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甘油三酯偏高的饮食注意

2017-09-02 50页 doc 152KB 14阅读

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甘油三酯偏高的饮食注意甘油三酯偏高的饮食注意 (1)保持理想体重,限制总热能摄入.体重超重或肥胖者,应通过限制主食摄入的办法来达到减肥目的,一般应吃八分饱.减肥时应遵循循序渐进的原则,逐渐减重,切不可操之过急. (2)碳水化合物在总热能中以占45,60%为宜,尽量避免食用白糖,水果糖和含糖较多的糕点及罐头等食品. (3)胆固醇每日摄入量应控制在300毫克以下.食物选择控制上可比高胆固醇血症患者略为放松. (4)在控制总热能摄入量的前提下,脂肪的热能比不必限制得过低,可占热能的25,30%,但应注意勿过多摄入动物性脂肪.每天油脂用量大约50克,植物...
甘油三酯偏高的饮食注意
甘油三酯偏高的饮食注意 (1)保持理想体重,限制总热能摄入.体重超重或肥胖者,应通过限制主食摄入的办法来达到减肥目的,一般应吃八分饱.减肥时应遵循循序渐进的原则,逐渐减重,切不可操之过急. (2)碳水化合物在总热能中以占45,60%为宜,尽量避免食用白糖,水果糖和含糖较多的糕点及罐头等食品. (3)胆固醇每日摄入量应控制在300毫克以下.食物选择控制上可比高胆固醇血症患者略为放松. (4)在控制总热能摄入量的前提下,脂肪的热能比不必限制得过低,可占热能的25,30%,但应注意勿过多摄入动物性脂肪.每天油脂用量大约50克,植物油应占食用油的大部分. (5)多吃蔬菜,水果,粗粮等含纤维较多的食物,有利于降血脂和增加饱腹感。 甘油三酯高的危害 甘油三酯高的危害最直接体现在动脉粥样硬化上。甘油三酯高的后果是容易造成“血稠”,即血液中脂质含量过高导致的血液粘稠,在血管壁上沉积,渐渐形成小斑块,即我们平时说的动脉粥样硬化。而血管壁上的这些块状沉积会逐渐扩大面积和厚度,使血管内径变小、血流变慢,血流变慢又加速了堵塞血管的进程,严重时血流甚至被中断。这时,甘油三酯高的危害已经相当严重了。除了血流中断,阻塞物脱落还能造成血栓;甘油三酯高的后果无论发生在哪个部位,对人体损伤都很严重。如果在心脏,可引起冠心病、心梗;在大脑,可发生脑卒中、中风;发生在眼底,会导致视力下降、失明;如在肾脏,可引起肾衰;发生在下肢,则出现肢体血流不畅导致坏死。 此外,甘油三酯高的危害还包括引发高血压、胆结石、胰腺炎;还能够加重肝炎、致使男性性功能 障碍、导致老年痴呆等。研究明,甘油三酯高的后果还包括一点,它可能导致癌症的发生。 有助于调节甘油三酯的食物 1.人体中的脂类大部分从食物中来, 所以[3]甘油三酯高的人饮食应有节制,主食之中应搭配部分粗粮,副食品以鱼类、瘦肉、豆及豆制品、各种新鲜蔬菜、水果为主。 2.有助降甘油三酯的食物,如:沙丁鱼、大马哈鱼、甜杏仁、马齿苋,还有豆类,大蒜等。 3.还有一些利于降低血脂防治动脉硬化的食物:海带、紫菜、木耳、金针菇、香菇、洋葱等,也可以常吃。 4.饮牛奶宜去奶油,不加糖。蛋类原则上每日不超过1个,烹调食物用素油,少吃油煎食物。少吃花生,因其中含油甚多,但可以食用核桃肉、瓜子仁、果仁等。 5. 还有一个中药验方:坚持用生山楂泡水喝。 甘油三酯偏高的原因 甘油三酯高的原因 [4] 甘油三酯[5][6]偏高的原因在临床上可分为原发性和继发性两种: 1、原发性甘油三酯高常见于遗传。 2、继发性则可以继发于疾病,如糖尿病、肾病综合征、甲状腺功能减退、透析、胆道阻塞等;也 可继发于不良生活习惯,如饮食、烟酒等。 因疾病导致的甘油三酯高主要是各种原因致使脂肪代谢异常。因不良生活习惯导致的甘油三酯高,因为甘油三酯大部分是从饮食中获得的,只有少部分是人体自身合成的。当进食大量脂肪类、尤其是动物 脂肪食品后,可测得体内甘油三酯水平明显升高;而过多的碳水化合物、尤其是加工精细的粮食进入体内后,则引起血糖升高,合成更多的甘油三酯,从而会引起甘油三酯的升高。 编辑本段甘油三酯高的治疗与保健 高甘油三酯治疗以药物为主,中药类降血脂药在降甘油三酯方面的作用起着越来越重要的做用,如君山第四代降脂宁颗粒因为效果确切,副作用小而在临床上使用的越来越广泛。西药和保健品主要有以下几类: ? 苯氧芳酸类或称贝特类,如氯贝特、非诺贝特、吉非贝齐、苯扎贝特。但需注意的是,他汀类与贝特类两种降脂药物不能联合应用,否则会有一定几率产生横纹肌溶解的严重并发症。 ? 烟酸及其衍生物,如烟酸、烟酸肌醇酯、阿西莫司。 ? 鱼油制剂,如多烯康胶囊。 ? 抗氧化制剂:如:虾青素、叶黄素、CoQ10、花青素、葡萄籽、灵芝孢子油等,以虾青素最强。抗氧化制剂的主要特点是降低甘油三酯,提升高密度脂蛋白和脂联素,防止低密度脂蛋白(LDL)被氧化,因为,主要是植物提取物,没有发现其副作用,可以长期使用。 [7]2.高甘油三酯者:蛋黄,鱼籽,蟹黄等是否该吃,过去的看法:不能吃,过去的看法只是注意到了其中的脂肪(其实有色卵子的脂肪以不饱和脂肪酸为主),但并没有注意到其中的有价值的天然色素成分,如蟹黄和鱼籽以及野生的蛋黄都含有一定的虾青素、叶黄素、b-胡萝卜素等,这些都是很强的抗氧化剂。...... 总胆固醇是指血液中所有脂蛋白所含胆固醇之总和.人群总胆固醇水平主要取决于遗传因素和生活方式. 总胆固醇包括游离胆固醇和胆固醇酯,肝脏是合成和贮存的主要器官。胆固醇是合成肾上腺皮质激素、性激素、胆汁酸及维生素D等 生理活性物质的重要原料,也是构成细胞膜的主要成分,其血清浓度可作为脂代谢的指标。 总胆固醇偏高吃什么好 大麦:这种谷物会破坏低密度脂蛋白(坏的胆固醇)和甘油三酸酯。2009年的一项研究回顾显示:在不影响高密度脂蛋白(好的胆固醇)水平的前提下,它能让你的总胆固醇水平平均下降13个数值点。《101种最优的长寿食物》一的作者大卫.格鲁托研究员说:“大麦含有β葡聚糖,后者是一种可溶性纤维,与胆固醇结合在一起后能迅速排出体外。”1杯半经过煮熟的珍珠大麦含有3克可溶性纤维,达到了美国食品及药物管理局每日的推荐剂量[1]。 花豆:像大麦一样,对总胆固醇偏高的患者非常适用~这种食物也含有能抵御胆固醇的β葡聚糖。在一项研究中,研究者让一些对胰岛素有中等抗阻性的志愿者(高胆固醇的前驱者症患者)每天吃半杯花豆,八周以后他们的总胆固醇水平下降了19个数值点,其中低密度脂蛋白下降了13个数值点。 葡萄:人们每天只需要吃四分之一杯葡萄就能预防高脂肪食物对人体带来的损害和影响。美国俄亥俄州哥伦布市全国儿童医疗中心的研究者说:“高脂肪食物会减缓血液流通的速度,增加得冠状动脉疾病的风险。”科学家认为,每天都吃葡萄,从总体上会对血管健康有益,因为这种水果大量含有一种名为多酚的抗氧化剂。 澳大利亚坚果:《营养学期刊》上刊发的一项在澳大利亚进行的研究显示:高胆固醇的人如果每天吃1-3盎司的澳大利亚坚果,1个月以后,他们的低密度脂蛋白水平下降了5.3%,高密度脂蛋白水平上升了7.9%。研究者推断这种浆果可以增加血液中有益健康的单一不饱和脂肪酸数量。对于大多数人来说,每天 吃1盎司的澳大利亚坚果就足够了。 矿泉水:大部分的矿泉水富含金属元素镁和钙(圣培露矿泉水含有56毫克的镁和208毫克的钙),可以潜在的降低血压水平。在瑞典进行的一项研究显示:70名年龄在45岁至64岁之间的患有临界高血压症状的男女病人每天喝1升矿泉水(而不是仿制的矿泉水和苏打水),坚持喝了4周以后,血压水平出现了明显下降。 避免喝能量饮料:《大厨的烹饪医药学指南》一书的作者约翰?拉?普马医学博士说:“能量饮料中通常添加了咖啡因和巴西可可粉,会让血压水平激增。” 总胆固醇偏高的危害 1.总胆固醇高了往往会引发其他的并发症,常见的并发症有糖尿病、高脂血症、高血压、甲状腺功能减退、胆总管阻塞、冠心病、动脉粥硬化等。 2.总胆固醇高了,会在人体动脉中形成硬化的板块,随着硬化板块的增多,动脉逐渐的变狭窄甚至受阻,而动脉主要负责人体各个组织疏松氧气和营养物质,这样一旦机体组织无法及时得到营养和氧气,便会产生病症,例如会引起心肌缺血、心绞痛=脑软化、脑梗塞等。严重者会是动脉迅速堵塞,这种急性心肌梗塞便会导致猝死。 编辑本段总胆固醇偏高的原因 1.阻塞性黄疸。这时由于胆汁排出受阻,血中出现脂蛋白-X和肝内胆固醇合成亢进所致,以游离型胆固醇的增加为主。引起总胆固醇偏高,所以阻塞性黄疸是造成总胆固醇偏高的原因之一。 2.肝细胞受损。胆固醇的酯化发生障碍,血中胆固醇减少,在肝硬化、重症肝炎等严重损害时,血中总胆固醇也降低。 3.饮食不当。过多进食含高胆固醇的食物,比如心、肝等动物内脏。身体内摄入过多的胆固醇,引起总胆固醇偏高,这也是造成总胆固醇偏高的原 因之一。 编辑本段降低总胆固醇的食物 1.众所皆知的燕麦片:研究报告指出,每天吃约3,4杯燕麦片有助降低总胆固醇达4,8,,原因是燕麦片含水溶性纤维。除麦片外,苹果、橘类水果、干豆类如腰豆、黄豆、眉豆等也含丰富水溶性纤维。 2.黄豆中的异黄硷素也有助降低胆固醇,因此应多吃豆浆、豆腐、黄豆。 3.鱼类(特别是三文鱼及吞拿鱼)含奥米加三脂肪酸,早被证实有助降低胆固醇,建议每星期吃两至三次鱼类代替肉类。 4.最后是中国传统食品,如木耳、玉米、冬菇,也有助降胆固醇。 编辑本段总胆固醇高如何治疗 人体出现总胆固醇偏高的现象时,说明人体的肝和肺开始发生实质性的病变。那么,总胆固醇偏高的治疗是什么? 1、针对病理性因素引起总胆固醇偏高的现象,此时患者最好要到医院,根据病史以及临床症状,在医生的指导下做一些相关性的检查,确定引起总胆固醇高的原因,然后再采取药物和饮食相结合的治疗方法,采取治疗! 2、针对饮食不当引起总胆固醇偏高的现象,总胆固醇高的患者的饮食应以清淡为主,可以多吃一些纤维含量多的蔬菜水果和菌藻类食物,如:芹菜、玉米、燕麦等;少食脂肪高的食物,从而控制胆固醇的摄入,使胆固醇恢复到正常值。 编辑本段不含总胆固醇的食物 日常饮食中其实有许多不含胆固醇的食物,包括硬壳果类,如杏仁、核桃;五谷类、蛋白,水果类 果酱、果冻;此外,还有蔬菜类、花生、花生酱,植物性油脂及人造奶油、面筋、豆类与豆浆、豆腐等豆制品。尤其多吃水果,水果含果胶,也能降低胆固醇。 近年来有不少报告显示,摄取燕麦也能降低胆 固醇。许多研究显示,燕麦其实和豆类同样有效,如果每天在低脂饮食中添加两三杯燕麦片,其降低胆固醇的效果较仅采取健康饮食还好。 其他有益于降低胆固醇的食物还有胡萝卜及生蒜头。过去有不少研究显示,摄取大量的生蒜头能减少有害的血脂肪。除了饮食外,规律运动及体重控制均有助于降低体内胆固醇。 编辑本段总胆固醇偏高饮食注意问题 控制总热量:主食每天4两(女)、6两(男),以全麦面包、燕麦、机米、土豆、南瓜为佳,少吃点心,不吃油炸食品。 减少饱和脂肪酸的摄入:少吃动物脂肪,尤其注意隐蔽的动物脂肪如香肠、排骨内的脂肪。每天每人烹调用油<25克。 增加不饱和脂肪酸的摄入:每周吃2次鱼,有条件可用橄榄油或茶籽油代替其它烹调用油。 避免高脂肪、高胆固醇食物,如肥肉、动物内脏、黄油等,注意看不见的脂肪,如香肠和排骨。 避免过多摄入糖、饮料和点心 注意零食的热量,如每天多吃两把花生,一星期就会增加1.3斤的脂肪;多吃2两葵花子,相当于多吃4两米饭。 避免快餐食品,薯条、炸鸡、冰淇淋、汉堡包都含有惊人的热量 多吃蔬菜、粗粮和水果 改变烹饪方法,多吃蒸、煮、拌,避免油炸食品。 总胆红素偏高表明胆囊有炎症,建议:到医院做B超检查一下,胆囊炎不必担心,很简单,用树荣苦菜煮汤喝即可,用时须加红糖哦。是一种野菜,以前人们用来充饥,当饭吃的。注意的是:晚上不要熬夜,少吃西瓜、香蕉、梨及冷饮等生冷性寒之物,少吃蛋黄、动物内脏等含高胆固醇的食物。三分治,七分养,平时要注意饮食及生活习惯的调整。 另外,肠胃消化不好情况其实是胆囊炎引起的症状而已。 凡十一脏取决于 胆也【黄帝内经素问】,根源在胆。肠胃问题必须从胆治疗。 我们吃的食物首先在胃里经胃酸打碎糜化,后进入肠道通过胆汁胰液分解代谢吸收,但如果胆不好(指胆囊炎)就会导致胆囊收缩功能变差,胆汁疏泄不畅,分泌减少,使得食物在肠道内停留时间过久,下面下不去,上面下不来,食物在胃里便会长时间滞留胃里,而胃里当有食物时便不断刺激胃酸大量分泌出来,这就是胃酸过多的原因,长此以往,胃的功能便会下降,胃酸在分解食物的同时也会侵蚀胃粘,产生胃部溃疡,另外肝胆气机失常导致胆汁逆行犯胃,损伤胃粘膜,进而产生浅表性胃炎胆汁反流性胃炎,慢性胃炎,慢性糜烂性胃炎及慢性萎缩性胃炎等胃病。症状有打嗝、嗳气、口苦、返酸,胃胀,右腹隐痛等。而肠道问题就是胆汁减少导致脂肪及胆固醇不完全代谢(胆汁主要功能就是分解糜化脂肪和胆固醇),使得脂肪和胆固醇没有完全分解就排出体外,或因分解速度过缓而在肠道停留时间过久而产生大便不成形或便秘以及伴有痔疮出现的情况。综上所述,您就会知道其实肠胃疾病的根源在胆,是胆囊炎引起的。所以不管用什么药都治不好,达不到治愈效果。只有调理胆,才能从根源上解决肠胃问题。 胆红素是什么, 胆红素是胆红素主要由血红蛋白转化而来,是血液中红血球的血红素代谢后的废弃物。胆红素升高就意味着肝脏或者胆管阻塞等异常造成,胆红素越高代表损伤越大。 胆红素是反映肝脏病变情况的重要指标,胆红素也俗称为黄疸。人的红细胞的寿命一般为120天。红细胞死亡后变成间接胆红素,经肝脏转化为直接胆红素,组成胆汁,排入胆道,最后经大便排出。当胆红素升高时,大便就会出现黄色。如果化验单上显示胆红素偏高,你可以点击在线向肝病专家进行咨询。 胆红素高的危害有哪些, 如果红细胞破坏过多,产生的间接胆红素过多,肝脏不能完全把它转化为直接胆红素,可以发生溶血性黄疸。肝炎患者的黄疸一般为肝细胞性黄疸,也就是说直接胆红素与间接胆红素均升高,而淤胆型肝炎的患者以直接胆红素升高为主。引起胆红素高的原因很多,常见于肝脏疾患:急性黄疸型肝炎、急性黄色肝坏死、慢性活动性肝炎、肝硬化等。 肝病患者胆红素高怎么办, 胆红素偏高怎么办, 患者咨询:医生您好,请问肝病患者胆红素高怎办,肝病患者出现胆红素高要紧吗, 肝病患者胆红素高时必须及时上医院,及时的恢复肝功能,避免发展成为肝硬化的发生。只有将乙肝病毒转阴后乙肝患者的病情才能长久的稳定, 肝功能才能长期的稳定,福建省医学科学研究院门诊部肝病治疗中心采用的“抗HBV特异性主动免疫疗法”是目前国内外治疗乙肝最有效的方法,同时结合传统中医进行治疗,仅福州地区已有数千人痊愈,福建省医学科学研究院门诊部肝病中心成为当地最大的肝病康复基地。 胆红素偏高生活中应注意什么,胆红素是红细胞中的血色素所制造的色素,也是血液中红血球的血红素代谢后的废弃物。胆红素又分为直接胆红素和间接胆红素,间接胆红素(I-BiL)主要是由红细胞破坏而来(红细胞寿命一般为120天),间接胆红素经过肝脏代谢又可变为直接胆红素(D-BiL),随胆汁排入胆道,最后经大便排出。直接胆红素和间接胆红素之和就是总胆红素,以上任何一个环节出现障碍均可引起胆红素偏高。了解了胆红素是什么,那胆红素偏高生活中应注意什么, 胆红素偏高平时生活中应注意什么? 长沙方泰肝病医院专家表示,胆红素偏高的患者要去医院做进一步检查以明确偏高的原因,然后根据具体的情况制定用药。比如对乙肝患者胆红素偏高的治疗,需要检查肝功能、HBV-DNA等,根据检查结果进行抗病毒治疗或者保肝降黄治疗。另外,胆红素偏高平时生活中还要合理安排饮食,生活要有规律,精神要愉快,注意动静结合,切勿有病乱投医滥用药物治疗。出现胆红素偏高,生活中应注意以下事项: 胆红素偏高饮食注意事项—— 1、饮食宜清淡,且富有营养。如豆类制品,鱼类、蔬菜、水果等,含有大量的维生素A、B、C、E、有较好的抗氧化功能且易消化吸收。 2、宜多食香菇、芝麻、核桃、大枣、瘦肉及动物肝脏等食物,但肝脏不好的人不宜食用动物肝脏类食物。 3、忌饮酒,酒精中的乙醇对肝脏的伤害是最直接,也是最大的。研究表明,重度饮酒者中80%以上有一定程度的脂肪肝,10%至30%可发展为酒精性肝炎,10%至20%将发展为肝硬化。平时应多饮水,喝水可以补充体液,增强血液循环,促进新陈代谢,多喝水还能够促进腺体,特别是消化腺和胰液、胆汁的分泌,这样利于消化、吸收和废物的排除,可以减少代谢产物和毒素对肝脏造成的的损害。 4、饭后宜卧床休息1-2小时,保证肝脏得到充足的血液供应,有利于肝细胞修复。 禁忌:忌烟酒,辛辣食品。不要盲目进补,禁忌油腻,油炸食物。调情志,保持乐观精神防止过度劳累。 胆红素偏高平常要注意适量的运动—— 适量的运动可以让身体的新陈代谢,血液循环增强,帮助肝肾代谢的废物,比较快地排泄出去---流汗,这样对身体健康有好处,还可以提高人体抵抗疾病的能力,所以平时要多户外活动,如散步、踏青、打球、打太极拳等,但要注意肝不好的人不宜剧烈运动。 推荐阅读>>>> 胆红素偏高对身体的危害有哪些 胆红素偏高应怎么治疗—— 胆红素偏高一般是由各种疾病引起,而胆红素偏高的治疗方法,就是查找引起胆红素偏高的原因,如是乙肝病毒导致的胆红素升高,则可能是因肝细胞受到了乙肝病毒的侵袭,而造成了肝脏降低了工作能力,引起不能转化间接胆红素,就造成了直接胆红素升高,这就需要从乙肝病毒下手,抑制乙肝病毒、消灭乙肝病毒。长沙方泰肝病医院引进最新肝病DCC疗法,利用电磁场的作用,通过血液直接将药物送到肝脏,能够精准而迅速的杀灭乙肝病毒,而不损害正常的肝细胞,是人类战胜乙肝的又一进步。 总胆红素、直接胆红素以及间接胆红素等指标偏高表明胆囊有炎症,是胆囊炎导致的。肠胃消化不好情况其实是胆囊炎引起的症状而已。 凡十一脏取决于胆也【黄帝内经素问】,根源在胆。肠胃问题必须从胆治疗。 我们吃的食物首先在胃里经胃酸打碎糜化,后进入肠道通过胆汁胰液分解代谢吸收,但如果胆不好(指胆囊炎)就会导致胆囊收缩功能变差,胆汁疏泄不畅,分泌减少,使得食物在肠道内停留时间过久,下面下不去,上面下不来,食物在胃里便会长时间滞留胃里,而胃里当有食物时便不断刺激胃酸大量分泌出来,这就是胃酸过多的原因,长此以往,胃的功能便会下降,胃酸在分解食物的同时也会侵蚀胃粘,产生胃部溃疡,另外肝胆气机失常导致胆汁逆行犯胃,损伤胃粘膜,进而产生浅表性胃炎胆汁反流性胃炎,慢性胃炎,慢性糜烂性胃炎及慢性萎缩性胃炎等胃病。症状有打嗝、嗳气、口苦、返酸,胃胀,右腹隐痛等。而肠道问题就是胆汁减少导致脂肪及胆固醇不完全代谢(胆汁主要功能就是分解糜化脂肪和胆固醇),使得脂肪和胆固醇没有完全分解就排出体外,或因分解速度过缓而在肠道停留时间过久而产生大便不成形或便秘以及伴有痔疮出现的情况。综上所述,您就会知道其实肠胃疾病的根源在胆,是胆囊炎引起的。所以不管用什么药都治不好,达不到治愈效果。只有调理胆,才能从根源上解决 肠胃问题。建议:到医院做B超检查一下,胆囊炎不必担心,很简单,用树荣苦菜煮汤喝即可,用时须加红糖哦。是一种野菜,以前人们用来充饥,当饭吃的。注意的是:晚上不要熬夜,少吃西瓜、香蕉、梨及冷饮等生冷性寒之物,少吃蛋黄、动物内脏等含高胆固醇的食物。三分治,七分养,平时要注意饮食及生活习惯的调整。 尿酸过高的原因及治疗方法 一、 尿酸过高的原因: 尿酸是指人体内嘌呤(purine)代谢的最终产物。如果体内积聚过多尿酸,造成代谢失调,就是尿酸过高。 通常,嘌呤在肝脏氧化代谢后才变成尿酸,再由肾脏和肠道排出。基本上,嘌呤的生产量和排泄量大约相等。 嘌呤的生产量,三分之一来自食物,其余是体内自行合成;排泄量则是三分之一由肠道排出,三分之二从肾脏排出。如果生产过多或排泄不出,尿酸囤积体内,会导致血液中尿酸值升高。 运动过长时间没有喝水,抗利尿激素分泌,使尿液中的水分减少;食用含有大量嘌呤的食物,如红肉、动物内脏等等。这些都会使尿酸浓度短时增高,但是属于正常的现象,无需紧张。 并不是所有的尿酸过高都是痛风~肾脏疾病、年纪过大引起器官老化、痛风、血液病、高血压、肥胖、糖尿病、铅中毒等都会引起尿酸增高。 食物中嘌呤过高也会引起尿酸增高。现在很多人都有尿酸偏高的症状,但又没 有痛风的表现,这很可能是代谢综合征。 所以当病人的血尿酸过高时,应该先请医生确认引起过高的原因,再适当治疗~ 二、 尿酸过高的症状: 无症状高尿酸血症的危险性在于痛风发作,或最终发生肾结石。高尿酸血症病人发生痛风的可能性,大致和血清尿酸水平增高的程度成比例。 据观察,在青春期开始有高尿酸血症的男性,至第一次痛风发作之间的间隔一般为20—25年或更长。这并不意味着要对所有高尿酸血症病人都给予预防性治疗,以防止其中少数人痛风发作。 一般认为,对无症状性高尿酸血症无须治疗。但也不是不管它,因为高尿酸血症毕竟是不正常的。持久的高血尿酸,有可能造成尿酸结晶和尿酸盐结晶在肾盂、输尿管或肾小管及肾间质沉积,造成肾损害,引起肾结石,所以应该寻找高血尿酸的原因,如利尿药、降压药、化疗药等药物因素及肾病、血液病、糖尿病等,找出原因,同时应避免肥胖、高嘌呤及高热量饮食、酗酒、过度疲劳、精神紧张、创伤、湿冷等诱发因素。降低血尿酸,这是有益无害的事。当有下列几种情况时,则应考虑治疗:?有痛风临床症状;?有痛风家族史;?上述—些原因排除后,仍有高血尿酸(超过0(54毫摩尔,升,即超过9毫克,分升)。 如果长时间尿酸过高,就可能引起痛风~ 痛风是由于嘌呤代谢紊乱导致血尿酸增加而引起组织损伤的一组疾病,起因是长时间的尿酸过高引起的,尿酸在关节、肾处沉积等问题。病变常侵犯关节、肾脏等组织,发病年龄多在40以上,患病率随年龄而增加,男女之比为50:1, 多数妇性病人为绝经后女妇,常在春、秋季节发病。常见的症状: 1、无症状期:有高尿酸血症而无临床症状。 2、痛风性关节炎, 3、痛风结节,常见于耳轮和关节周围,呈大小不一的降起赘生物,可向皮肤破溃,排出白色的尿酸盐结晶。4、肾脏病变,5、少数有发热、头痛等全身症状。 痛风的临床症状及相关疾病 主要症状包括急性痛风性关节炎、慢性痛风性关节炎、痛风性肾脏病变和尿路结石。临床上可分几个阶段如无症状症高尿酸血症、急性痛风、中间缓解期和慢性痛风。 1、无症状高尿酸血症:是指血中尿酸浓度过高,但无临床症状。此种状态以后易引起急性痛风或尿路结石,且尿酸值愈高者愈易引起,但少数人则可能终生无症状。在门诊常可见病人把一切的关节或软组织症状,归咎於尿酸过高,事实上有不少病人其尿酸过高是属於无症状高尿酸血症。 2、急性痛风:是因沉积的尿酸盐被白血球吞噬所引起的发炎反应。易侵犯中年男性和停经后的妇女,早期时下肢关节较易受侵犯(少数病人则可能先侵犯上肢的关节),且愈周边的关节愈易受侵犯。发病初期以侵犯单一关节为主(以后则可能有数个关节受侵犯)。关节炎常在夜间发生且症状产生极为快速,病人常在睡梦中被痛醒。急性痛风可能由於外伤、酒精、药物、外科手术或急性内科疾病而诱发。 3、中间缓解期:指二次急性痛风中间之无症状期间,病人在第一次和第二次急性痛风发作之间隔时间差异颇大,可长达十余年亦可短至数个月,但往后之无症状期可能愈来愈短。 4、慢性痛风:痛风者未经适当治疗可能会变成慢性痛风,此时病人除有慢性关节疼痛外,亦常有痛风石沉积於关节内或软组织。由於关节受破坏和慢性发炎 反应常导致关节变形。 5、痛风性肾病变:尿酸盐可能因沉积於肾脏而引起肾脏病变。痛风病人亦可能是因年龄增加、高血压、尿路结石、肾盂炎等其它因素引起肾脏病变。 6、尿路结石:痛风病人常发生尿路结石,且其机会随著尿中尿酸排泄量增加而增多。 7、其它相关疾病:痛风病人常合并有高血压、糖尿病、血管硬化和高脂血症。 根据林口长庚医院风湿过敏免疫科在中华民国79年统计发现,约一半的痛风患者,在急性痛风发作前有诱因存在,其中以啤酒为最重要原因(占60%),其次为海产(18%)、内脏食物(14%),而豆类制品则几乎很少引起发作,同时根据台湾、日本及美国学者测量各种豆类的嘌呤含量也不太高,因此可以推翻民间误传痛风不可以吃豆类的说法。另一个间接证据是,常吃豆制品的出家人也很少得到痛风。 在所有的高尿酸患者中大概有十分之一会有通风病,这与平时的生活与遗传有较大的关系。 医学空间(MEDcyber.com)7月14日消息—近期发表在《Arthritis Care & Research》上的一篇文章报道了高尿酸血症与中风危险发病率和死亡率的关系。来自法国的专家分析了16个前瞻性队列研究,包括238449的成年人对象。结果显示,调整各种因素之前,高尿酸血症与中风危险发病率(RR 为1.41)和死亡率(RR 为1.36)密切相关,经过调整年龄、高血压、糖尿病和胆固醇等影响因素之后,高尿酸血症与中风危险发病率(RR 为1.47)和死亡率(RR 为1.76)依然密切相关。因此,高尿酸血症可能适度增加中风发病率和死亡率的风险。应该进行进一步研究,以确定降低尿酸水平对降低中风是否有益。 此外,血液中尿酸含量最高的25%病人中,中风、心血管坏死及心脏病的病发率,较尿酸含量最低的25%病人来得高。 该研究在7个国家及地区的945个医药中心同步进行,共9193名左心室肥大症的高血压患者参与,约5年后得出结果。 高血压者容易中风,90%患者会因血管阻塞而中风,而且其中约一半有高尿酸的问题,但是,不少高血压者却经常忽略了尿酸问题。 三、降低尿酸过高 高尿酸患者虽可服用降尿酸的药物(包括排尿酸药苯溴马隆和抑制尿酸合成药别嘌醇),但如能通过合理饮食而使尿酸自然降下来,那当然是最理想不过的了。 1.应供给足量的碳水化合物和脂肪。如对心肾无不利影响,应多饮水。 2.烹调方法多用烩、煮、熬、蒸、氽等,少用煎、炸方法。食物应尽量易消化。 3.多选用富含维生素B1及维生素C的食物。可用食物:米、面、牛奶、鸡蛋、水果及各种植物油。 4 蔬菜除龙须菜、芹菜、菜花、菠菜外,其他均可食用。 5.禁用动物内脏、鱼子、骨髓、沙丁鱼、牡蛎、小虾皮、鲭鱼、淡菜、肉糜、肝、肾、脑、蛤蜊、蟹、鱼、肉汤、鸡汤、豌豆、扁豆、蘑菇等,各种强烈的调味品及加强神经兴奋的食物如酒、茶、咖啡、辣味品等。 6. 保持理想体重,超重或肥胖就应该减轻体重。不过,减轻体重应循序渐进,否则容易导致酮症或痛风急性发作。 7. 碳水化合物可促进尿酸排出,患者可食用富含碳水化合物的米饭、馒头、面食等。 8. 蛋白质可根据体重,按照比例来摄取,1公斤体重应摄取0.8克至1克的蛋白 质,并以牛奶、鸡蛋为主。如果是瘦肉、鸡鸭肉等,应该煮沸后去汤食用,避免吃炖肉或卤肉。 9. 少吃脂肪,因脂肪可减少尿酸排出。痛风并发高脂血症者,脂肪摄取应控制在总热量的20至25以内。 10. 大量喝水,每日应该喝水2000ml至3000ml,促进尿酸排除。少吃盐,每天应该限制在2克至5克以内。 11. 忌酒,尤其是啤酒,因为酒精容易使体内乳酸堆积,诱发痛风。 12. 避免过度劳累,紧张,寒冷,潮湿及关节损伤等诱发因素。 13. 不宜使用抑制尿酸排出的药物,如某些降压药,利尿药,水杨酸类等药物。 物中嘌呤含量指标 *轻微嘌呤含量(每100克含0-25克嘌呤) 牛奶、芝士、乳酪、鸡蛋、大部分蔬菜、水果、米、面、面包、脂肪、油、茶、咖啡等。 *中等嘌呤含量(每100克含25-100克嘌呤) 瘦肉、猪肉、羊肉、家禽、鱼、虾、龙虾、豆腐、豆奶、菠菜、绿豆、花椰菜、芦笋、蘑菇、紫菜等。 *高度嘌呤含量(每100克含150-1000克嘌呤) 鹅肉、动物内脏(肝、肾、肠、心和脑)、鳗鱼、鲱、鱼卵、鱼皮、虾米、海味、贝类如扇贝、蚝等、发酵粉等。 转氨酶升高的原因很多: 像肝脏疾病:病毒性肝炎;中毒性肝炎;大量或长期饮酒者;肝癌肝硬化活动时;胆道疾病胆囊炎、胆石症急性发作时;肝外疾病:心脏疾病急性心肌梗塞、 心肌炎、心力衰竭时;其他某些感染性疾病:如肺炎、伤寒、结核病、传染性单核细胞增多症 等。此外,急性软组织损伤、剧烈运动、妊娠期,亦可出现一过性转氨酶升高。所以一定要 查找病因然后才能有针对性的进行治疗。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.
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