初中英语语法-八种时态详解与练习

初中语法:八种时态详解与练习 一.概念: 英语中表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态,需用不同的动词形式表示,这种不同的动词形式称为时态。 二.种类:(基本时态) 一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时 一般将来时过去将来时现在完成时过去完成时 一般现在时 一、概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 二、常搭配的时间状语: always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays, etc. 三、基本结构 ①be动词(is,am,are);②行为动词(主语是第三人称单数时谓语动词要加s或es外) 否定形式:①am/is/are+not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句:①把be动词放于句首;②用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。例句: I go to school at 6 every morning. 每天早上我七点去上学。 Summer follows spring. 春天之后是夏天。 I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school. 我在就学过地球是围绕太阳转的。 Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 四、基本用法: 1) 描述当前时间内经常出现、反复发生的动作或存在的状态。 在这种情景中,句子常带有表示频率的时间状语:always , everyday , often , once a week (month , year , etc.) , sometimes , seldom , usually等等,以表示句中的动作或状态是习惯性的、经常性的。例如: They raise ducks as a sideline .他们以养鸭为副业。 She doesn't often write to her family, only once a month. 她不常给家里写信,仅一月一封而已。 I cycle to work every day .我每天骑自行车上班。 It seldom rains here .这儿很少下雨。 2)仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。 这里的目的是为了"描述现阶段的动作或状态",其重点"不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态"。例如: He can speak five foreign languages .他能说五种外语。 That is a beautiful city .那是座美丽的城市。 Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长河流之一。 She majors in music .她主修音乐。 All my family love football .我全家人都喜欢足球。(强调每个家人) My sister is always ready to help others . 我妹妹总是乐于助人。 3) 陈述客观事实、客观真理。 顾名思义,客观的情况是"没有时间概念"的;也"不会在意动作进行的状态"。例如: The earth goes around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。 Ten minus two is eight.十减二等于八。 Light travels faster than sound .光的速度比声音的速度快。 The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美国位于太平洋西岸。 4) 根据英文语法,当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时,那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。例如: I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时,我将告诉他这个消息。 If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details. 如果你接受这份工作,他们将和你谈谈细节。 用于一般现在时的副词,除了上面提到的一些表示频率的词以外,常见的还有:now, today , nowadays等等。 练习题: 用动词的适当形式填空: 1.Why__________Tom absent today ? ( be ) 2.Mike________(go)to school at seven in the morning. 3.My mother________(like) ______(go) shopping. 4.I can ________(draw) many beautiful pictures. 5.Does he_________(like)_________(jump) ? 6.The students___________(speak) English in class. 7.The student_________(speak) Chinese after class. 8. Let's____________and play football . ( go ) 9. He_____________ like swimming . ( not ) 10. __________your sister study English at school ? No , she__________ . ( do ) 用所给动词的适当形式填空: 1.I ______________(write) to you as soon as I _______(get) to London. 2. He doesn't feel well and ____________(not eat) any food this morning. 3. He ______ not _______(see) me come in, for he ___________(read) something with great interest. 4. Don't make a niose. Grandpa __________(sleep). 5. It ________(take) me two hours to finish my homework last night. 6. What ______ your mother _______(do) at eight yesterday evening? She _______(wash) clothes. 7. _______ it _________ (rain) when school was over yesterday? 8 The teacher told us the earth __________ (move) round the sun. 单项选择: 1.The students will go to the Summer Palace if it _____ tomorrow. A.don't rain B. doesn't rain C. won't rain 3. The picture _______ nice. A.looks B.is looked C.look D.is looking 4. She ______ down and soon fell asleep. A. live B. lain C. laid D. lay 6. We shall go to Shanghai on business before you _____ back next week. A. wil come B. came C. would come D. come 7. Don't smoke until the plane ______ off. A.takes B.took C.was taken D.is take 8. I saw her ____ the room this morning. A.to enter B. entered C. enter D. enters 11. He told us ______ at eight. A. working B. to work C. work D. worked 12. You'd better ______ at home and ______ your homework. A. to stay, do B. stay, do C. to stay, to do D. stay, to do 14. Uncle Wang knows _______ a washing machine. A. how to make B. to make C. how making D. what to make 15. Jim decided _______ Polly to Ling Feng when he was back to England. A. to leave B. left C. leaving D. leave 4)改句子 1. We have four lessons.(否定句) 2.I have many books. (改为否定句) 3.Gao Shan's sister likes playing table tennis (改为否定句) 4.She lives in a small town near New York. (改为一般疑问句) 5.I watch TV every day. (改为一般疑问句) 6.David has got a goal. (改为一般疑问句) 7.We have four lessons.(否定句) 8.Tom does his homework at home. 否定句: 一般疑问句: 划线提问 9.I usually play football on Friday afternoon. 否定句: 一般疑问句: 划线提问 一般过去时 一、概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 二、常搭配的时间状语: ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 三、基本结构: ①be动词的过去式(was/were); ②行为动词的过去式(即在动词原形后加ed,不规则变化的动词除外) 否定形式:①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句:①was或were放于句首;②用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。 一般过去时用谓语动词的过去式构成,即在动词原形后加ed,不规则变化的特殊动词除外。例句: He was here just now. 他刚才还在这里。 What did you do yesterday? 你昨天做了什么事? We often played together when we were children. 我们小时候常在一起玩。 He used to smoke a lot, but he doesn’t now. 他过去经常抽烟,但现在不抽了。 四、基本用法 主要是用来描述在过去某个时候发生的动作或存在的状态。它也可以用来表示在过去某段时间里经常发生的习惯性动作。这一点在表达意义上与一般现在时相同,只是所在的时间区域不同而已。由于它的主要作用如此,所以在使用一般过去时的句子里常常有一个意义较具体的过去时间状语。这也是它与现在完成时的最大区别之一。 常和一般过去时连用的过去时间状语有:last night (week ,month , year , century , etc.) , yesterday , the day before yesterday , yesterday morning ( afternoon , evening ) , in 1999 , two hours ago ( one week ago , tree years ago , …)等等。 使用一般过去时,在某种意义上说就是要强调动作或状态发生或存在于过去的某个 时候。"过去"的时间概念有两层意思:一是指"现在某个时间"以前的时间;二是指"说话、写文章的那个时间点"以前的时间,在这个意义上,"现在的那个时间点"是很小很小的,甚至于小到无法量化的程度。例如: He got his driving license last month. 他上个月拿到了驾照。 --Where's Jim? 吉姆在哪里? --He just went out.他刚刚出去。 练习: 写出下列动词的过去式 is/am_________ fly_______ plant________ are ________ drink_________ play_______ go________ make ________ do/does_________ worry________ eat__________ draw________put ______ throw________ pass_______ 用be动词的适当形式填空 1. The little dog _____ two years old this year. 2. She _______ happy yesterday. 3. They _______ glad to see each other last month. 4. Today _____ the second of June. Yesterday ______ the first of June. It _____ Children's Day. All the students ______ very excited. 句型变换: 1 There was a car in front of the house just now. 否定句:__________________________________________________________ 一般疑问句:__________________________________________________________ 肯定回答:__________________________________________________________ 否定回答:__________________________________________________________ 2 They played football in the playground. 否定句:__________________________________________________________ 一般疑问句:__________________________________________________________ 肯定回答:__________________________________________________________ 否定回答:__________________________________________________________ 用所给动词的适当形式填空: 1. I ______ (watch) a cartoon on Saturday. 2. Her father _______ (read) a newspaper last night. 3. It ____ (be) the 2nd of November yesterday. Mr White ___ (go) to his office by car. 4. ______ you _______ (visit) your relatives last Spring Festival? 5. Gao Shan ________ (put) the book on his head a moment ago. 6. Don't ______ the house. Mum _______ it yesterday. (clean) 7. What _________ she _________ (find) in the garden last morning? She _________ (find) a beautiful butterfly. 8. What _________ you ______ just now? I _______ some housework. (do) 9 We all _________ (have) a good time last night. 10. She likes _________ newspapers, but she _________ a book yesterday. (read) 11. He ___________ football now, but they _______ basketball just now. (play) 句型转换: 1、Lucy did her homework at home. (改否定句)Lucy ___________ ___________ her homework at home. 2、He found some meat in the fridge(冰箱).(变一般疑问句) ___________ he __________ ___________ meat in the fridge? 3、She stayed there for a week.(对划线部分提问) __________ ___________ __________ she __________ there? 4、There was some orange in the cup.(变一般疑问句) _________ there ___________ orange in the cup? 中译英: 1. 我过了一个忙碌但却刺激的周末。 I _________ _________ __________ __________ exciting weekend. 2 Jenny喜欢看书。昨晚她看了一本英语书。 Jenny likes _________ __________. She _________ an English book last night. 3. Emma每天都看电视。可是昨天他没有看。 Emma __________ TV every day. But he _________ ___________ yesterday. 4. 上周六他们做什么了?他们做作业和购物了。 What ________ they _________ _________ Saturday? They _________ __________ homework and _________ __________. 一般将来时 一、概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 二、时间状语:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, 等。 三、基本结构 ①am/is/are/going to + do;②will/shall + do. 否定形式:①was/were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句:①be放于句首;②will/shall提到句首。 如:Telephone me this evening. I’ll be at home. 今晚给我打电话,我会在家。 I’ll (shall/will) do a better job next time. 下次我要干得好些。 The car won’t start. 车开不了啦。 Oil and water will not mix. 油和水没法混在一起。 四、基本用法: 主要用来描述将要发生的动作或存在于未来的情况。这里所说的“将来时间”是指“说话、写文章那一刻以后的时间”。它的表示方法主要有如下几种: 1)shall / will + 动词原形这种表示方法是说,动作在现在或目前还未发生,要在将来的某个时间内发生;它没有主观性,是“纯粹的将来动作”。例如: I shall / will not be free tomorrow .我明天没空。 He will arrive here this evening .他今晚抵达这里。 2) be( am / is / are ) + going +不定式 这种表示方法主要是说明A)“说话人的意图、打算”;B)“某种可能性”。例如: A) He is going to spend his holidays in London . 他打算在伦敦度假。 Who is going to speak first? 谁先发言? B) It is going to rain soon .马上要下雨了。 Is he going to collect any data for us? 他会帮我们收集资料吗? If you go to New Zealand, you are going to like the place. 如果你去新西兰,你会喜欢上那个地方的。 3) be( am / is / are ) + 不定式表示方法描述两钟情况: 按计划安排要发生的动作,这个动作发生的时间一般不会很远;或命令他人做某事。例如: A) The new bridge is to open to traffic in three days. 新桥三天后通车。 The factory is to go into production before National Day. 这家工厂国庆节前投产。 B) You are not to bring any mobile communication means into the exam-room . 任何移动通讯工具都不得带入考场。 You are to stay home until your mother comes back. 你妈回来之前你不要出去。 4) 用一般现在时或现在进行时(限于某些动词)表示按计划安排要发生的事。主要强调“按计划安排要发生的事”。例如: Do you get off at the next stop? 你下一站下车吗? The plane takes off at 11:00 a.m. 那架飞机上午十一点起飞。 Mr. Reider is leaving for New York next week. 里德先生下周动身去纽约。 五、表示将来的五种常用非时态方式 1. “be+不定式”:表示命令、安排、倾向或必须、义务等。如: She is to play Juliet. 她扮演朱丽叶。 You are to make the necessary changes. 你要做出必要的改变。 2. “be about to + 不定式”:表示即将发生的动作,有“即将”的意思,但不能和具体的时间状语连用。如: The package is about to come unwrapped. 那个包快散开了。 3. “be going + 不定式”:表示按计划或安排打算去做某事,或表示有迹象表明要发生某事。如: We are going to call her this evening. 我们打算今晚给她打电话。 My sister’s going to have a baby this summ er. 我姐姐今年夏天要生孩子。 4. 用现在进行时表示将来:主要表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。如: The students are leaving on Sunday. 学生们星期日出发。 We’re having a party next week. 我们下星期将开一个晚会。 5. 用一般现在时表示将来:表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。如: We have a holiday tomorrow. 我们明天放假。 The train leaves at 10:04 this evening. 火车今晚10:04分开。 练习 一、单项选择 ( ) 1. There __________ a meeting tomorrow afternoon. A. will be going to B. will going to be C. is going to be D. will go to be ( ) 2. Charlie ________ here next month. A. isn't working B. doesn't working C. isn't going to working D. won't work ( ) 3. He ________ very busy this week, he ________ free next week. A. will be; is B. is; is C. will be; will be D. is; will be ( ) 4. ________ a concert next Saturday? A. There will be B. Will there be C. There can be D. There are ( ) 5. If they come, we ________ a meeting. A. have B. will have C. had D. would have ( ) 6. He ________ to us as soon as he gets there. A. writes B. has written C. will write D. wrote ( ) 7. He ________ in three days. A. coming back B. came back C. will come back D. is going to coming back ( ) 8. If it ________ tomorrow, we'll go roller-skating. A. isn't rain B. won't rain C. doesn't rain D. doesn't fine ( ) 9. The day after tomorrow they ________ a volleyball match. A. will watching B. watches C. is watching D. are going to watch ( ) 10. He ________ there at ten tomorrow morning. A. will B. is C. will be D. be ( )11. - Let's go out to play football, shall we? - OK. I ________. A. will coming B. be going to come C. come D. am coming ( ) 12. It ________ us a long time to learn English well. A. takes B. will take C. spends D. will spend ( ) 13. The train ________ at 11. A. going to arrive B. will be arrive C. is going to D. is arriving 二、用动词的适当形式填空 1. I ______(leave)in a minute. I ______(finish)all my work before I ______ (leave). 2. Mary's birthday is next Monday, her mother _____(give)her a present. 3. -_____ you _____(be)here this Saturday? -No. I ______(visit)my teacher. 4. -______ I ______(get)you a copy of today's newspaper? -Thank you. 5. I am afraid there ______(be)a meeting this afternoon. I can't join you. 过去将来时 一、概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。 二、常搭配的时间状语:the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc. 三、基本结构: ①was/were going to + do;②would/should + do; ③was/were to was/were about to+do 否定形式:①was/were/not + going to + do;②would/should + not + do. 一般疑问句:①was或were放于句首;②would/should 提到句首。 例句:I knew you would agree. 我知道你会同意的。 I said I would arrange everything. 我说我来安排一切。 四、基本用法 表示过去的某时以后将要发生的动作。但这个"将来"时间绝不会延伸到“现在”;而仅限于“过去时间区域内”。由此可以看出,含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语或是一个短语,或是一个句子。这个时态常用于: A)宾语从句或间接引语中; B)表示过去习惯性的动作; C)表示过去情况中的“愿望”、“倾向”,多用于否定句。例如: A) When I thought about it , I wondered what their reaction would be . 当我考虑这件事时,我想知道他们的反应是什么。 She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day. 她告诉我,她第二天要去欧洲旅行。 He didn't expect that we would all be there. 他没料到我们会全在那儿。 B) During that period , he would do morning-exercises every day. 在那段时间,他每天早锻炼。 Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some housework. 无论他什么时间有空,他总是帮他妈妈干点家务活。 C) No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it . 不管工作有多难,他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。 They knew that we would never permit such a thing. 他们知道我们绝不会允许发生这样的事。 Even after the lecture ended, the audience would not leave . 甚至在讲座结束之后,听众仍不肯离去。 练习: I. 选择填空 1. Li Ming said he _____happy if Brian_____to China next month. A. as; come B. was; would come C. would be; came D. will be; come 2. We were not sure whether they ______ more vegetables. A. are going to grow B. were going to grow C. will grow D. have grown 3. She ______ to work when the telephone rang. A. is going B. will go C. was about to go D. is to go II. 用所给动词的适当形式填空 1. Miss Zhang said she ________________(visit) the Great Wall next summer. 2. She told him that she _____________(not stay) here for long. 3. I wasn’t sure whether Lucy__________(come) the next year. 4. She said the bus _______________(leave) at five the next morning. 5. I wasn't sure whether he _______________(lend) me his book the next morning. 6. He was fifty-six. In two years he _______(be) fifty-eight. 现在进行时 一、概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 二、常搭配的时间状语:now, at this time, these days, etc. 三、基本结构: am/is/are+动词的现在分词(V-ing) 否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing. 一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。 例:They’re having a meeting. 他们在开会。 I’m studying at an evening school. 我在上夜校。 You’re always interrupting me! 你老打断我的话!(抱怨) She’s always helping people. 她老是帮助别人。(赞扬) 四、基本用法 主要用来描述“说话、写文章的当刻”正在发生的动作,或是“现阶段”一直在进行的动作。适用于下面的情况: 1)“说话、写文章的当刻”正在发生的动作。例如: They are having a football match .他们正在赛足球。 She is writing her term paper. 她正在写学期论文。 Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你听电话。 2)“现阶段”一直在进行的动作。这种情况并不是说某个动作在说话的那会儿正在发 生,而是说某个动作在当前一段时间内一直在进行着,或是重复地发生着。例如: He is preparing for CET Band Six. 他在为大学英语六级考试作准备。 How are you getting along with your new job?你那份新工作干得怎么样? 3)表示说话人的情感,如:赞许、批评;喜欢、厌恶等。这时的动作并不是正在发生或进行,而是表示经常性,相当于“一般现在时”所描述的情况。例如: He is always thinking of others , not of himself . (表示赞许)他总是为他人着想,而不为自己。 She is often doing well at school. (表示满意)她在学校学习挺不错的。 Are you feeling better today? (表示亲切)你今天觉得好一些吗? One of my roommates is constantly leaving things about.(表示不满)我的一个室友老是乱扔东西。 Some sellers are often knocking at our door and promoting their products to us .(表示不喜欢)有些推销员老是敲我家的门,向我们推销他们的产品。 4)表示在近期按计划或安排要发生的动作,用于这种情况仅限于少量的动词,如:go , come , leave ,arrive , see , have , lunch( 吃午饭) , return, dine ( 进餐,尤指晚餐) , work , sleep , stay , play , do , wear( 穿,戴) 等。例如: I'm dinning out with my friends this evening. 今晚我将和朋友在外面吃饭。 An American professor is giving a lecture this afternoon. 今天下午一位美国教授要来作报告。 We are having a holiday next Wednesday. 下周三我们放假。 Are you staying here till next week? 你要在这儿呆到下星期吗? 练习: 一、写出下列动词的现在分词: play______run__________swim________make_______write________ski_______ have_______sing_______see_____buy______live_______take________get________ stop________sit________ 二、用所给的动词的正确形式填空: 1. Listen .Some girls __________( sing)in the classroom . 2. My mother ____________ ( cook )some nice food now. 3. What _____ you ______ ( do ) now? 4.They ____________(not ,water) the flowers now. 5. It's 5 o'clock now. We ___________(have)supper now 6.______Helen__________(wash )clothes? Yes ,she is 三、句型转换: 1.Tom is reading books in his room now . (对划线部分提问) ________________________________________________ 2. My mother is cooking some nice food now. ( 改一般疑问句并作肯定和否定回答) ①_______________________________________________ ②____________________________________ ③_____________________________ 四、填空题 1.Mr Zheng _______________ (read) a book now. 2. Listen! Someone is__________________(come). 3. Look! He _________ (dive) now. 4. Tom __________________ ( watch ) TV in the dining room. 5. Come on. They _________________ ( leave ) now. 6. Where is your mother? She ________________________ (answer) the phone. 1.What_________you__________(do)? 2.I_____________(sing) an English song. 过去进行时 一、概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 二、时间状语: at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 三、基本结构:was/were+动词的现在分词(doing) 否定形式:was/were + not + doing. 一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。 四、基本用法: 主要表示在过去的某个时间点上正在发生、进行的动作。由于它的定义是表示在过去的某个时间点上正在发生、进行的动作,所以,句子常带有一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语可能是短语,词组,或是一个从句。也可能是通过上下文来表达这层意思。过去进行时主要用于下面的情景中: 1)表示在过去某时刻正在进行的动作,例如: At this moment yesterday, I was packing for camp.昨天这时候,我正在收拾东西去露营。When I came to see her last time, she was writing an article.上次我来看她的时候,她正在写一篇文章。 What were you doing at eight last night ? 昨晚八点钟你在做什么? 2)用于故事的开头,交代故事发生的背景情况。 过去进行时所描述的动作是“正在进行”,所以,在这种情景中用“过去进行时”可以给读者一种“动感”,从而能使文章更加生动活泼。例如: One night, he was typing in his study . Suddenly , a man broke into his house and cut off the electricity … .一天晚上,他正在书房里打字。突然,一个人闯进屋来,切断了电源…… 3)(仅限少数动词)表示在过去的未来时间要发生的动作。例如: When National Day was coming near , they began to make a plan for the holiday .国庆节即将来临的时候,他们开始制订度假计划。 She told me that she was going to Hainan for her holiday. 她告诉我她将去海南度假。 My friend said to me that he was lunching with one of his customers that day .我朋友对我说,他今天要与他的一位客户一块儿吃午饭。 We left there when it's getting dark. 天快黑的时候,我们离开了那儿。 五、过去进行时和一般过去时的区别 两者的基本差别是过去进行时通常表示一个过去正在进行且尚未完成的动作,而一般过去时则通常表示一个过去已经完成的动作。如: I was reading a book last night. 我昨晚在看书。(不一定看完) I read a book last night. 我昨晚看了一本书。(已经看完) They were building a bridge there. 他们在那里修一座桥。(不一定建成) They built a bridge there. 他们在那儿修了一座桥。(已建成) 注:有些动词(如rain, snow, cough, wear, feel, work等)本身并不表示动作完成,这时用两种时态都可以,且含义区别不大: It rained [was raining] all day yesterday. 昨天下了一天的雨。 She didn’t feel [wasn’t feeling] we ll that day. 那天她感到不太舒服。 练习 用动词的适当形式填空 1. I __________ (telephone) a friend when Bob __________ (come) in. 2. We __________ (test) the new machine when the electricity __________ (go) off. 3. She __________ (not want) to stay in bed while the others ________________ (all, work) in the fields. 4. As I __________ (walk) in the park, it ________ (begin) to rain. 5. It was quite late at night. George __________ (read) and Amy __________ (play) her needle when they __________ (hear) a knock at the door. 6. I _____ (have) my breakfast at half past six yesterday morning. 7 Mary _____ (go) over her lessons from six to seven last night. John and peter ____(do) the same thing. 8. ______ it ______(rain) when you left school? Yes, it ____. (No, it ____) 9. The three of them were in a hurry because their plane _____ (leave) in five minutes. 10. In a letter, john told us that he _____ (come) to china next month. 11. She __________ (make) her dress the whole afternoon. 12. Later his parents found that he _____ (sit) on some eggs. 13. The students _______ (sing) and ____ (dance) happily on the playground at that time. 14. I _____________ (write) a letter when the door bell rang. 15. We had no classe at that time. We ___________ (plant) trees. 二、选择题 1.I ______ cooked a meal when you _____ me. a. cooked, were ringing b. was cooking, rang c. was cooking, were ringing d. cooked, rang 2.He said he _____ to draw a plane on the blackboard at that time. a. tries b. tried c. was trying d. will try 3.While she ______ TV, she ______ a sound outside the room. a. was watching, was hearing b. watched, was hearing c. watched, heard d. was watching, heard 4.They _____ a football game from 7 to 9 last night. a. were watching b. watch c. watched d. are watching 5.What book ____ you ______ when I ____ you at four yesterday afternoon? a. did, read, was seeing b. did, read, saw c. were, reading, saw d. were, reading, was seeing 7.Lei Feng _____ always _____ of others when he ______ in the army. a. is, thinking, was b. was, thinking, is c. did, think, is d. was, thinking, was 11.While mother _______ some washing, I _____ a kite for Kate. a. did, made b. was doing, made c. was doing, was making d. did, was making 13.He ____ some cooking at that time, so _____ me a. did, heard b. did, didn't hear c. was doing, heard d. was doing, didn't hear 14.This time yesterday jack _____ his bike. He _____ TV a. repaired, didn't watch b. was repairing, watched c. repaired, watched d. was repairing, wasn't watching 现在完成时 一、概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态 二、现在完成时用法之常用词语: 能与现在完成时连用词语很多,如副词just, already, yet, before, ever, recently 等,但下面是一些典型而且重要的例子: (1) since(自从):不管用作介词、连词还是副词, 句子(主句)谓语通常都用现在完成时: I haven’t seen her since last week. 自上周以来我一直未见过她。 Where have you been since I last saw? 自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了? 【注】有时可用其他时态的情况,但须注意: ①对于某些表示状态的动词(如seem 等),或因语义等方面的原因,有时可能用一般现在时比较现在完成时更合适: It seems like years since we last met. 我们似乎几年未见面了。 Since when does the $42 plus $5 service charge come to $48? 从什么什候开始42元加5元的服务费等于48元了? ②若不是指从过去持续到现在,而是指从较远的过去持续到在一个较近的过去,则用过去完成时: Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。(指从星期二至昨天未吃东西) ③表示时间长度时,通常用一般现在时代替现在完成时: It’s ten years since he left here. 他离开这儿已10年了。 (2) so far (到目前为止): So far there has been no bad news. 到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。 We haven’t had any trouble so far. 到目前为止,我们还没有遇到任何麻烦。 (3) in [for, during] the past [last] … years(在过去…年中): In the past two years I’ve seen him little. 过去两年我很少见到他。 I have been here (for) the last [past] month. 最近一个月里我都在这儿。 【注】在一定的上下文里,若是以过去时间为起点,也可用过去完成时。 (4) up to [until] now(到现在为止): Up to now, the work has been easy. 到现在为止这工作还算容易。 I have heard nothing from him up to now. 到现在为止我还没有听到他一点音信。 (5) It’s [will be] the first time that…(第一次…): It’s the first time I’ve come here. 这是我第一次来这儿。 Don’t forget, it’ll be the first time I’ve spoken in public. 别忘了,这是我第一次在公共场合发言。 三、基本结构:have/has + done 否定形式:have/has + not +d one. 一般疑问句:have或has开头+主语+动词的过去分词。 例:I have seen the film already. 我已经看过那部电影了。(现在我知道电影的内容了。) Have you seen my bag? 你看到我的手提包了吗? (你知道它在哪里? ) She has been a dancer for ten years. 她已当了十年的舞蹈演员了。 We’ve planted thousands of trees in the past few years. 过去几年我们种了成千上万棵树。 四、基本用法 对于初接触现在完成时的人来说,往往会产生一种茫然,因为它似乎与一般过去时相似。那就是,这两种时态描述的动作都始于过去。其实不然,现在完成时主要表示,发生在过去的动作延续到现在刚刚完成、或许还要延续;侧重于这个动作对现在带来的结果、产生的影响、积累的总和等等。而一般过去时则只不过是表示动作发生在过去的什么时候。弄清了这一区别,就很容易理解现在完成时了。它主要适用于下面的几种情况: 1)表示截止现在业已完成的动作 By now, I have collected all the data that I need .到现在为止,我已收集到了我所需的全部资料。 She has read 150 pages today .她今天已看了150页。 We haven't met for many years .我们已多年没见了。 They have developed a new product .他们研制成功了一种新产品。 2)表示发生在过去而对现在产生影响、带来结果的动作 Have you had your dinner? 你吃晚饭了吗? She has been to the United States. 她已去美国了。 You have grown much taller.你长高了许多。 3)表示过去发生的动作持续到现在,并可能还要延续 It has been five years since he joined the army .他参军五年了。 They have learned English for eight years .他们已学了八年的英语了。 So far we've only discussed the first five chapters.至今我们还只讨论了前五章。 几点注意: 1)一个句子应该用什么时态只能取决于它需要表达的意思,以及它所处的语言环境。例如: He speaks English .(一般现在时,说明动作发生的经常性。) He spoke English when he was in New Zealand .(一般过去时,说明动作发生的时间。) He is speaking English.(现在进行时,说明动作正在进行。) He has spoken English for three years since he came to the USA.(现在完成时,这里说明动作的总和。) He has been speaking English since he came to the USA. (现在完成进行时,强调动作的连续性。) 2)在含有时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主从复合句中,如果主句的谓语动词是一般将来时,那么从句的谓语动词就只能用一般现在时来表示将来时;如果主句的谓语动词是过去将来时,那么从句的谓语动词就只能用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。 例如:I will not play tennis if it rains tomorrow. I would not play tennis if it rained the next day. 3) 有些动词表示无法持续的动作,它们一般不宜用于进行时态中。这类动词常见的有:be , believe , consist , find , forget , hate , have , hope , hear , know , like , love , notice , prefer , remember , see , seem , smell , suggest , taste , understand , want , wish , sit down , stand up 等等。 Be动词若是用于进行时态,可表示暂时、短暂的情况或表现。例如: Tom is being a good boy today .汤姆今天很乖。 He is being childish .他这样做是耍孩子气。 You are not being modest .你这样说不太谦虚。 4)关于现在完成时的时间状语问题 A. 凡是"完成时态"都表示,不知道也不管动作发生的具体时间, 所以在使用现在完成时的句子里,不可以带有表示具体过去时间的状语,如:yesterday , last week ( month , year , etc. ) , two weeks ago , in 1999等;但常和有些副词连用,如:just , before , already , often , never , ever , not…yet , always等等。 B. 在以when提问的特殊疑问中不能用现在完成时。另外,ago不能用于现在完成 时的句子里,因为它表示从现在算起的以前某个时间,属于表示具体过去时间的状语。但是可以用before 来表示"以前"的意义,因为它只表示"以前",而不知什么时候的以前。 C. 如果是不表示连续性的动词用于现在完成时的句子,不可以和以for表示的"一段时间"的状语连用。在这种情况下,应该用"It has been … ;since…"的句式来表达。如: He has joined the army for five years. (错误) It has been five years since he joined the army.(正确) 练习: 一、单项选择 1、Both his parents look sad .Maybe they ______what's happened to him . A. knew B. have known C. must know D.will know 2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ? A. already B.never C.ever D. still 3、Have you met Mr Li ______? A. just B. ago C.before D. a moment ago 4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year A. is writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written 5、-Our country ______ a lot so far . -Yes . I hope it will be even ______ . A. has changed ; well B. changed ; good C. has changed ; better D. changed ; better 6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years . A. was ; studying B. will ; study C. has ; studied D. are ; studying 7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . A. know B. had known C. have known D. knew 8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice . A. will see B. have seen C. saw D.see 9、-These farmers have been to the United States . -Really ? When _____ there ? A. will they go B. did they go C. do they go D. have they gone 10、-______ you ___ your homework yet ? -Yes . I _____ it a moment ago . A. Did ; do ; finished B. Have ; done ; finished C. Have ; done ; have finished D. will ; do ; finish 11、His father ______ the Party since 1978 . A. joined B. has joined C. was in D. has been in 12、-Do you know him well ? - Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago . A. were B. have been C. have become D. have made 13、—How long have you ____ here ? —About two months . A. been B. gone C. come D. arrived 14、Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library . A.has gone B. went C.will go D. has been 15、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years . A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been 16、The students have cleaned the classroom, ______? A. so they B. don't they C. have they D. haven't they 17、______has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he______to China? A. How soon, comes B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrive 二、句型转换 1、The old man _________ last year. He __________ for a year. (die) (动词填空) 2、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换) This factory ______________ for twenty years. 3、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换) Miss Gao ________ _______ since an hour ago. 4、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .(同义句) Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ 5、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子) ___________________________________________ 三、汉译英 4、她还没有看过那部新电影。 5、她去过上海。 6、他这些天上哪儿去了? 过去完成时 一、概念:过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,即"过去的过去(past-in-the-past )"。 ----|-------------------------- |-------------------------------|----------------------------> 那时以前那时现在 二、常搭配的时间状语:before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc. 三、基本结构:had + 动词的过去分词(done). (had通用于各种人称) 否定形式:had + not + 动词的过去分词done. 一般疑问句:had放于句首。 例句:She said she had never been to Paris. 她说她从未去过巴黎。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。 By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。 四、过去完成时的判断依据 1. 由时间状语来判定 一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有: ( 1 )by + 过去的时间点。 如:I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. ( 2 )by the end of + 过去的时间点。 如:We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. ( 3 )before + 过去的时间点。 如:They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由"过去的过去"来判定。 过去完成时表示"过去的过去",是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在: ( 1 )宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如: She said that she had seen the film before. ( 2 )状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。如: When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意:before, after 引导的时间状语从句中,由于before 和after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。如: Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he left the classroom. ( 3 )表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 3. 根据上、下文来判定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing. 五、过去完成时的主要用法 1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,即发生在"过去的过去"。如: When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒来时,雨已经停了。(主句的动作发生在"过去的过去") 2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态,表示的是"过去的过去",只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如: He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在told 之前) 3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用,它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与already ,yet ,still ,just ,before ,never 等时间副词及by , before ,until 等引导的短语或从句连用。 如:Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years. Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始,一直延续到这一过去时间,而且动作尚未结束,仍然有继续下去的可能。 By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. (had worked 已有了20 年,还有继续进行下去的可能) 六、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响,与现在有关,其结构为"助动词have (has) + 过去分词";过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调"过去的过去",只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它。试比较: I have learned 1000 English words so far 到目前为止我已经学会了1000 个英语单词。 I had learned 1000 English words till then. 到那时为止我已经学会了1000 个英语单词。 - I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起,让你久等了。 - Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 没什么,我只等了几分钟。("等"的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在) - John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。 - Where had he been? 他去哪儿了?(答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在returned home 之前去了哪些地 方,即"过去的过去") 七、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,但在使用时应注意以下几点: 1. 时间状语不同:过去完成时在时间上强调"过去的过去";而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较: They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时,谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断:先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的则用一般过去时。如: She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. 3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and 或but 连接时,按时间顺序,只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时;另外,在before ,after ,as soon as 引导的从句中,由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后,因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如: He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. I (had) called her before I left the office. 特殊用法:过去完成时用法之表未曾实现的想法 过去完成时可表示过去未曾实现的想法和打算,通常连用的动词是want, think, hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose 等: I had meant to come, but something happened. 我本想来,但有事就没有来。 I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 我本想发言,但时间不允许。 We had hoped that you would come to see us, but you didn’t. 我们本想你来看我们的,但你没有来。 练习: 1. 单项选择 1.He asked me _____ during the summer holidays. A. where I had been B. where I had gone C. where had I been D. where had I gone 2. What ____ Jane ____ by the time he was sever? A. did, do B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done 3. I ______ 900 English words by the time I was ten。 A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. learnt 4. She ______lived here for ______ years. A. had, a few B. has, several C. had, a lot of D. has, a great deal of 5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _____ the dinner already. A had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked 6. She said she __________ the principle already A .has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen 7. She said her family _______ themselves ______ the army during the war. A. has hidden, from B. had hidden, from C. has hidden, with D. had hidden, with 8. By the time he was ten years old, he _________. A. has completed university B. has completed the university B. had completed an university D. had completed university 9. She had written a number of books ______ the end of last year. A. for B. in C. by D. at 10. He _____ to play ____ before he was 11 years old. A had learned, piano B. had learned, the piano C. has learned, the piano D. learns ,piano. 11. What _______ Annie ____ by the time he was ten? A. did, do B. did, did C. has, done D. had done 12 .He ___ in the factory for three years before he joined the Army. A. has worked B. works C. had worked D. will work 13. By the end of last week, they ____ the bridge. A. has completed B. completed C. will complete D. had completed 14. Ben hates playing _____ violin, but he likes playing ____ football. A. a…the B. the… the C. / …the D. the…/ 15. By the time he was 4, he ______ a lot of German words. A. had learned B. has learned C. learned D. learns 16 .Jim turned off the lights and then _____ the classroom. A. was left B. had left C. has left D. left 17.They _________ in Guangzhou since 2000. A. lived B. had lived C. have lived D. were living 18. The train from Beijing_______ ten minutes ago. A. has arrived B. was arriving C. arrived D. had arrived 19. The students _________ their classroom when the visitors arrived. A . have cleaned B. had cleaned C. was cleaned D. have been cleaned 20. Fergie_______ the project in one hour. A. have finished B. will finish C. finishes D. has finished 21. The man ________ his coat and went out. A. put on B. had put on C. will put on D. was putting on 22 My mother______ in that factory at the age of 18. A. had worked B. has worked C. worked D. works 23. Dad ________ while he _______ TV. A .fell asleep…watch B. was falling asleep…watched C. fell asleep……was watching D. had fallen asleep…watched 2.用动词的适当形式填空 1. We _____________ (paint) the house before we ______________ (move) in. 2. That rich old man _____________ (make) a will before he _____________ (die). 3. The robbers _____________ (run away ) before the policemen _______ (arrive). 4. I __________ (turn off) all the lights before I ____________ (go) to bed. 5. Paul __________ (go) out with Jane after he __________ (make) a phone call. 6. Tom __________ (say) he ___________ (read) the book twice. 7. Our plan ____________ (fail ) because we _____________ (make) a bad mistake. 8. When the chairman ____________ (finish) speaking, he __________ (leave)the hall. 9.When I ______________(arrive) at the station, he ____________________(leave). 10..We _______________(learn) about 4000 English words by the end of last term. 11. We were surprised at what she ________already ______(do) 12. He ______________(not tell) you the news yet. 13. He said he _____________already_________(give) the book to the teacher. 14. She told me she _________________(be) to Sanya three times.