木塑复合材料增韧性能研究（可编辑）

Copyright Information Permission has been obtained from the copyright holders to reproduce certain quoted material in this report. Further reproduction of this material is prohibited without specific permission of the copyright holder. All other material contained in this report is in the public domain and may be used and reprinted without special permission; citation as to source, however, is appreciated. Suggested Citation National Center for Health Statistics Health, United States, 2005 With Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans Hyattsville, Maryland: 2005 Library of Congress Catalog Number 76–641496 For sale by Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Michael O. Leavitt Secretary Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Julie Louise Gerberding, M.D., M.P.H. Director National Center for Health Statistics Edward J. Sondik, Ph.D. Director Preface Preface Health, United States, 2005 is the 29th report on the health status of the Nation and is submitted by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services to the President and Congress of the United States in compliance with Section 308 of the Public Health Service Act. This report was compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics served in a review capacity. The Health, United States series presents national trends in health statistics. Each report includes an executive summary, highlights, a chartbook, trend tables, extensive appendixes, and an index. Chartbook The fourth Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans updates and expands information from previous chartbooks and introduces this year’s special feature on adults 55–64 years of age, a rapidly growing segment of the adult population. The economic and health status of this age group is of interest as the majority of its members are poised to enter retirement and to become eligible for Medicare. The chartbook assesses the Nation’s health by presenting trends and current information on selected determinants and measures of health status and utilization of health care. Determinants of health considered in the chartbook include demographic factors, poverty, health insurance coverage, and health behaviors and risk factors, including obesity, cigarette smoking, and physical activity. Additional risk factors this year include teen seat belt use, drinking and driving, and multiple cardiovascular risk factors for adults. Measures of health status include prevalence of asthma attacks in children, headache and lower back pain in adults, limitation of activity due to chronic health conditions, and several measures of mortality. A new section on health care utilization includes use of mammography and Pap tests, visits to physician offices and outpatient departments, injury-related visits by children to emergency departments, and insertion of cardiac stents—an increasingly common hospital procedure for treatment of coronary artery disease, particularly for older persons. Many measures are shown separately for persons of different ages because of the strong effect of age on health. Selected figures also highlight differences in determinants and Health, United States, 2005 measures of health status and utilization of health care by such characteristics as sex, race, Hispanic origin, education, and poverty status. TrendTables The chartbook section is followed by 156 trend tables organized around four major subject areas: health status and determinants, health care utilization, health care resources, and health care expenditures. A major criterion used in selecting the trend tables is availability of comparable national data over a period of several years. The tables present data for selected years to highlight major trends in health statistics. Earlier editions of Health, United States may present data for additional years that are not included in the current printed report. Where possible, these additional years of data are available in Excel spreadsheet files on the Health, United States Web site. Tables with additional data years are listed in Appendix III. Racial and Ethnic Data Many tables in Health, United States present data according to race and Hispanic origin consistent with Department-wide emphasis on expanding racial and ethnic detail when presenting health data. Trend data on race and ethnicity are presented in the greatest detail possible after taking into account the quality of data, the amount of missing data, and the number of observations. New standards for Federal data on race and ethnicity are described in Appendix II under Race. Education and Income Data Many tables in Health, United States present data according to socioeconomic status, using education and poverty level as proxy measures. Poverty level is based on family income data and number of persons in the household. Data are presented in the greatest detail possible after taking into account the quality of data, the amount of missing data, and the number of observations. Due to the complexity and sensitivity of collecting education and income information, only a few national data systems obtain data on education and income, including the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and the National Survey of Family Growth. Education and iii Pr ef ac e income are obtained directly from survey respondents, and nonresponse rates, especially for income data, are particularly high. NCHS imputes missing family income data for the NHIS starting with data year 1990, and tables with NHIS data shown in Health, United States utilize the imputed poverty data. Education and income information are not generally available from records-based data collection systems including the National Health Care Surveys (see Appendix I). State vital statistics systems currently report mother’s education on the birth certificate and, based on information from an informant, decedent’s education on the death certificate. See Appendix II, Education; Family income; Poverty level. Changes in This Edition Each volume of Health, United States is prepared to maximize its usefulness as a standard reference source while maintaining its continuing relevance. Comparability is fostered by including similar trend tables in each volume. Timeliness is maintained by (1) adding new tables each year to reflect emerging topics in public health and (2) improving the content of ongoing tables. Health, United States, 2005 includes eight new trend tables on multiple births (table 5) based on birth certificate data; prevalence of respiratory conditions (table 56), headache and low back pain (table 57), hearing and vision limitations (table 59), leisure-time physical activity (table 72), and adult vaccinations (table 76), all based on National Health Interview Survey data; the nutritional status of the U.S. population based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (table 71); and factors that affect growth in personal health care expenditures (table 121) based on data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Appendixes Appendix I describes each data source used in the report and provides references for further information about the sources. Data sources are listed alphabetically within two broad categories: (1) Government Sources and (2) Private and Global Sources. Appendix II is an alphabetical listing of terms used in the report. It also presents standard populations used for age adjustment (tables I, II, and III); ICD codes for causes of death shown in Health, United States from the Sixth through Tenth Revisions and the years when the Revisions were in effect (tables IV and V); comparability ratios between ICD–9 iv and ICD–10 for selected causes (table VI); ICD–9–CM codes for external cause-of-injury, diagnostic, and procedure categories (tables VII, IX, and X); industry codes according to the 2002 North American Industry Classification System (table VIII); National Drug Code (NDC) Therapeutic Class recodes of generic analgesic drugs (table XI); and sample tabulations of NHIS data comparing the 1977 and 1997 Standards for Federal data on race and Hispanic origin (tables XII and XIII). Appendix III lists tables for which additional years of trend data are available electronically in Excel spreadsheet files on the Health, United States Web site and CD-ROM, described below under Electronic Access. Index The Index to Trend Tables and Chartbook Figures is a useful tool for locating data by topic. Tables are cross-referenced by such topics as Child and adolescent health; Elderly population age 65 years and over; Women’s health; Men’s health; State data; American Indian, Asian, Black, and Hispanic origin populations; Education; Poverty status; Disability; and Metropolitan and nonmetropolitan data. Electronic Access Health, United States may be accessed in its entirety on the World Wide Web at www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm. From the Health, United States Web site, one may also register for the Health, United States electronic mailing list to receive announcements about release dates and notices of updates to tables. Health, United States, 2005, the chartbook, and each of the trend tables are available as Acrobat .pdf files on the Web. Chartbook figures are available as downloadable PowerPointT slides. Trend tables and chartbook data tables are available as downloadable Excel spreadsheet files. Trend tables listed in Appendix III include additional years of data not shown in the printed report or .pdf files. Both .pdf and spreadsheet files for selected tables will be updated on the Web if more current data become available near the time when the printed report is released. Readers who register with the electronic mailing list will be notified of these table updates. Previous editions of Health, United States and chartbooks, starting with Health, United States, 2005 the 1993 edition, also may be accessed from the Health, United States Web site. Health, United States is also available on CD-ROM, where it can be viewed, searched, printed, and saved using Adobe Acrobat software on the CD-ROM. Copies of the Report Copies of Health, United States, 2005, and the CD-ROM can be purchased from the Government Printing Office (GPO) through links to GPO on the National Center for Health Statistics Web site, Publications and Information Products page. Questions? Preface For answers to questions about this report, contact: Office of Information Services Information Dissemination Staff National Center for Health Statistics Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3311 Toledo Road, Fifth Floor Hyattsville, MD 20782 Phone: 301-458-INFO or toll free 866-441-NCHS E-mail: nchsquery@cdc.gov Internet: www.cdc.gov/nchs Health, United States, 2005 v Ac kn ow le dg m en ts Acknowledgments Overall responsibility for planning and coordinating the content of this volume rested with the Office of Analysis and Epidemiology, National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), under the direction of Amy B. Bernstein and Diane M. Makuc. Production of Health, United States, 2005, highlights, trend tables, and appendixes was managed by Kate Prager. Trend tables were prepared by Amy B. Bernstein, Alan J. Cohen, Margaret A. Cooke, La-Tonya D. Curl, Catherine R. Duran, Sheila Franco, Virginia M. Freid, Ji-Eun Lee, Andrea P. MacKay, Mitchell B. Pierre, Jr., Rebecca A. Placek, Kate Prager, Laura A. Pratt, and Henry Xia, with assistance from Stephanie N. Gray. Appendix II tables and the index were assembled by Anita L. Powell. Production planning and coordination of trend tables were managed by Rebecca A. Placek. Administrative and word processing assistance were provided by Carole J. Hunt, Lillie C. Featherstone, and Brenda L. Wolfrey. Production of the Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans was managed by Virginia M. Freid. Production of the Special Feature on Adults 55-–64 Years of Age was managed by Amy B. Bernstein. Data and analysis for specific charts were provided by Amy B. Bernstein, Margaret A. Cooke, Sheila Franco, Virginia M. Freid, Deborah D. Ingram, Ellen A. Kramarow, Ji-Eun Lee, Andrea P. MacKay, Patricia N. Pastor, and Kate Prager. Graphs were drafted by La-Tonya D. Curl and data tables were prepared by Rebecca A. Placek. Technical assistance and programming were provided by Lara Akinbami, Alan J. Cohen, Catherine R. Duran, Lois Fingerhut, Richard F. Gillum, Mitchell B. Pierre, Jr., Henry Xia, and Marc W. Zodet. Publications management and editorial review were provided by Demarius V. Miller. Oversight review for publications and electronic products was provided by Linda L. Bean. The designer was Sarah Hinkle. Production was done by Jacqueline M. Davis and Zung T. Le. Printing was managed by Patricia L. Wilson and Joan D. Burton. Electronic access through the NCHS Internet site and CD-ROM were provided by Christine J. Brown, Jacqueline M. Davis, Dorothy Day, Zung T. Le, Demarius V. Miller, Sharon L. Ramirez, and Patricia L. Wilson. Data and technical assistance were provided by staff of the following NCHS organizations: Division of Health Care Statistics: Irma E. Arispe, Catharine W. Burt, Donald K. vi Cherry, Carol J. DeFrances, Marni J. Hall, Esther Hing, Lola Jean Kozak, Karen L. Lipkind, Linda F. McCaig, Robert Pokras, Susan M. Schappert, Jane E. Sisk, and Genevieve W. Strahan; Division of Health Examination Statistics: Lisa Broitman, Margaret D. Carroll, Bruce Dye, and Clifford L. Johnson; Division of Health Interview Statistics: Patricia F. Adams, Veronica E. Benson, Barbara Bloom, Viona I. Brown, Margaret L. Cejku, Pei-Lu Chiu, Robin A. Cohen, Richard H. Coles, Marcie Cynamon, Achintya Dey, Cathy C. Hao, Kristina Kotulak-Hays, Susan S. Jack, Jane B. Page, Eve Powell-Griner, Jeannine Schiller, Charlotte A. Schoenborn, Mira L. Shanks, Anne K. Stratton, and Luong Tonthat; Division of Vital Statistics: Robert N. Anderson, Elizabeth Arias, Anjani Chandra, Thomas D. Dunn, Brady E. Hamilton, Donna L. Hoyert, Kenneth D. Kochanek, Marian F. MacDorman, Joyce A. Martin, Gladys M. Martinez, T.J. Mathews, Arialdi M. Minino, William D. Mosher, Sherry L. Murphy, Gail A. Parr, Manju Sharma, Stephanie J. Ventura, and Jim Weed; Office of Analysis and Epidemiology: Mark S. Eberhardt, Lois Fingerhut, Deborah D. Ingram, Richard J. Klein, and Patricia A. Knapp; and Office of International Statistics: Juan Rafael Albertorio-Diaz and Francis C. Notzon. Additional data and technical assistance were also provided by the following organizations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Epidemiology Program Office: Samuel L. Groseclose and Patsy A. Hall; National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion: Joy Herndon, Sherry Everett Jones, Laura K. Kann, Steve Kinchen, Shari L. Shanklin, and Lilo T. Strauss; National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention: Melinda Flock and Luetta Schneider; National Immunization Program: Natalie J. Darling and Meena Khare; by the following organizations within the Department of Health and Human Services: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: David Kashihara and Steven Machlin; Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services: Cathy A. Cowan, Cherron A. Cox, Frank Eppig, Denise F. Franz, David A. Gibson, Deborah W. Kidd, Helen C. Lazenby, Katharine R. Levit, Anna Long, Joanne S. Mack, Anne B. Martin, and Carter S. Warfield; National Institutes of Health: Jessica Campbell, Catherine C. Cowie, and Lynn A. G. Ries; Office of the Secretary, DHHS: Mitchell Goldstein; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: Daniel Foley, Joseph C. Gfroerer, and Ronald Manderscheid; and by the following governmental and nongovernmental organizations: U.S. Bureau of the Census Bureau: Joseph Dalaker and Bernadette D. Proctor; Bureau of Labor Statistics: Alan Blostin, Stella Cromartie, Kay Ford, Daniel Ginsburg, Health, United States, 2005 Elizabeth Rogers, John Stinson, and Peggy Suarez; Department of Veterans Affairs: Michael F. Grindstaff; Alan Guttmacher Institute: Rebecca Wind; American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy: Jennifer M. Patton; American Association of Colleges of Podiatric Medicine: Carol E. Gill; American Dental Education Association: Richard Weaver; Association of Schools of Public Health: Mah-Sere K. Sow; Cowles Research Group: C. McKeen Cowles; and InterStudy: Richard Hamer. All those associated with Health, United States would like to give their special thanks to Dr. Kate Prager who is retiring this year. In her capacity as Special Assistant for Health, United States for the past 13 years, Dr. Prager’s painstaking review of everything from the validity of the content to the formatting of footnotes has ensured that all aspects of the book are accurate and accessible. She has performed the Acknow ledgm ents Health, United States, 2005 work of analyst, technical editor, manager, government liaison, and every other possible role involved in producing a book of this scope and has done so with skill, dedication, and patience. We would like to express our gratitude for all she has contributed to the publication over the years and wish her well in her post-Health, United States life. She will be greatly missed. vii Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi List of Chartbook Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii List of Trend Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv Executive Summary and Highlights Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Health Status and Determinants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Health Care Utilization and Health Care Resources . . . . 13 Health Care Expenditures and Payors . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Special Feature: Adults 55–64 Years of Age. . . . . . . . 18 Chartbook onTrends in the Health of Americans Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Race and Ethnicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Health Insurance and Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Health Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Health Care Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Health Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Tobacco Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Teenagers and Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Physical Activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Overweight and Obesity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Morbidity and Limitation of Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Asthma in Children Age 3–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Headache and Low Back Pain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Limitation of Activity: Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Limitation of Activity: Working-Age and Older Adults. . . . 50 Health Care Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Mammography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Pap Smear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Injury-Related Emergency Department Visits Among Children and Adolescents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Visits to Physician Offices and Hospital Outpatient Departments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .