豪放派诗人和婉约派诗人

豪放派诗人和婉约派诗人 婉约派诗人有(李煜、柳永、晏殊、欧阳修、秦观、周邦彦、李清照(宋代最有名的女词人) )，豪放派诗人有(苏轼,辛弃疾 张元干 张孝祥陈亮) 豪放派:苏轼 《水调歌头》(明月几时有) 《念奴娇》(大江东去)等 他扩大了词的题材，丰硕了词的表现内容。 辛弃疾 《西江月》(明月别枝惊鹊)《破阵子》(罪里挑灯看剑)《永遇乐》等 多以国度民族为题材，抒发大方激动的爱国之情。 张元干《贺新郎》等 情调凄凉，风格豪放 张孝祥 《六州歌头》等 风格濒临苏轼，悲壮悲凉，多表现不能光复失地的壮志难酬的感慨。 陈亮 《念奴娇?登多景楼》《贺新郎?寄辛幼安和见怀韵》 风格豪放壮烈，笔力纵横驰骋。(少数词属于婉约派) 婉约派:柳永 《雨霖霖》语言明畅艰深，多用白话，感情凄婉，音律谐婉，但有些词比较俗气。 秦观 《鹊桥仙》等风格柔柔，擅长描绘赫然的形象。 李清照 《声声慢》《一剪梅》《如梦令》《醉花阴》等前期的词多表现安逸生活，妩媚风流，后期作品多抒发身世之感，感情凄苦消沉。 婉约派与豪放派词风比较 宋代，是词的“黄金时期”。这一时代，矗立着争雄对立、相映生辉的两座奇峰;这就是以柳永、李清照为旗号的婉约派和以苏轼、辛弃疾为代表的豪放派。顾名思义，婉约派和豪放派显然代表着两种截然不同的词风。那么，它们各自的特点是什么,有哪些不同之处,这里，我感到应该留神历代评论家、作家概括豪放派的开辟者和主要代表苏轼的词的创作特色时常用的一句话，即“以诗为词”(见《后山诗话》等)。评估苏轼的褒贬双方都众口一词，可见此说是有情理的。对于这句话的懂得，我很赞成中国迷信院编《中国文学史》的说法:“词的诗化，并不是撤消词作为独立文学款式的体系和格律，而是象征着词的题材的扩大，作家个性更鲜亮的出现和语言的革新。”我想基于此还加上音律的打破一条，从题材、形式(包含音律、语言)和表现手法等方面，试对婉约派和豪放派的不同词风作一浅显的剖析比较。至于两派词人各本身世经历、才学性格等对其词风造成的影响，限于篇幅，略去不谈。 一、题材:“樽前”“花间”与“塞外”“江天” 题材的广阔和狭窄是豪放派与婉约派最明显的差别。 anti-Japanese patriotism. Under the influence of the party, Zhu, Wang, acting in strict discipline, political, military quality and combat effectiveness has improved. As well as youth service corps, women's service and young pioneers, countryside-Japanese performance, posting anti-Japanese slogans, operate private schools, literacy classes, founder of the iron, and the tongue and the sound, sparks and other anti-Japanese mimeographed tabloid, actively promote anti-Japanese. Hanchang recovery after the party, that is, "Jiangnan anti-Japanese guerrilla people save," Shen Yingjie, Xu Azhen to participate in development of the Chinese Communist Party, in October and set up a water party group in Hong Kong, Han chang long party group. Meanwhile, Xu on cleaning two wannan, demanding new army deployed cadres, and have sent many new progressive youth to receive training. On November 9, sheng, Wu Xing, Nanxun, jiaxing, Tongxiang, Zonta, Hangzhou, wukang strongholds such as Elves, nearly all men, together with the aircraft, boats, Zhu Xi Lu, pouncing on troop locations. 10th, the enemies have invaded yan Tomb, Xin Cheng, Wuzhen. 11th, Zhu Xi army pier at Bell House was surrounded by the enemy, break, casualties will be great, CPC party member Xu, Xu Quansheng, really so magnificent and head of three Wang Yulin, also died in the battle. Zhu Xi withdrew the remnants of more than 400 people back to Xiao Feng integration. Jie Xu with the new cadres, Communist party Mr CHOW (Zhou kangyu) came from southern Anhui. Zhu Xi Wei CHOY for staff officers. The end of unified leadership 纵观从婉约派的开山开山祖师温庭筠到后来的吴文英、王沂孙这三百余年间所谓“以婉约清丽为宗”的词人作品，数目浩繁而题材狭窄，绝大局部是写伤离送别、男女恋情、酣饮醉歌、惜春赏花之类。虽其间柳永、李清照等有所开拓，但究竟难脱枷锁。 而豪放派则完整冲破了词为“艳科”的传统藩篱。苏轼以一个改革者的勇气，把词从“娱宾遣兴”的工具改革发展为独破的抒情艺术;把词从“樽前”“花间”推向较为辽阔的社会人生。“无意不可入，无事不可言”(刘载熙《艺概》)，山川风物、记游咏物、农舍景色以及吊古感旧、说理抒情等都大批写入词中。如《念奴娇》(“大江东去”)和《水调歌头》(“明月几时有”)，就是最能体现这一特点的不朽名作。到南宋辛弃疾，又有了新的发展。在此不赘言。 婉约派那么多词人，那么多词集，词作总数达数千首之巨，但即便是统统加起来，就其所反应的社会生活面以及题材规模而言，恐怕还远不迭苏轼一个人的三百多首词之广阔～ 二、形式:削足适履与革新突破 在词的形式上，婉约派与豪放派也走着两条不同的门路。 婉约派词人个别都更重视词的情势。视音律上的规矩(如“五音”、“六律”)为法式，视语言上的清规戒律(如“肌理丰盈”、“无一字无来处”等)为宝贝。如前所述，原来他们的作品内容就陈腐贫乏，题材狭窄枯燥，便更是醉心于谐音合律，刻意于雕章凿句，以富丽的形式掩饰其充实的内容。甚至情愿削足适履，也不肯越雷池一步。就拿婉约派中成绩最著的李清照来说吧，明明面对着国破家亡、穷愁潦倒的残酷事实，却抱定“词别是一家”的艺术成见，恐怕在词作中吐露出一丝半点。尽是“凄悲凉惨戚戚”，虽催人泪下，但缺少一种激人奋起的力气。这样就大大减弱了作品的思惟意思。而她同期的诗作(如“至今思项羽，不肯过江东”等)却由于豪放雄壮而为人所称道。 就是这样，内容限定了形式，形式又反过来框住了内容，婉约派词人们紧紧捆住了本人的四肢。在这一点上，以周邦彦、贺铸为代表的“格律词派”更是至高无上。 而豪放派则不是为形式所羁，而是充分调动形式为表现内容服务。最凸起的是苏轼。为了反映广阔的生活面，苏轼打破了“词必协律”的陈套，使词从音乐的奴隶的位置解放出来。但苏轼并不是完全不顾或不懂音律，而是由于他“横放出色，自是曲子中缚不住者”(见《复斋漫录》引晁补之语)，又“豪放不喜剪裁以就声律”(见《历代诗余》引陆游语)。苏轼充足施展词这种奇特语言文学样式的优点，应用长短句的错落形式，造成节奏的舒卷变更，用词造句也力求铿锵洪亮;从而达到了形式与内容与感情和谐统一的艺术境界。陆游是南宋杰出的诗人，粗通音律，诗词俱佳，他曾“试取东坡诸词歌之，曲终觉天风海雨逼人”(见《历代诗余》引)，足以证实苏轼的成功。 语言上，苏东坡也攻破了婉约派的金科玉律，多方面接收陶渊明、李白、杜甫、韩愈等人的诗句入词，偶然也应用书面语，只有是能适当的表白他的思维情感，任何词语他都敢用，anti-Japanese patriotism. Under the influence of the party, Zhu, Wang, acting in strict discipline, political, military quality and combat effectiveness has improved. As well as youth service corps, women's service and young pioneers, countryside-Japanese performance, posting anti-Japanese slogans, operate private schools, literacy classes, founder of the iron, and the tongue and the sound, sparks and other anti-Japanese mimeographed tabloid, actively promote anti-Japanese. Hanchang recovery after the party, that is, "Jiangnan anti-Japanese guerrilla people save," Shen Yingjie, Xu Azhen to participate in development of the Chinese Communist Party, in October and set up a water party group in Hong Kong, Han chang long party group. Meanwhile, Xu on cleaning two wannan, demanding new army deployed cadres, and have sent many new progressive youth to receive training. On November 9, sheng, Wu Xing, Nanxun, jiaxing, Tongxiang, Zonta, Hangzhou, wukang strongholds such as Elves, nearly all men, together with the aircraft, boats, Zhu Xi Lu, pouncing on troop locations. 10th, the enemies have invaded yan Tomb, Xin Cheng, Wuzhen. 11th, Zhu Xi army pier at Bell House was surrounded by the enemy, break, casualties will be great, CPC party member Xu, Xu Quansheng, really so magnificent and head of three Wang Yulin, also died in the battle. Zhu Xi withdrew the remnants of more than 400 people back to Xiao Feng integration. Jie Xu with the new cadres, Communist party Mr CHOW (Zhou kangyu) came from southern Anhui. Zhu Xi Wei CHOY for staff officers. The end of unified leadership 从而构成了一种体现东坡个性的清爽朴实、明快畅达的语言作风。如“明月多少时有,把酒问青天。------”(《水调歌头》)“墙里秋千墙外道，墙外行人，墙里才子笑。------”(《蝶恋花》)等等，都清楚如话，天然清新，活泼正确。 可以说，恰是因了苏轼的勇敢革新，才使词脱离了音乐的羽翼而成为一种独立的文学样式。 三、表现手法:“回环吞吐”与“冲口而出” 谈到这一点，不妨引一段故事: 秦少游自会稽入京------(东坡)又问别作何词，秦举“小楼连苑横空，下窥绣毂雕鞍骤”，坡云:“十三字只说得一个人骑马楼前过。”秦问先生近著，坡云:“亦有一词，说楼上事。”乃举“燕子楼空，佳人何在,空锁楼中燕。”晁无咎在座云:“三句说尽张建树封燕子楼一段事，奇哉～”(据《唐宋诸贤绝妙词选》引)这个故事很能解释苏轼与秦观，亦可推及豪放婉约两派在创作上的不同特色。 婉约派写景则铺叙细腻，曲尽其形，且辞藻华丽，抒情则委婉蕴藉;而豪迈派写景则大笔勾画，朴素明快，不必辞藻，抒怀则直写胸臆。此可比拟李清照《声声慢》与苏轼《念奴娇》便知。 假如说在词的题材内容的广阔上豪放派大大超越了婉约派，那么在艺术上，应当说两派各有是非。详细说来，婉约派在形象的刻画刻画方面确有独到之处，尤其是白描手段的运用，可能到达“状难状之景，达难达之情”(《六十一家词选例言》)，这在丰盛词的艺术表示方式上，不能不说是一大奉献。在抒情的委婉含蓄上亦有胜利之处，能造成情景融合的艺术境界，显得典雅工丽，然失之缠绵悱恻，无高昂之气。 而豪放派熔写景、抒情、谈论于一炉，构造上跳跃动荡，纵横洒脱，造成一种宽阔、健朗的艺术境界，格调显得清超豪迈，诚然为婉约派所不及，但在详细形象以及人物心理状况的过细描写和刻画上似稍逊于婉约派。 最后，援用俞文豹《吹剑录》的一段记录: 东坡在玉堂日，有幕士善歌，因问:“我词何如耆卿,”对曰:“郎中词，只好十七八女子，执红牙板，歌„杨柳岸晨风残月?;学士词，须关西大汉，铜琵琶，铁绰板，唱„大江东去?。” 这段话能够说是对婉约派与豪放派不同词风的形象概括和生动阐明 论花间词派与婉约派的异同 “花间词派”之名得自于后蜀赵崇祚所编《花间集》。《花间集》收辑温庭筠、韦庄等18家共500首词。因其作者大多是蜀人，词风近似，因此被称为“花间词派”。而“婉约派”继续了晚唐五代“花间派”词风，是花间派的发展。固然婉约派是由花间派发展而来，但两派之间毕竟有雷同点和不同点。 anti-Japanese patriotism. Under the influence of the party, Zhu, Wang, acting in strict discipline, political, military quality and combat effectiveness has improved. As well as youth service corps, women's service and young pioneers, countryside-Japanese performance, posting anti-Japanese slogans, operate private schools, literacy classes, founder of the iron, and the tongue and the sound, sparks and other anti-Japanese mimeographed tabloid, actively promote anti-Japanese. Hanchang recovery after the party, that is, "Jiangnan anti-Japanese guerrilla people save," Shen Yingjie, Xu Azhen to participate in development of the Chinese Communist Party, in October and set up a water party group in Hong Kong, Han chang long party group. Meanwhile, Xu on cleaning two wannan, demanding new army deployed cadres, and have sent many new progressive youth to receive training. On November 9, sheng, Wu Xing, Nanxun, jiaxing, Tongxiang, Zonta, Hangzhou, wukang strongholds such as Elves, nearly all men, together with the aircraft, boats, Zhu Xi Lu, pouncing on troop locations. 10th, the enemies have invaded yan Tomb, Xin Cheng, Wuzhen. 11th, Zhu Xi army pier at Bell House was surrounded by the enemy, break, casualties will be great, CPC party member Xu, Xu Quansheng, really so magnificent and head of three Wang Yulin, also died in the battle. Zhu Xi withdrew the remnants of more than 400 people back to Xiao Feng integration. Jie Xu with the new cadres, Communist party Mr CHOW (Zhou kangyu) came from southern Anhui. Zhu Xi Wei CHOY for staff officers. The end of unified leadership 首先，从发展的背景角度来看。晚唐时局动荡不安，五代西蜀，君臣醉生梦死，陶醉于身心的放荡与享乐。政治的颓败使文人士大夫发生了深入的心理危机，为了追求新的心理均衡，他们将人生寻求由外部的政治社会转向自我内心。把审美情趣转向歌舞宴乐，以细腻的笔调，浓厚的颜色来描写内心休会，官能感触。而李商隐李杜等人的诗歌，写身边事抒发内心感情，显示出婉约词的风格。婉约派是在花间派之后，北宋词家连续花间词含蓄柔美之风，虽在内容上有所开拓，运笔更精妙，并且都能各具风度，自成一家,然而大体上并未脱离宛转柔美的轨迹。故明人提出来“婉约派”来概括这一词派的词风。 其次，从题材和内容上来说。花间派柔顺约派内容大多描写男女相恋，悲欢离恨，离愁别绪等儿女风情。但花间派在描述这方面内容也是多角度的。例如写江熏风物、劳动生活的欧阳炯《南乡子》:“游南浦，笑倚东风绝对语。”写边塞、征战内容的毛文锡的《甘州遍》:“青冢北，黑山西，沙飞聚散无定，往往路人迷。铁衣冷，战马血沾蹄。破蕃奚，凤凰诏下，步步蹑丹梯。”还有一些咏物写景的，如孙光宪《风骚子》:“茅舍槿篱溪曲，鸡犬自南自北。菰叶长，水,开，门外春波涨绿。听织，声促，轧轧鸣声穿屋。”也有一些咏史怀古，抒沧桑之感、寄亡国之痛的词，以古讽今，感叹深厚，寄意隽永，发人深省。而婉约派的词在内容上扩展了范畴，呈现了吟咏做作风光，表现个人感悟阅历的作品。例如贺铸《青玉案》:“一川烟草，满城飞絮，梅子黄时雨” 江南风景比方发愁的深广。苏轼的《江城子》:“十年生逝世两茫茫”，抒写了他对亡妻“不思量，自难忘”的一片真情。 因为 “花间词”内容题材的狭小，常被人所诟病的“艳”。因为这些词人大多是花花公子，在政治上不什么作为，因而他们的作品大多是女子生活，浮现出对吃苦生活的追乞降感官刺激的欣羡。但这所谓的“艳”，实际是指一种女性化的美感。词多写女性生涯跟女性之美而带来的审美新感触，这就使得诗词更加贴近生活贴近个人感情世界。言情，是婉约词的传统题材，也是婉约词的重要特色。婉约词也往往抒写感时伤世之情。作家们把家国之恨、身世之感，或打入艳情，或寓于咏物，名义看似抒写恋情，描摹物象，实际上却别有寄托。例如辛弃疾的《摸鱼儿》:“更能消几番风雨，促春又归去。”运用比兴伎俩，看似些男女之情，实则抒写家国之事，身心之感，哀婉含蓄。 第三，从流派的内涵广度及对后代的影响来看。中国传统的诗歌以“言志”为中央，花间词则以“缘情”为核心。花间词的“标新立异”的创作模式，间接导致了北宋“词为艳科”观点的形成，可以说是花间派为婉约派的创作供给了鉴戒，影响婉约派词的创作。北宋时期是词的发展高峰，因而后人在阅读花间词的时候往往是站在北宋词作的顶峰为标杆来浏览的，所以以为花间词派与婉约派不能等量齐观。用一个比喻来说，花间词是处于人成长过程中的幼儿时期，而婉约词则处于成长进程中的丁壮时期，所以无论从深度仍是广度上来说，婉约派是花间派的发展。 最后，从审美的欣赏角度来说。花间词和婉约词都是存在“可歌性”与音乐有很大的关联。《旧唐书?温庭筠传》曾记载飞卿“能逐弦歌之音，为侧艳之词”，作家们把如画的意境，精炼的语言和美好的音乐严密联合起来，既能表达情义又悦耳动人。两宋时期的而婉约词也是anti-Japanese patriotism. Under the influence of the party, Zhu, Wang, acting in strict discipline, political, military quality and combat effectiveness has improved. As well as youth service corps, women's service and young pioneers, countryside-Japanese performance, posting anti-Japanese slogans, operate private schools, literacy classes, founder of the iron, and the tongue and the sound, sparks and other anti-Japanese mimeographed tabloid, actively promote anti-Japanese. Hanchang recovery after the party, that is, "Jiangnan anti-Japanese guerrilla people save," Shen Yingjie, Xu Azhen to participate in development of the Chinese Communist Party, in October and set up a water party group in Hong Kong, Han chang long party group. Meanwhile, Xu on cleaning two wannan, demanding new army deployed cadres, and have sent many new progressive youth to receive training. On November 9, sheng, Wu Xing, Nanxun, jiaxing, Tongxiang, Zonta, Hangzhou, wukang strongholds such as Elves, nearly all men, together with the aircraft, boats, Zhu Xi Lu, pouncing on troop locations. 10th, the enemies have invaded yan Tomb, Xin Cheng, Wuzhen. 11th, Zhu Xi army pier at Bell House was surrounded by the enemy, break, casualties will be great, CPC party member Xu, Xu Quansheng, really so magnificent and head of three Wang Yulin, also died in the battle. Zhu Xi withdrew the remnants of more than 400 people back to Xiao Feng integration. Jie Xu with the new cadres, Communist party Mr CHOW (Zhou kangyu) came from southern Anhui. Zhu Xi Wei CHOY for staff officers. The end of unified leadership 在这基本之上发展起来的。 婉约派词人在表现儿女情长、离愁别绪的同时，又往往借咏燕、咏柳、咏梅、咏杨花等，寄寓身世之感，抒难于明言之意。如陆游的《咏梅》词，借以梅花自喻，惹人沉思。婉约词人把美的语言、美的形象、美的意境，协调地同一起来。因此婉约词的基础特点有一点就是发明美的意境。大多数人都比较观赏的婉约词人李清照《如梦令》中“常记溪亭日暮”，就是一幅精美的丹青，把读者带入美的意境。 长期以来，文人对花间词的评价不够，花间词也有很高的欣赏价值。花间词作为一种不同于中唐时期全新的体裁形式，天然也会带给人们全新的艺术感想。他们在刻画人物，模仿心坎世界的方面有很高的技能，把人物内心刻画的实在感人。与此同时，这个时期的妇女生活空间很狭窄，因此描写的场景就在特定的画面中开展。虽然花间词人的创作大多相同，但个人也有各自的特点。比方作为花间词代表的温庭蕴和韦庄。在500首花间词中，也不全是花前月下，儿女情长。也有怀古和咏史，虽然占的比例不大，然而率先把怀古咏史参加到词创作中。另外，花间词多用比兴、双关、拟人等手法的描写，也培养了花间词阴柔悠扬的风格特点。 婉约词以美来反映生活，创造大量的优良作品，为历代人所爱好。而花间派作为婉约派的开山派，在中国文学史上也是分为主要的一笔，咱们也应该看清它的价值。 anti-Japanese patriotism. Under the influence of the party, Zhu, Wang, acting in strict discipline, political, military quality and combat effectiveness has improved. As well as youth service corps, women's service and young pioneers, countryside-Japanese performance, posting anti-Japanese slogans, operate private schools, literacy classes, founder of the iron, and the tongue and the sound, sparks and other anti-Japanese mimeographed tabloid, actively promote anti-Japanese. Hanchang recovery after the party, that is, "Jiangnan anti-Japanese guerrilla people save," Shen Yingjie, Xu Azhen to participate in development of the Chinese Communist Party, in October and set up a water party group in Hong Kong, Han chang long party group. Meanwhile, Xu on cleaning two wannan, demanding new army deployed cadres, and have sent many new progressive youth to receive training. On November 9, sheng, Wu Xing, Nanxun, jiaxing, Tongxiang, Zonta, Hangzhou, wukang strongholds such as Elves, nearly all men, together with the aircraft, boats, Zhu Xi Lu, pouncing on troop locations. 10th, the enemies have invaded yan Tomb, Xin Cheng, Wuzhen. 11th, Zhu Xi army pier at Bell House was surrounded by the enemy, break, casualties will be great, CPC party member Xu, Xu Quansheng, really so magnificent and head of three Wang Yulin, also died in the battle. Zhu Xi withdrew the remnants of more than 400 people back to Xiao Feng integration. Jie Xu with the new cadres, Communist party Mr CHOW (Zhou kangyu) came from southern Anhui. Zhu Xi Wei CHOY for staff officers. The end of unified leadership