青霉素类抗生素

青霉素类抗生素 青霉素类抗生素 ? 本类药物可分为:(1)主要作用于革兰阳性细菌的药物，如青霉素(G)、普鲁卡因青霉素、苄星青霉素、青霉素V(苯氧甲基青霉素)。(2)耐青霉素酶青霉素，如甲氧西林(现仅用于药敏试验)、苯唑西林、氯唑西林等。(3)广谱青霉素，抗菌谱除革兰阳性菌外，还包括:?对部分肠杆菌科细菌有抗菌活性者，如氨苄西林、阿莫西林;?对多数革兰阴性杆菌包括铜绿假单胞菌具抗菌活性者，如哌拉西林、阿洛西林、美洛西林。? 一、适应证? 1. 青霉素:青霉素适用于溶血性链球菌、肺炎链球菌、对青霉素敏感(不产青霉素酶)金葡菌等革兰阳性球菌所致的感染，包括败血症、肺炎、脑膜炎、咽炎、扁桃体炎、中耳炎、猩红热、丹毒等，也可用于治疗草绿色链球菌和肠球菌心内膜炎，以及破伤风、气性坏疽、炭疽、白喉、流行性脑脊髓膜炎、李斯特菌病、鼠咬热、梅毒、淋病、雅司、回归热、钩端螺旋体病、奋森咽峡炎、放线菌病等。青霉素尚可用于风湿性心脏病或先天性心脏病患者进行某些操作或手术时，预防心内膜炎发生。? 普鲁卡因青霉素的抗菌谱与青霉素基本相同，供肌注，对敏感细菌的有效浓度可持续24小时。适用于敏感细菌所致的轻症感染。? 苄星青霉素的抗菌谱与青霉素相仿，本药为长效制剂，肌注120万单位后血中低浓度可维持4周。本药用于治疗溶血性链球菌咽炎及扁桃体炎，预防溶血性链球菌感染引起的风湿热;本药亦可用于治疗梅毒。? 青霉素V对酸稳定，可口服。抗菌作用较青霉素为差，适用于敏感革兰阳性球菌引起的轻症感染。? 2. 耐青霉素酶青霉素类:本类药物抗菌谱与青霉素相仿，但抗菌作用较差，对青霉素酶稳定;因产酶而对青霉素耐药的葡萄球菌对本类药物敏感，但甲氧西林耐药葡萄球菌对本类药物耐药。主要适用于产青霉素酶的葡萄球菌(甲氧西林耐药者除外)感染，如败血症、脑膜炎、呼吸道感染、软组织感染等;也可用于溶血性链球菌或肺炎链球菌与耐青霉素葡萄球菌的混合感染。单纯肺炎链球菌、溶血性链球菌或青霉素敏感葡萄球菌感染则不宜采用。? 3. 广谱青霉素类:氨苄西林与阿莫西林的抗菌谱较青霉素为广，对部分革兰阴性杆菌(如流感嗜血杆菌、大肠埃希菌、奇异变形杆菌)亦具抗菌活性。对革兰阳性球菌作用与青霉素相仿。本类药物适用于敏感细菌所致的呼吸道感染、尿路感染、胃肠道感染、皮肤软组织感染、脑膜炎、败血症、心内膜炎等。氨苄西林为肠球菌感染的首选用药。? 哌拉西林、阿洛西林和美洛西林对革兰阴性杆菌的抗菌谱较氨苄西林为广，抗菌作用也增强。除对部分肠杆菌科细菌外，对铜绿假单胞菌亦有良好抗菌作用;适用于肠杆菌科细菌及铜绿假单胞菌所致的呼吸道感染、尿路感染、胆道感染、腹腔感染、皮肤软组织感染等。? for computer software engineering GB/T50314-2000 of electrical installations code for construction and acceptance of GBJ232- 92 intelligent building weak design construction figure set GJBT-471 2. system description this times engineering weak design including: hours a Kok information facilities system integrated wiring system (containing room network, communications part) wired TV system information guide and the released system hours II Kok public security system fire automatically alarm system (containing public broadcast part) security technology prevention system security monitoring system out entrance control system car library management system hours three Kok building equipment monitoring system hours four Kok information application system queued station ICU visitation system operation the system monitoring and training system call intercom system hours, five hours Kok Kok intelligent integrated system of information system (1) cabling systems (including computer room network, communication component) computer network systems and voice communications systems Center of information on medical floor computer room located in the engine room. Voice communication system using a local telecommunications operator providing voice service, configuration-independent integrated services digital program-controlled switchboards. Operators providing communications ... If any compatibility requirements, by way of increased access to the Communications Board within the chassis to meet 本类药物均可为细菌产生的青霉素酶水解失活。? ? 二、注意事项? 1.无论采用何种给药途径，用青霉素类药物前必须详细询问患者有无青霉素类过敏史、其他药物过敏史及过敏性疾病史，并须先做青霉素皮肤试验。? 2.过敏性休克一旦发生，必须就地抢救，并立即给病人注射肾上腺素，并给予吸氧、应用升压药、肾上腺皮质激素等抗休克治疗。? 3.全身应用大剂量青霉素可引起腱反射增强、肌肉痉挛、抽搐、昏迷等中枢神经系统反应(青霉素脑病)，此反应易出现于老年和肾功能减退患者。? 4.青霉素不用于鞘内注射。? 5.青霉素钾盐不可快速静脉注射。? 6.本类药物在碱性溶液中易失活。? ? 头孢菌素类抗生素 ? 头孢菌素类根据其抗菌谱、抗菌活性、对β内酰胺酶的稳定性以及肾毒性的不同，目前分为四代。第一代头孢菌素主要作用于需氧革兰阳性球菌，仅对少数革兰阴性杆菌有一定抗菌活性;常用的注射剂有头孢唑林、头孢噻吩、头孢拉定等，口服制剂有头孢拉定、头孢氨苄和头孢羟氨苄等。第二代头孢菌素对革兰阳性球菌的活性与第一代相仿或略差，对部分革兰阴性杆菌亦具有抗菌活性;注射剂有头孢呋辛、头孢替安等，口服制剂有头孢克洛、头孢呋辛酯和头孢丙烯等。第三代头孢菌素对肠杆菌科细菌等革兰阴性杆菌具有强大抗菌作用，头孢他啶和头孢哌酮除肠杆菌科细菌外对铜绿假单胞菌亦具高度抗菌活性;注射品种有头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢他啶、头孢哌酮等，口服品种有头孢克肟和头孢泊肟酯等，口服品种对铜绿假单胞菌均无作用。第四代头孢菌素常用者为头孢吡肟，它对肠杆菌科细菌作用与第三代头孢菌素大致相仿，其中对阴沟肠杆菌、产气肠杆菌、柠檬酸菌属等的部分菌株作用优于第三代头孢菌素，对铜绿假单胞菌的作用与头孢他啶相仿，对金葡菌等的作用较第三代头孢菌素略强。? ? 一、适应证? 1.第一代头孢菌素:注射剂主要适用于甲氧西林敏感葡萄球菌、溶血性链球菌和肺炎链球菌所致的上、下呼吸道感染、皮肤软组织感染、尿路感染、败血症、心内膜炎等;亦可用for computer software engineering GB/T50314-2000 of electrical installations code for construction and acceptance of GBJ232- 92 intelligent building weak design construction figure set GJBT-471 2. system description this times engineering weak design including: hours a Kok information facilities system integrated wiring system (containing room network, communications part) wired TV system information guide and the released system hours II Kok public security system fire automatically alarm system (containing public broadcast part) security technology prevention system security monitoring system out entrance control system car library management system hours three Kok building equipment monitoring system hours four Kok information application system queued station ICU visitation system operation the system monitoring and training system call intercom system hours, five hours Kok Kok intelligent integrated system of information system (1) cabling systems (including computer room network, communication component) computer network systems and voice communications systems Center of information on medical floor computer room located in the engine room. Voice communication system using a local telecommunications operator providing voice service, configuration-independent integrated services digital program-controlled switchboards. Operators providing communications ... If any compatibility requirements, by way of increased access to the Communications Board within the chassis to meet 于流感嗜血杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、大肠埃希菌敏感株所致的尿路感染以及肺炎等。头孢唑林常用于预防手术后切口感染。? 头孢拉定、头孢氨苄等口服剂的抗菌作用较头孢唑林为差，主要适用于治疗敏感菌所致的轻症病例。? 2.第二代头孢菌素:主要用于治疗甲氧西林敏感葡萄球菌、链球菌属、肺炎链球菌等革兰阳性球菌，以及流感嗜血杆菌、大肠埃希菌、奇异变形杆菌等中的敏感株所致的呼吸道感染、尿路感染、皮肤软组织感染、败血症、骨、关节感染和腹腔、盆腔感染。用于腹腔感染和盆腔感染时需与抗厌氧菌药合用。头孢呋辛尚可用于对磺胺药、青霉素或氨苄西林耐药的脑膜炎球菌、流感嗜血杆菌所致脑膜炎的治疗，也用于手术前预防用药。? 头孢克洛、头孢呋辛酯、头孢丙烯等口服剂，主要适用于上述感染中的轻症病例。头孢呋辛酯口服尚可用于淋病奈瑟球菌(包括产青霉素酶及非产青霉素酶菌株)所致单纯性淋菌性尿道炎、宫颈炎、直肠肛门感染。? 3.第三代头孢菌素:适用于敏感肠杆菌科细菌等革兰阴性杆菌所致严重感染，如下呼吸道感染、败血症、腹腔感染、肾盂肾炎和复杂性尿路感染、盆腔炎性疾病、骨关节感染、复杂性皮肤软组织感染、中枢神经系统感染等。治疗腹腔、盆腔感染时需与抗厌氧菌药如甲硝唑合用。本类药物对化脓性链球菌、肺炎链球菌、甲氧西林敏感葡萄球菌所致的各种感染亦有效，但并非首选用药。头孢他啶、头孢哌酮尚可用于铜绿假单胞菌所致的各种感染。? 第三代口服头孢菌素主要用于治疗敏感菌所致轻、中度感染，也可用于经第三代头孢菌素注射剂治疗病情已基本好转后的病例;但需注意第三代口服头孢菌素均不宜用于铜绿假单胞菌和其他非发酵菌的感染。? 4.第四代头孢菌素:目前国内应用者为头孢吡肟。本药的抗菌谱和适应证与第三代头孢菌素同，尚可用于对第三代头孢菌素耐药而对其敏感的产气肠杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、沙雷菌属等细菌感染，亦可用于中性粒细胞缺乏伴发热患者的经验治疗。? 所有头孢菌素类对甲氧西林耐药葡萄球菌和肠球菌属抗菌作用均差，故不宜选用于治疗上述细菌所致感染。? ? 二、注意事项? 1. 禁用于对任何一种头孢菌素类抗生素有过敏史及有青霉素过敏性休克史的患者。? 2. 用药前必须详细询问患者先前有否对头孢菌素类、青霉素类或其他药物的过敏史。有青霉素类、其他β内酰胺类及其他药物过敏史的患者，有明确应用指征时应谨慎使用本类药物。在用药过程中一旦发生过敏反应，须立即停药。如发生过敏性休克，须立即就地抢救并予以肾上腺素等相关治疗。? for computer software engineering GB/T50314-2000 of electrical installations code for construction and acceptance of GBJ232- 92 intelligent building weak design construction figure set GJBT-471 2. system description this times engineering weak design including: hours a Kok information facilities system integrated wiring system (containing room network, communications part) wired TV system information guide and the released system hours II Kok public security system fire automatically alarm system (containing public broadcast part) security technology prevention system security monitoring system out entrance control system car library management system hours three Kok building equipment monitoring system hours four Kok information application system queued station ICU visitation system operation the system monitoring and training system call intercom system hours, five hours Kok Kok intelligent integrated system of information system (1) cabling systems (including computer room network, communication component) computer network systems and voice communications systems Center of information on medical floor computer room located in the engine room. Voice communication system using a local telecommunications operator providing voice service, configuration-independent integrated services digital program-controlled switchboards. Operators providing communications ... If any compatibility requirements, by way of increased access to the Communications Board within the chassis to meet 3. 本类药物多数主要经肾脏排泄，中度以上肾功能不全患者应根据肾功能适当调整剂量。中度以上肝功能减退时，头孢哌酮、头孢曲松可能需要调整剂量。? 4. 氨基糖苷类和第一代头孢菌素注射剂合用可能加重前者的肾毒性，应注意监测肾功能。? 5. 头孢哌酮可导致低凝血酶原血症或出血，合用维生素K可预防出血;本药亦可引起戒酒硫样反应。用药期间及治疗结束后72小时内应避免摄入含酒精饮料。? ? 碳青霉烯类抗生素 ? 目前在国内应用的碳青霉烯类抗生素有亚胺培南/西司他丁、美罗培南和帕尼培南/倍他米隆。碳青霉烯类抗生素对各种革兰阳性球菌、革兰阴性杆菌(包括铜绿假单胞菌)和多数厌氧菌具强大抗菌活性，对多数β内酰胺酶高度稳定，但对甲氧西林耐药葡萄球菌和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌等抗菌作用差。? 一、适应证 ? 1. 多重耐药但对本类药物敏感的需氧革兰阴性杆菌所致严重感染，包括由肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌、柠檬酸菌属、粘质沙雷菌等肠杆菌科细菌、铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌属等细菌所致败血症、下呼吸道感染、肾盂肾炎和复杂性尿路感染、腹腔感染、盆腔感染等;用于铜绿假单胞菌所致感染时，需注意在疗程中某些菌株可出现耐药。? 2. 脆弱拟杆菌等厌氧菌与需氧菌混合感染的重症患者。? 3. 病原菌尚未查明的免疫缺陷患者中重症感染的经验治疗。? 亚胺培南/西司他丁可能引起癫痫、肌阵挛、意识障碍等严重中枢神经系统不良反应，故不适用于治疗中枢神经系统感染。美罗培南、帕尼培南-倍他米隆则除上述适应证外，尚可用于年龄在3个月以上的细菌性脑膜炎患者。? 二、注意事项 ? 1. 禁用于对本类药物及其配伍成分过敏的患者。? 2. 本类药物不宜用于治疗轻症感染，更不可作为预防用药。? 3. 本类药物所致的严重中枢神经系统反应多发生在原有癫痫史等中枢神经系统疾患者及肾功能减退患者未减量用药者，因此原有癫痫等中枢神经系统疾病患者避免应用本类药物。中枢神经系统感染的患者有指征应用美罗培南或帕尼培南时，仍需严密观察抽搐等严重不良反应。? for computer software engineering GB/T50314-2000 of electrical installations code for construction and acceptance of GBJ232- 92 intelligent building weak design construction figure set GJBT-471 2. system description this times engineering weak design including: hours a Kok information facilities system integrated wiring system (containing room network, communications part) wired TV system information guide and the released system hours II Kok public security system fire automatically alarm system (containing public broadcast part) security technology prevention system security monitoring system out entrance control system car library management system hours three Kok building equipment monitoring system hours four Kok information application system queued station ICU visitation system operation the system monitoring and training system call intercom system hours, five hours Kok Kok intelligent integrated system of information system (1) cabling systems (including computer room network, communication component) computer network systems and voice communications systems Center of information on medical floor computer room located in the engine room. Voice communication system using a local telecommunications operator providing voice service, configuration-independent integrated services digital program-controlled switchboards. Operators providing communications ... If any compatibility requirements, by way of increased access to the Communications Board within the chassis to meet 4. 肾功能不全者及老年患者应用本类药物时应根据肾功能减退程度减量用药。? ? β内酰胺类/β内酰胺酶抑制剂 ? 目前临床应用者有阿莫西林/克拉维酸、替卡西林/克拉维酸、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦和哌拉西林-三唑巴坦。? 一、适应证 ? 本类药物适用于因产β内酰胺酶而对β内酰胺类药物耐药的细菌感染，但不推荐用于对复方制剂中抗生素敏感的细菌感染和非产β内酰胺酶的耐药菌感染。? 阿莫西林/克拉维酸适用于产β内酰胺酶的流感嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉菌、大肠埃希菌等肠杆菌科细菌、甲氧西林敏感金葡菌所致下列感染:鼻窦炎，中耳炎，下呼吸道感染，泌尿生殖系统感染，皮肤、软组织感染，骨、关节感染，腹腔感染，以及败血症等。重症感染者或不能口服者应用本药的注射剂，轻症感染或经静脉给药后病情好转的患者可予口服给药。? 氨苄西林/舒巴坦静脉给药及其口服制剂舒他西林的适应证与阿莫西林/克拉维酸同。? 头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、替卡西林/克拉维酸和哌拉西林/三唑巴坦仅供静脉使用，适用于产β内酰胺酶的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等肠杆菌科细菌、铜绿假单胞菌和拟杆菌属等厌氧菌所致的各种严重感染。? 二、注意事项? 1(应用阿莫西林/克拉维酸、替卡西林/克拉维酸、氨苄西林/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/三唑巴坦前必须详细询问药物过敏史并进行青霉素皮肤试验，对青霉素类药物过敏者或青霉素皮试阳性患者禁用。对以上合剂中任一成分有过敏史者禁用该合剂。? 2(有头孢菌素或舒巴坦过敏史者禁用头孢哌酮/舒巴坦。有青霉素类过敏史的患者确有应用头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的指征时，必须在严密观察下慎用，但有青霉素过敏性休克史的患者，不可选用头孢哌酮/舒巴坦。? 3(应用本类药物时如发生过敏反应，须立即停药;一旦发生过敏性休克，应就地抢救，并给予吸氧及注射肾上腺素、肾上腺皮质激素等抗休克治疗。? 4(中度以上肾功能不全患者使用本类药物时应根据肾功能减退程度调整剂量。? 5. 本类药物不推荐用于新生儿和早产儿;哌拉西林/三唑巴也不推荐在儿童患者中应用。? for computer software engineering GB/T50314-2000 of electrical installations code for construction and acceptance of GBJ232- 92 intelligent building weak design construction figure set GJBT-471 2. system description this times engineering weak design including: hours a Kok information facilities system integrated wiring system (containing room network, communications part) wired TV system information guide and the released system hours II Kok public security system fire automatically alarm system (containing public broadcast part) security technology prevention system security monitoring system out entrance control system car library management system hours three Kok building equipment monitoring system hours four Kok information application system queued station ICU visitation system operation the system monitoring and training system call intercom system hours, five hours Kok Kok intelligent integrated system of information system (1) cabling systems (including computer room network, communication component) computer network systems and voice communications systems Center of information on medical floor computer room located in the engine room. Voice communication system using a local telecommunications operator providing voice service, configuration-independent integrated services digital program-controlled switchboards. Operators providing communications ... If any compatibility requirements, by way of increased access to the Communications Board within the chassis to meet ? 氨基糖苷类抗生素? 临床常用的氨基糖苷类抗生素主要有:(1)对肠杆菌科和葡萄球菌属细菌有良好抗菌作用，但对铜绿假单胞菌无作用者，如链霉素、卡那霉素、核糖霉素。其中链霉素对葡萄球菌等革兰阳性球菌作用差，但对结核分枝杆菌有强大作用。(2)对肠杆菌科细菌和铜绿假单胞菌等革兰阴性杆菌具强大抗菌活性，对葡萄球菌属亦有良好作用者，如庆大霉素、妥布霉素、奈替米星、阿米卡星、异帕米星、小诺米星、依替米星。(3)抗菌谱与卡那霉素相似，由于毒性较大，现仅供口服或局部应用者有新霉素与巴龙霉素，后者对阿米巴原虫和隐孢子虫有较好作用。此外尚有大观霉素，用于单纯性淋病的治疗。所有氨基糖苷类药物对肺炎链球菌、溶血性链球菌的抗菌作用均差。? 一、适应证 ? 1. 中、重度肠杆菌科细菌等革兰阴性杆菌感染。? 2. 中、重度铜绿假单胞菌感染。治疗此类感染常需与具有抗铜绿假单胞菌作用的β内酰胺类或其他抗生素联合应用。? 3. 严重葡萄球菌或肠球菌感染治疗的联合用药之一(非首选)。? 4. 链霉素或庆大霉素亦可用于土拉菌病、鼠疫及布鲁菌病，后者的治疗需与其他药物联合应用。? 5. 链霉素可用于结核病联合疗法。? 6. 新霉素口服可用于结肠手术前准备，或局部用药。? 7. 巴龙霉素可用于肠道隐孢子虫病。? 8. 大观霉素仅适用于单纯性淋病。? 二、注意事项? 1. 对氨基糖苷类过敏的患者禁用。? 2. 任何一种氨基糖苷类的任一品种均具肾毒性、耳毒性(耳蜗、前庭)和神经肌肉阻滞作用，因此用药期间应监测肾功能(尿常规、血尿素氮、血肌酐)，严密观察患者听力及前庭功能，注意观察神经肌肉阻滞症状。一旦出现上述不良反应先兆时，须及时停药。需注意局部用药时亦有可能发生上述不良反应。? 3. 氨基糖苷类抗生素对社区获得上、下呼吸道感染的主要病原菌肺炎链球菌、溶血性链球菌抗菌作用差，又有明显的耳、肾毒性，因此对门急诊中常见的上、下呼吸道细菌性感for computer software engineering GB/T50314-2000 of electrical installations code for construction and acceptance of GBJ232- 92 intelligent building weak design construction figure set GJBT-471 2. system description this times engineering weak design including: hours a Kok information facilities system integrated wiring system (containing room network, communications part) wired TV system information guide and the released system hours II Kok public security system fire automatically alarm system (containing public broadcast part) security technology prevention system security monitoring system out entrance control system car library management system hours three Kok building equipment monitoring system hours four Kok information application system queued station ICU visitation system operation the system monitoring and training system call intercom system hours, five hours Kok Kok intelligent integrated system of information system (1) cabling systems (including computer room network, communication component) computer network systems and voice communications systems Center of information on medical floor computer room located in the engine room. Voice communication system using a local telecommunications operator providing voice service, configuration-independent integrated services digital program-controlled switchboards. Operators providing communications ... If any compatibility requirements, by way of increased access to the Communications Board within the chassis to meet 染不宜选用本类药物治疗。由于其毒性反应，本类药物也不宜用于单纯性上、下尿路感染初发病例的治疗。? 4. 肾功能减退患者应用本类药物时，需根据其肾功能减退程度减量给药，并应进行血药浓度监测调整给药，实现个体化给药。? 5. 新生儿、婴幼儿、老年患者应尽量避免使用本类药物。临床有明确指征需应用时，则应进行血药浓度监测，根据监测结果调整给药方案。? 6. 妊娠期患者应避免使用。哺乳期患者应避免使用或用药期间停止哺乳。? 7. 本类药物不宜与其他肾毒性药物、耳毒性药物、神经肌肉阻滞剂或强利尿剂同用。与注射用第一代头孢菌素类合用时可能增加肾毒性。? 8(本类药物不可用于眼内或结膜下给药，因可能引起黄斑坏死。? ? 四环素类抗生素 ? 四环素类抗生素包括四环素、金霉素、土霉素及半合成四环素类多西环素(强力霉素)、美他环素(甲烯土霉素)和米诺环素(二甲胺四环素)。四环素类曾广泛应用于临床，由于常见病原菌对本类药物耐药性普遍升高及其不良反应多见，目前本类药物临床应用已受到很大限制。? 一、适应证? 1. 四环素作为首选或选用药物可用于下列疾病的治疗:(1)立克次体病，包括流行性斑疹伤寒、地方性斑疹伤寒、洛矶山热、恙虫病、柯氏立克次体肺炎和Q热;(2)支原体感染如支原体肺炎、解脲脲原体所致的尿道炎等;(3)衣原体属感染，包括肺炎衣原体肺炎、鹦鹉热、性病淋巴肉芽肿及沙眼衣原体感染等;(4)回归热螺旋体所致的回归热;(5)布鲁菌病(需与氨基糖苷类联合应用);(6)霍乱;(7)土拉热杆菌所致的兔热病;(8)鼠疫耶尔森菌所致的鼠疫。? 2. 四环素类亦可用于对青霉素类抗生素过敏的破伤风、气性坏疽、雅司、梅毒、淋病、非淋菌性尿道炎和钩端螺旋体病的治疗。? 3. 也可用于炎症反应显著痤疮的治疗。? 二、注意事项? 1. 禁用于对四环素类过敏的患者。? 2. 牙齿发育期患者(胚胎期至8岁)接受四环素类可产生牙齿着色及牙釉质发育不良，for computer software engineering GB/T50314-2000 of electrical installations code for construction and acceptance of GBJ232- 92 intelligent building weak design construction figure set GJBT-471 2. system description this times engineering weak design including: hours a Kok information facilities system integrated wiring system (containing room network, communications part) wired TV system information guide and the released system hours II Kok public security system fire automatically alarm system (containing public broadcast part) security technology prevention system security monitoring system out entrance control system car library management system hours three Kok building equipment monitoring system hours four Kok information application system queued station ICU visitation system operation the system monitoring and training system call intercom system hours, five hours Kok Kok intelligent integrated system of information system (1) cabling systems (including computer room network, communication component) computer network systems and voice communications systems Center of information on medical floor computer room located in the engine room. Voice communication system using a local telecommunications operator providing voice service, configuration-independent integrated services digital program-controlled switchboards. Operators providing communications ... If any compatibility requirements, by way of increased access to the Communications Board within the chassis to meet 故妊娠期和8岁以下患者不可使用该类药物。? 3. 哺乳期患者应避免应用或用药期间暂停哺乳。? 4. 四环素类可加重氮质血症，已有肾功能损害者应避免用四环素，但多西环素及米诺环素仍可谨慎应用。? 5. 四环素类可致肝损害，原有肝病者不宜应用。? ? 氯霉素? 一、适应证? 1. 细菌性脑膜炎和脑脓肿:氯霉素可用于氨苄西林耐药流感嗜血杆菌、脑膜炎球菌及肺炎链球菌所致的脑膜炎。青霉素与氯霉素合用可用于需氧菌与厌氧菌混合感染引起的耳源性脑脓肿。? 2. 伤寒:成人伤寒沙门菌感染的治疗以氟喹诺酮类为首选，氯霉素仍可用于敏感伤寒沙门菌所致伤寒的治疗。? 3. 厌氧菌感染:氯霉素对脆弱拟杆菌具较强抗菌活性，可与其他抗菌药物联合用于需氧菌与厌氧菌所致的腹腔和盆腔感染。? 4. 其他:氯霉素对Q热等立克次体感染的疗效与四环素相仿。? 二、注意事项? 1. 对氯霉素有过敏史的患者禁用本药。? 2. 由于氯霉素的血液系统毒性，用药期间应定期复查周围血象，如血液细胞降低时应及时停药，并作相应处理。避免长疗程用药。? 3. 禁止与其他骨髓抑制药物合用。? 4. 妊娠期患者避免应用。哺乳期患者避免应用或用药期间暂停哺乳。? 5. 早产儿、新生儿应用本药后可发生“灰婴综合征”，应避免使用氯霉素。婴幼儿患者必须应用本药时需进行血药浓度监测。? 6. 肝功能减退患者避免应用本药。? ? for computer software engineering GB/T50314-2000 of electrical installations code for construction and acceptance of GBJ232- 92 intelligent building weak design construction figure set GJBT-471 2. system description this times engineering weak design including: hours a Kok information facilities system integrated wiring system (containing room network, communications part) wired TV system information guide and the released system hours II Kok public security system fire automatically alarm system (containing public broadcast part) security technology prevention system security monitoring system out entrance control system car library management system hours three Kok building equipment monitoring system hours four Kok information application system queued station ICU visitation system operation the system monitoring and training system call intercom system hours, five hours Kok Kok intelligent integrated system of information system (1) cabling systems (including computer room network, communication component) computer network systems and voice communications systems Center of information on medical floor computer room located in the engine room. Voice communication system using a local telecommunications operator providing voice service, configuration-independent integrated services digital program-controlled switchboards. Operators providing communications ... If any compatibility requirements, by way of increased access to the Communications Board within the chassis to meet 大环内酯类抗生素? 目前沿用的大环内酯类有红霉素、麦迪霉素、螺旋霉素、乙酰螺旋霉素、交沙霉素、柱晶白霉素。大环内酯类新品种(新大环内酯类)有阿奇霉素、克拉霉素、罗红霉素等，其对流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎支原体或肺炎衣原体等的抗微生物活性增强、口服生物利用度提高、给药剂量减小、不良反应亦较少、临床适应证有所扩大。? 一、适应证? 1. 红霉素(含琥乙红霉素、依托红霉素、乳糖酸红霉素)等沿用大环内酯类:? (1)作为青霉素过敏患者的替代药物，用于以下感染:?β溶血性链球菌、肺炎链球菌中的敏感菌株所致的上、下呼吸道感染;?敏感β溶血性链球菌引起的猩红热及蜂窝织炎;?白喉及白喉带菌者。? (2)军团菌病。? (3)衣原体属、支原体属等所致的呼吸道及泌尿生殖系统感染。? (4)其他:口腔感染、空肠弯曲菌肠炎、百日咳等。? 麦迪霉素、螺旋霉素、乙酰螺旋霉素及交沙霉素，主要用于革兰阳性菌所致呼吸道、皮肤软组织、眼耳鼻喉及口腔等感染的轻症患者。? 2. 大环内酯类新品种:除上述适应证外，阿奇霉素可用于军团菌病，阿奇霉素、克拉霉素尚可用于流感嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉菌所致的社区获得性呼吸道感染，与其他抗菌药物联合用于鸟分枝杆菌复合群感染的治疗及预防。克拉霉素与其他药物联合，可用于幽门螺杆菌感染。? 二、注意事项? 1. 禁用于对红霉素及其他大环内酯类过敏的患者。? 2. 红霉素及克拉霉素禁止与特非那丁合用，以免引起心脏不良反应。? 3. 肝功能损害患者如有指征应用时，需适当减量并定期复查肝功能。? 4. 肝病患者和妊娠期患者不宜应用红霉素酯化物。? 5. 妊娠期患者有明确指征用克拉霉素时，应充分权衡利弊，决定是否采用。哺乳期患者用药期间应暂停哺乳。? 6. 乳糖酸红霉素粉针剂使用时必须首先以注射用水完全溶解，加入生理盐水或5%葡萄for computer software engineering GB/T50314-2000 of electrical installations code for construction and acceptance of GBJ232- 92 intelligent building weak design construction figure set GJBT-471 2. system description this times engineering weak design including: hours a Kok information facilities system integrated wiring system (containing room network, communications part) wired TV system information guide and the released system hours II Kok public security system fire automatically alarm system (containing public broadcast part) security technology prevention system security monitoring system out entrance control system car library management system hours three Kok building equipment monitoring system hours four Kok information application system queued station ICU visitation system operation the system monitoring and training system call intercom system hours, five hours Kok Kok intelligent integrated system of information system (1) cabling systems (including computer room network, communication component) computer network systems and voice communications systems Center of information on medical floor computer room located in the engine room. Voice communication system using a local telecommunications operator providing voice service, configuration-independent integrated services digital program-controlled switchboards. Operators providing communications ... If any compatibility requirements, by way of increased access to the Communications Board within the chassis to meet 糖溶液中，药物浓度不宜超过0.1,,0.5,，缓慢静脉滴注。? ? 林可霉素和克林霉素? 林可霉素类包括林可霉素及克林霉素，克林霉素的体外抗菌活性优于林可霉素。? 一、适应证? 1. 林可霉素适用于敏感肺炎链球菌、其他链球菌属(肠球菌属除外)及甲氧西林敏感金葡菌所致的各种感染。? 2. 克林霉素适用于厌氧菌、肺炎链球菌、其他链球菌属(肠球菌属除外)及敏感金葡菌所致的下呼吸道感染和皮肤软组织感染;并常与其他抗菌药物联合用于腹腔感染及盆腔感染。? 两者的静脉制剂可用于上述感染中的较重患者。? 二、注意事项? 1. 禁用于对林可霉素或克林霉素过敏的患者。? 2. 使用本类药物时，应注意假膜性肠炎的发生，如有可疑应及时停药。? 3. 本类药物有神经肌肉阻滞作用，应避免与其他神经肌肉阻滞剂合用。? 4. 有前列腺增生的老年男性患者使用剂量较大时，偶可出现尿潴留。? 5. 本类药物不推荐用于新生儿。? 6. 妊娠期患者确有指征时方可慎用。哺乳期患者用药期间应暂停哺乳。? 7. 肝功能损害的患者确有应用指征时宜减量应用。? 8. 静脉制剂应缓慢滴注，不可静脉推注。? ? 利福霉素类抗生素? 利福霉素类目前在临床应用的有利福平、利福喷汀及利福布汀。? 一、 适应证? for computer software engineering GB/T50314-2000 of electrical installations code for construction and acceptance of GBJ232- 92 intelligent building weak design construction figure set GJBT-471 2. system description this times engineering weak design including: hours a Kok information facilities system integrated wiring system (containing room network, communications part) wired TV system information guide and the released system hours II Kok public security system fire automatically alarm system (containing public broadcast part) security technology prevention system security monitoring system out entrance control system car library management system hours three Kok building equipment monitoring system hours four Kok information application system queued station ICU visitation system operation the system monitoring and training system call intercom system hours, five hours Kok Kok intelligent integrated system of information system (1) cabling systems (including computer room network, communication component) computer network systems and voice communications systems Center of information on medical floor computer room located in the engine room. Voice communication system using a local telecommunications operator providing voice service, configuration-independent integrated services digital program-controlled switchboards. Operators providing communications ... If any compatibility requirements, by way of increased access to the Communications Board within the chassis to meet 1. 结核病及其他分枝杆菌感染:利福平与异烟肼、吡嗪酰胺联合是各型肺结核短程疗法的基石。利福喷汀也可替代利福平作为联合用药之一。利福布汀可用于免疫缺陷患者鸟分枝杆菌复合群感染的预防与治疗。? 2. 麻风:利福平为麻风联合化疗中的主要药物之一。? 3. 预防用药:利福平可用于脑膜炎奈瑟球菌咽部慢性带菌者或与该菌所致脑膜炎患者密切接触者的预防用药;但不宜用于治疗脑膜炎球菌感染，因细菌可能迅速产生耐药性。? 4. 其他:在个别情况下对甲氧西林耐药葡萄球菌如甲氧西林耐药金葡菌、甲氧西林耐药表皮葡萄球菌(以下简称表葡菌)所致的严重感染，可以考虑采用万古霉素联合利福平治疗。? 二、注意事项? 1. 禁用于对本类药物过敏的患者和曾出现血小板减少性紫癜的患者。? 2. 妊娠3个月内患者应避免用利福平;妊娠3个月以上的患者有明确指征用利福平时，应充分权衡利弊后决定是否采用。? 3. 肝功能不全、胆管梗阻、慢性酒精中毒患者应用利福平时应适当减量。? 4. 用药期间，应定期复查肝功能、血常规。? 5. 结核病患者应避免用大剂量间歇用药方案。? ? 万古霉素和去甲万古霉素? 万古霉素和去甲万古霉素属糖肽类抗生素。去甲万古霉素的化学结构与万古霉素相近，抗菌谱和抗菌作用与万古霉素相仿。? 一、适应证 ? 1(万古霉素及去甲万古霉素适用于耐药革兰阳性菌所致的严重感染，特别是甲氧西林耐药金葡菌(MRSA)或甲氧西林耐药凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)、肠球菌属及耐青霉素肺炎链球菌所致感染;也可用于对青霉素类过敏患者的严重革兰阳性菌感染。? 2(粒细胞缺乏症高度怀疑革兰阳性菌感染的患者。? 3(去甲万古霉素或万古霉素口服，可用于经甲硝唑治疗无效的艰难梭菌所致假膜性肠炎患者。? for computer software engineering GB/T50314-2000 of electrical installations code for construction and acceptance of GBJ232- 92 intelligent building weak design construction figure set GJBT-471 2. system description this times engineering weak design including: hours a Kok information facilities system integrated wiring system (containing room network, communications part) wired TV system information guide and the released system hours II Kok public security system fire automatically alarm system (containing public broadcast part) security technology prevention system security monitoring system out entrance control system car library management system hours three Kok building equipment monitoring system hours four Kok information application system queued station ICU visitation system operation the system monitoring and training system call intercom system hours, five hours Kok Kok intelligent integrated system of information system (1) cabling systems (including computer room network, communication component) computer network systems and voice communications systems Center of information on medical floor computer room located in the engine room. Voice communication system using a local telecommunications operator providing voice service, configuration-independent integrated services digital program-controlled switchboards. Operators providing communications ... If any compatibility requirements, by way of increased access to the Communications Board within the chassis to meet 二、注意事项? 1. 禁用于对万古霉素或去甲万古霉素过敏的患者。? 2. 不宜用于:(1)预防用药;(2)MRSA带菌者;(3)粒细胞缺乏伴发热患者的常规经验用药;(4)局部用药。? 3. 本类药物具一定肾、耳毒性，用药期间应定期复查尿常规与肾功能，监测血药浓度，注意听力改变，必要时监测听力。? 4. 有用药指征的肾功能不全、老年人、新生儿、早产儿或原有肾、耳疾病患者应根据肾功能减退程度调整剂量，同时监测血药浓度，疗程一般不超过14天。? 5. 万古霉素属妊娠期用药C类，妊娠期患者应避免应用。确有指征应用时，需进行血药浓度监测，据以调整给药方案。哺乳期患者用药期间应暂停哺乳。? 6. 应避免将本类药物与各种肾毒性药物合用。? 7. 与麻醉药合用时，可能引起血压下降。必须合用时，两药应分瓶滴注，并减缓万古霉素滴注速度，注意观察血压 for computer software engineering GB/T50314-2000 of electrical installations code for construction and acceptance of GBJ232- 92 intelligent building weak design construction figure set GJBT-471 2. system description this times engineering weak design including: hours a Kok information facilities system integrated wiring system (containing room network, communications part) wired TV system information guide and the released system hours II Kok public security system fire automatically alarm system (containing public broadcast part) security technology prevention system security monitoring system out entrance control system car library management system hours three Kok building equipment monitoring system hours four Kok information application system queued station ICU visitation system operation the system monitoring and training system call intercom system hours, five hours Kok Kok intelligent integrated system of information system (1) cabling systems (including computer room network, communication component) computer network systems and voice communications systems Center of information on medical floor computer room located in the engine room. Voice communication system using a local telecommunications operator providing voice service, configuration-independent integrated services digital program-controlled switchboards. Operators providing communications ... If any compatibility requirements, by way of increased access to the Communications Board within the chassis to meet