。 15 符号的起源是劳动。早在原始社会，人们就有了实用和审美两种需求，并且已经开始从事原始的设计活动，以自觉或不自觉的符号行为丰富着生活。从我们祖先的结绳记事到歌舞图腾，都是维护社会传统秩序的信息符号。 符号是负载和传递信息的中介，是认识事物的一种简化手段，表现为有意义的代码和代码系统[3]。当然，符号这一概念的外延相当广泛，设计中的符号作为一种非语言符号，与语言符号有许多共性，使得语意学对设计也有实际的指导作用。通常来说，可以把设计的元素和基本手段看作符号，通过对这些元素的加工与整合，实现传情达意的目的。 2. 设计中符号的特性 2.1 认知性 设计中,认知性是符号语言的生命。例如，我国的几大银行的标志都采用中国古钱币作为基本型，这正是因为古钱币能够准确地传达金融机构这一信息，具有极强的认知性。如果一项设计作品不能为人认知，让人不知所云，那它就完全失去了意义。 2(2 普遍性 现代设计是为大工业生产服务的，设计作品会在大众中广泛传播。设计的符号语言只有具备普遍性，才能为大众所接受。设计人员常常遇到这种情况，自己花了很大功夫做出的东西，却不被客户接受，这时设计者也许会抱怨客户欣赏水平不够，其实有时客户比设计者更了解受众。设计者只有找出让自己、客户、消费者都能理解的设计语言，才能更好地完成设计任务，符号的普遍性这一特性，在许多公共场所的标牌设计中体现得尤为充分。如公共卫生间的男女标识，相信不论男女老幼，文化深浅，都能够清楚分辨。 2(3 约束性 任何语言都只在一定范围内被理解，只有具备有关文化背景的人才能接受到该符号所传达的信息。只有符合特定背景的符号才能在这一范围内被接受。比如，德国招贴艺术大师冈特?兰堡(GunterRanbow)的作品中常出现土豆形象，对于不了解德国的人来说，可能看不懂作品所要表达的意思，只有知道土豆对于德国人的特殊意义，才能够明白设计者对土豆如此钟情的原因。 2(4 独特性 符号一般强调“求同”，这样才容易被理解。但是，在设计中“求异”常常是关键。因为比较形式和内容，前者绝对是更值得深究的。同样是针对一个主题，我们必须找出与之相关的尽可能多的表现形式，才能创作出与众不同的作品。 3 符号在设计中的运用 设计中对符号的运用有直接和间接之分。从某些作品中可以直接找到符号性的元素，而在另一些作品中却似乎很难发现符号的存在，但这并不意味着这些设计与符号无涉。实际上符号是无处不在的，只是根据需要作用方式不同而已。这里可以分三种情况来考察这个问题: 16 第一，对符号的直接运用。作品本身就是以符号的形式出现的。比如标识类设计，由于这类设计以图形为基础，以达意为生命，强调小而精，因此被浓缩得几乎等于符号本身。北京2008奥林匹克申办标志，运用奥林五环色组成五星，相互环扣，象征世界五大洲的和谐、发展。图形好似一个打太极拳的人形，利用中国传统吉祥图案“中国节”，传达出北京奥运这一信息;中国电信标志，以中国的“中”字和中国传统图案“回纹”作为基础，形成三维立体空间图案，形象地表达出科技、现代、传递、发展的企业特点;著名的电器品牌康佳电器的标志更是简洁取胜，“KONKA”字首“K”、显像管和电话，在两个几何色块的变化组合中得以实现，表现出鲜明的行业特色和独特的企业文化。在这类设计作品中，常常是把几个元素巧妙地组合起来，然后将其简化，得到类似符号的图形，也就是将图形符号化，形成独特的视觉语言。 第二，以符号为基本元素的设计。这里的符号可以理解为具有既定含义的图形或实物。这种手法在招贴设计中运用较多。图4以“工作是快乐之本”为主题的两副招贴设计，用标点符号组成笑脸符号，而这种符号在网络上非常流行，观者自然心领神会。图5运用电灯泡、黑与白和一个叉号，使人稍加品味就能顿悟猛醒。这些作品中设计师对符号的熟练运用令人叫绝。 第三，作品中含有符号性的因素。并非所有设计中符号都是明显存在的。相反，大多数设计会以更 含蓄的方式传达信息，而符号本身则藏在幕后。换言之，符号可以是一种态度、一种行为方式、一种文化立场等等，通过有形的、有效的载体表现出来，而寻找这种载体的过程就是设计。武汉江汉路步行街设计，其中安排四个真人大小、体现地方特色的雕塑可谓颇具匠心。虽然设计界对此褒贬不一，但应该说老百姓是普遍接受的。身为武汉人，谁没有过急切地盼着一碗热干面端上桌，还不忘吩咐多搁点芝麻酱的经历?现代都市生活越来越多元化，在城市雕塑中安排那些具有历史感的、为人熟悉的因素，会给人带来平衡感和归宿感。北京王府井步行街上保留完好的一口老井与此也有异曲同工之妙。与北京和武汉这些历史名城相比，深圳是一座新兴的、以外来人口为主的城市。为了传达其特有的都市气息，深圳世界之窗前人行道上采用的则是匆匆的行人、拍照的游客等等具有现代感的雕塑小品。不同城市、不同风格的雕塑带给人不一样的都市情怀，这正是设计师将符号语言溶入作品之中的成功典范。 设计是一门综合性的交叉学科，它是沟通和联系人—产品—环境—社会—自然的中介，直接影响人的生活方式。值得一提的是，绿色、环保已经成为当今设计的共同主题。绿色设计是以节约资源和保护环境为宗旨的设计意念和方法。而其他诸多方面，如流行风格、民族特征、传统特色等文化因素也成为未来设计的一大潮流。设计工作者应该在从上述种种方面入手，发掘符号的潜能，将人文、科技、环保等主题融入设计符号中，更多的传达出设计师对社会的关注和对美的追求。 作者简介:黄敏，女，湖北武汉人，现为湖北工学院设计艺术学院硕士研究生，研究方向:视觉 17 传达与产品造型艺术，联系方法: 现代设计表现技法 一、设计表现的意义 1. 设计家的特殊的语言 设计师的想象不是纯艺术的幻想，而是把想象利用科学技术使唤之转化为对人有用的实际产品。这就需要把想象先加以视觉化，这种把想象转化为现实的过程，就是运用设计专业的特殊绘画语言。把想象表现在图纸上的过程。所以，设计师必须具备良好的绘画基础和一定的空间立体想象力。设计师只有精良的表现技术，才能在给图中得心应手。才会充分地表现产品的形、色、质感到遗憾，引起人们感觉上的共鸣。设计师面对抽象的概念和构想时，必须经过具体过程。也就是化抽象概念为具象的塑造，才能把脑中所想到的形象、色彩、质感和感觉化为具有真实感到遗憾的事物。设计的过程是非常微妙的。一个好构想会瞬息即逝， 设计师必须立刻捕捉脑中的构想才行。设计是一项为不特定的对象所做的行为，往往要超越国界、时空等距离。可以用语言、文字来描述、传达。但是，作为人类共同语言，设计者必须具备的又不可缺少的技能,,,绘图。绘图的意义就像音乐家手中的五线谱一样。一目了然。所以说，设计表现的表达能力是每一位设计者应具备的本领。 2. 设计领域的沟通工具 在设计师思考的领域里，采用的是集体思考的方式来解决问题。互相启发，互相提出合理性建议，经帮结构上的比较。再说现代工业设计不同于传统的手工艺品的设计和制作同出一人之手。而现代工业生产的产品设计者和生产制造者不可能是个体，工业设计经常是一种群体性的工作。因此，产品造型设计师在构想制作产品之前，就必须向有关方面人员,,,企业决策人、技术人员、营销人员乃至使用者或消费者，说明该产品的有关情况，使该产品在不变的情况下，制造出最有利于生产美观且受欢迎的产品。产品在生产酝酿过程中，生产者对产品的了解程度愈高，就能更好更顺利地组合产品，并使其更具效率。这一系列的说明和陈述工作构成了表现的基本内容和任务。 3. 推销产品的武器 许多产品设计公司，在生产出新型产品时，要推销产品，运用摄影技巧，加上精美的说明文，作广告宣传。但是摄像机无法表现超现实的夸张的富有想象力的画面。这时运用给画专业的特殊技法，效果上更突出。因为人类具有很强的表现能力，可以随意添加主观想象，将产品夸张或有意的简略概括。与摄像机相比，表现图比摄像机拍出的产品多了几分憧憬和神秘感到遗憾。照相机技术无法满足无穷无际的想象。所以说，设计表现图是推论销产品的武器。 二、设计表现图的特点 1. 传真 18 通过色彩、质感的表现和艺术的刻画达到产品的真实效果。表现图最重要的意义在于传达正确的信息。正确地让人们了解到新产品的各种特性和在一定环境下产生的效果。便于各种人员都看得懂，并理解。然而，用来表现人眼所看的透视图，却和眼睛所看到的实体有所差别。透视图是追求精密准确的，但由于透视图与人的曲线视野有所不同，透视往往是平面的。所以透视图不能完全准确地表现实体的真实性。设计领域里“准确”很重要。它应具有真实性，能够客观地传达设计者的创意。忠实地表现设计的完整造型、结构、色彩、工艺精度，从视觉的感受上，建立起设计者与观者之间的媒介。所以，没有正确的表达就无法正确地沟通和判断。 2. 快速 现代产品市场竞争非常激烈，有好的创意和发明，必须借助某种途径表达出来，缩短产品开发周期。无论是独立的设计，还是推销你的设计，面对客户推销设计创意时，必须互相提出建议，把客户的建议立刻记录下来或以图形表示出来。快速的描绘技巧便会成为非常重要的手段。 3. 美观 设计效果图虽不是纯艺术品，但必须有一定的艺术魅力。便于同行和生产部门理解其意图。优秀的设计图本身是一件好的装饰品，它融艺术与技术为一体。表现图是一种观念，是形状、色彩、质感、比例、大小、光影的综合表现。设计师为使构想实现，被接受，还须有说服力。同样表现图在相同的条件下，具有美感作品往往胜算在握。设计师想说服各种不同意见的人，利用美观的表现图能轻而易举达成协议。具有美感的表现图--干净、简洁有力，悦目、切题。除了这些还代表设计师的工作态度，品质与自信力。 成功的设计师对作品的美感都不能疏忽。美感是人类共同的语言。设计作品如不具备美感，好像红花缺少叶一样，黯然失色。 4. 说明性 图形学家告诉我们，最简单的图形比单纯的语言文字更富有直观的说明性。设计者要表达设计意图，必须通过各种方式提示说明。如草图、透视图、表现图等都可以达到说明的目的。尤其色彩表现图，更可以充分地表达产品的形态、结构、色彩、质感、量感等。还能表现无形的韵律、形态性格、美感等抽象的内容，所以，表现图具有高度的说明性。 三、美感与表现 1. 现代工业品的审美价值 现代工业产品是现代科学技术和艺术的结晶，是先进的科技成果应用到工业生产中，生产出新的具有优良功能和美观相一致的产品。 现代工业产品具有自身的“视觉语言”。首先是产品形态的美感，运用形态要素:“点”、“线”、“面”、“体”、“空间”、肌理“等，再运构成要素“形式”、“节奏”、“韵律”、“对比”、“调和”、“变化”、“统一”等形式美感，来展示产品形态美。结合产品的材质、光泽、色彩、肌理都影响了该产品的美感，工业产品的审美价值必须建立在功能与美观统一的前提 19 下，以现代工业手段为基础，去探索美的形态。现代工业产品在生活中能给予人们的美感有自身的规律，它给人类以精神影响，它接触每一个人，又这样旷日持久地无时无刻不在影响着人们的感受，这一点是其它任何艺术形式所有能比拟的。工业产品内外质量的一致，不但是反映出一个国家的物质生产水平，同时也是文化艺术水平的体现 。 为了更好地满足人的需要，让消费者使用方便、舒适、设计师必须掌握消费心理学，为了使设计符合客观物质和工艺条件的可能性，使产品预想更好地得到实现，必须掌握材料工艺条件的可能性，使产品预想更好地得到实现，必须掌握材料工艺学，为了使产品造型符合和赶超现代设计新潮，设计师更须掌握平面构成、色彩构成、立体构成、透视学等基础。不仅发此，工业设计还要解决的是产品功能的问题，使产品易于被人们亲近和接受，因此，必须掌握人体工程学，历史上由包豪斯的先驱者们最先提出来的功能主义设计原理，长期指导着设计。随着科学技术的发展，要求设计师具有技术与艺术的高度统一。 2. 色彩在工业设计中的使命 1).色彩 色彩四处留情，丰富了整个世界，它也融入我们的生活中，我们用来表达个性，表达情意。如果这个世界上失去了色彩，物体的存在将只是形体，而不再有灵魂。所以生活在多姿多彩的世界里，色彩对于人们是非常重要的。它是一种语言，用来告诉人们，也来吸引人们。 在现实生活中的人们无时无刻不和色彩发生联系，日常生活所需要的一切物品，无论是生活用品，还是消费品，都以令人耳目一新的颜色，在市场上向我们显示出色彩的威力。这种色彩刺激，关系到我们的购物欲望。换句话说，我们在有意无意中购买颜色。 2).产品的魅力 除了商品本身的机能，形状，色彩都有很大的影响力。 色彩美是人的视觉感官所能感知的空间美，每种色彩组合都有自己的特性，在视觉上、感性上和意象上产生不同的审美效果。 根据色彩不同的特点，我们可以运用它表现产品本身的功能，色彩给我们建立共同的意念，同时成为互相传递讯息的媒介。 色彩,语言(信息) 色彩具有感情,当看到某一色彩时，使人联想到该产品的使用场所。 色彩的表现力丰富，能使人感到冷暖、前后、轻重、大小、动静和软硬，这自然是利用人的心理感受。 色彩随着时代变化而变化，色彩随着一年一度的国际流行色。世界上的设计家都致力于打开色彩新领域，以求始终保持色彩的新鲜感，每年的国际流行色也提高了公众对色彩的审美能力，所以在产品的色彩设计上强调色彩本身的表现力和色彩的象征性。色彩的感情和配色规律，设计师对产品色彩了解的越多,能准确掌握色彩语言和功能,设计出大众喜欢的产品。 3. 产品美感的心理特征 20 人们对产品的审美感有着特殊的心理特征，是由以下多种感受的全部或部分共同组成的。 1) 属性感 属情感是在年龄、性别、种族、职业、文化程度等消费者中产生的共鸣感，产品要根据不同的消费者的心理特点来进行设计，才能使各层次的消费者产生愉悦感，如男性产品在造型上要求粗犷、大方、多采用直线形，富有男子汉的气派。而女性产品则讲究秀美，纤巧，多使用曲线型，符合女性的心理。 2) 新奇感 产品的外观造型具备强烈的视觉吸引力，根据消费者求新、求奇、求变的心理，产品采用多功能新技术、新材料，增强消费者的购买欲。 3) 特色感 产品造型通过精心设计，使产品使用功能――结构、材料、造型在风格相统一，相得益彰，能深刻反映产品固有的特色和魅力，从而使消费者迅速地选择同种效率不同的牌号的产品。 4) 适用感 产品的造型和功能可使消费者对产品产生适用感，这种感受含许多因素，如:式样美观、经济方便、耐用感、便力感、安全感、长期保用、满足感等。这些都能刺激消费者的购买欲望。从美学应用规律来剖析，凡是适销对路的产品都体现适用美和欣赏美的一致性。一件成功的产品，必须会在人们的适用中，给人以美的享受。这处美的享受就包含了欣赏美感和使用时的舒适愉悦感，欣赏美与适用美的统一。简单地说起来就是“美”与“用”的统一。“用”是物品的效用功能，“美”则是“用”的外在形的完善与内容的和谐统一。产品如果只注意外观美，而忽视功能，也就不称其为美。现在消费者普遍认为“罐头好吃盖难开”。“好吃”本来是一种美的享受，但费了九牛二虎之力才把盖撬开，那么美的享受就会烟消云散。 四、设计工具及运用 1. 基本工具 1) 绘图用具:绘图铅笔、自动铅笔、针管笔、签字笔、彩色水笔、麦克笔、金银黑白笔、荧光笔、毛笔、喷笔、排笔、水彩画笔、鸭嘴笔、蘸水笔、铁笔等。 绘图铅笔、自动铅笔、针管笔、签字笔: 画设计初稿时，运用最普遍的工具。 彩色水笔、麦克笔、毛笔: 用于描绘、着色。 金银黑白笔、鸭嘴笔: 用于细部描绘，勾勒和刻画，画物体的高光部位。 排笔、喷笔: 用于涂背景，大面积着色。 2).绘图仪器 绘图用的工具，宜求正确、精密、优质产品，误差小为好的绘图仪器。 直尺、丁字尺、曲线尺、卷尺、放大尺、比例尺、三角板、槽尺(自己制作，市面无售)、切割用的直尺、万能绘图仪、大圆规等。 3).其它用具 调色用具:调色盘、碟、笔洗。 色标、描图台、制图桌、工具(包括裁纸刀、刻模用的各种美工刀和刻刀,以及胶水胶带)。 21 2. 应用材料 随着工业设计专业和科技的迅速发展，设计材料日新月异，品种繁多，设计工作者只要留意材料的信息，适时恰当地选择材料，运用到设计当中去，可取得事半功倍的效果。 1).颜料 水彩颜料、压克力颜料、广告颜料、中国画颜料、荧光颜料、彩色墨水、针笔墨水、染料，还有照相透明色等。 2).纸张 设计用的纸特别多而杂，一般市面上的各类纸都可以使用。使用时根据自己的需要而定。但是太薄、太软的纸张不宜使用。一般纸张质地较结实的绘图纸，水彩、水粉画纸，白卡纸(双面卡、单面卡)，铜版纸和描图纸等均可使用。市面上有进口的麦克笔纸、插画用的冷压纸及热压纸、合成纸、彩色纸板、转印纸、花样转印纸等，都是绘图的理想纸张。 但是每一种纸都需配合工具的特性而呈现不同的质感，如果选材错误，会造成不必要的捆扰，降低绘画速度与表现效果。例如，平涂麦克笔不能在光滑卡纸上和渗透性强的纸张上作画。 3. 几种材料及画法特点 1).水彩颜料 水彩颜料是传统的画设计图的材料，一直用至今日。 水彩颜料多数较透明。要把设计图简单而迅速完成，只需以线条为主体，再涂上水彩颜色，即可。如铅笔淡彩、钢笔淡彩。水彩可加强产品的透明度，特别是用在玻璃、金属、反光面等透明物体的质感上，透明和反光的物体表面很适合用水彩表现。着色的时候由浅入深，尽可能避免叠笔，要一气呵成。在涂褐色或墨绿色时，应尽量小心，不要弄污画面。 2.广告颜料 广告颜料具有相当的浓度，遮盖力强，适合较厚的着力方法。笔道可以重叠，在强调大面积设计，或想要强调原色的强度，或转折面较多情况下，用广告色来画最合适，广告色不要调得过浓或过稀，过浓时则带有粘性，难以把笔拖开，颜色层也显得过于干枯以至于开裂，过稀会有损于画面的美感。 3).麦克笔 麦克笔是一种用途广泛的工具，它的优越性在于使用方便，速干，可提高作画速度，它今天成为设计室、室内装饰、服装设计、建筑设计、舞台美术设计等各个领域必备的工具之一。麦克笔的样式很多，在此仅介绍二种常用的。 (1) 水性 没有浸透性，遇水即溶，绘画效果与水彩相同，笔水形状有四方粗头、尖头、方头、适用于画大面积与粗线条，尖头适用画细线和细部刻画。 22 (2) 油性 具有浸透性、挥发较快，通常以甲苯为溶剂，使用范围，能在任何表面上使用，如玻璃、塑胶表面等都可附着，具有广告颜色及印刷色效果。由于它不溶于水，所以也要与水性麦克笔混合使用，而不破坏水性麦克笔的痕迹。 麦克笔的优点是快干，书写流利，可重叠涂画，更可加盖于各种颜色之上，使之拥有光泽，再就是根据麦克笔的性质，油性和水性的浸透情况不同，因此，在作画时，必须仔细了解纸与笔的性质，相互照应，多加练习，才能得心应手，有显著的效果。 4. 喷笔 喷笔是一种精密仪器，能制造出十分细致的线条和柔软渐变的效果。当时喷笔的作用是帮助摄影师和画家用作修改画面的。但是很快喷笔的潜在机能被人们所认识，得到了广泛的应用和发展。喷笔的艺术表现力，惟妙惟肖，物象的刻画是尽善尽美，独具一格，明暗层次细腻自然，色彩柔和。随着科学技术的飞速发展，喷笔使用的颜料日趋多样化、专业化。喷笔应用的范围越来越广。已涉足一切与美化人们生活相关的领域，作品显见美术厅、广告招贴、商业插图、封面设计、广告摄影、挂历、画、建筑画、综合性绘画。喷笔技法在高等艺术院校作为一种必修课，成为艺术造型中强有力的表现技法。 喷画常用颜料 一般说来,凡是颜料溶剂调和后,颗粒比较小,均可作为喷画用的颜料。 水彩类、树脂类、油采类这三种类型的颜料，以水彩类使用最为广泛，下面就介绍下水彩类。 水彩类包括: 水彩、分粉(广告颜料)、墨汁、彩色墨水、中国画色等。 水彩:指管装的，它具有半透明性质，颗粒细，附着力强，但覆盖力弱,若和水粉色套用,效果更佳。 水粉色:应用很广，色素纯正，色彩鲜明，不透明，具有很强的覆盖力。 中国画色:兼有水粉、水彩的特点，是理想的喷绘颜料。 每一种颜色都要掌握它的性质，如黑色等矿物质的颜料颗粒较粗，需要研磨以后再用。如桃红、曙红、玫瑰红等色被覆盖力较差，常有泛色现象，喷画时应谨慎使用。墨汁是不透明的黑色颜料，色质细腻均匀，是喷绘作品黑白作品的上等颜料。彩色墨水其色素由微粒子组成，有独特的光泽和鲜明的色调，透明度好，可补充画面的色彩而不失其画面的结构清晰，也可和其它颜料混合使用。 随着喷笔使用越来越多，其颜料日趋专业化，国外已生产出专业的喷笔颜料，备受艺术界的青睐，其艺术语言表达 更加完美，更加成熟。 5. 电脑 随着科技的飞速发展，电脑已经成为一种设计手段。 23 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen 24 party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations 25 repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth 26 Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political 27 Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision 28 of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and 29 to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on 30 a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a 31 total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > 32 real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years 33 implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, 34 exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should 35 be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective 36 convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts 37 of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application 38 of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation 39 made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give 40 expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental 41 organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post 42 processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in 43 the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in 44 the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management 45 of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, 46 around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one 47 size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are 48 relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < 49 new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform 50 comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation 51 of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 52 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily 53 blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres 54 should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection 55 with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace 56 with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of 57 the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline 58 must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be 59 held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations. 60