幼儿园表演游戏的特点

幼儿园演游戏的特点 一、幼儿园表演游戏的性质与特点 (一)幼儿园表演游戏是游戏而不是戏剧表演 对表演游戏的性质定位直接决定着我们组织幼儿开展活动的指导思想，和教师对表演游戏的指导行为。当我们把幼儿园表演游戏的性质定位于“游戏”而不是“表演”，并以促进幼儿的主体性发展作为组织幼儿开展表演游戏的指导思想，用符合游戏活动本质特点的方法来组织幼儿的表演游戏时，表演游戏就呈现出不同于“戏剧表演”的面貌。 在研究中我们发现:表演游戏与戏剧表演的根本区别在于:表演游戏是幼儿自己“自娱自乐”的活动，幼儿只是因为“有趣好玩”而在“玩”，他们并不是在为“观众”表演。事实上，他们心中并没有“观众”，他们也根本不在乎“观众”。“目的在于自身”并“专注于自身”是游戏活动的本质特点。促使幼儿持续活动的原因正是“好玩的”游戏活动本身，而不是来自外部的要求或奖赏。在这样的活动中，表演游戏的“游戏性”凸现出来而有别于“戏剧表演”，幼儿的主动性、积极性和创造性可以得到充分的表现和发挥，而且幼儿也在这样的活动中体验到了游戏的愉悦感。 因此，应当把幼儿园的表演游戏的性质定位于“游戏”而不是“表演”。如果缺乏“游戏性”，表演游戏就将失去其作为游戏活动的实质。 (二)表演游戏兼具“游戏性”和“表演性” 表演游戏区别于其他类型的游戏活动的特殊性在于它兼具“游戏性”和“表演性”。表演游戏以“”为依据的特点决定了表演游戏的“表演性”。从选择和确定所要表演的故事或作品的那一刻起，表演游戏就已经有了一个规范游戏者的框架。在游戏的过程中，幼儿会自发地在头脑中将自己的言行与故事情节、人物联系起来，故事作为“脚本”规范着幼儿的行为，成为幼儿行为表现的框架和评价自己和他人游戏行为的尺度。正是基于故事或作品的“再现”要求构成了表演游戏“表演性”的基础，而且也正是这种“表演性”构成了表演游戏区别于其他类型游戏的根本特征。表演游戏如果缺乏“表演性”，也就缺乏了它自身作为一种游戏类型独立存在的依据。因此，“表演性”之于表演游戏来说，也是它不可或缺的特性。兼具“游戏性”和“表演性”正是表演游戏不同于其他类型游戏的特点。 (三)表演游戏需要教师的指导 表演游戏的“表演性”要求幼儿以自身为媒介，运用包括语言、表情、动作姿势等在内的手段来再现特定的故事，这种再现的过程本身对于幼儿来说是多种能力的学习和锻炼的过程，也是幼儿获得各种有益的学习经验的过程。关于幼儿表演游戏的一般规律和年龄特点的研究表明，幼儿的表演游戏要经历一个从一般性表现到生动性表现的发展过程。但是，幼儿自身并不能完成从一般性表现到生动性表现的提升，也不能完成从目的性角色行为到嬉戏性角色行为、再professional engineer 1, each equipped with the professional technician 1, 2 technicians, carry out their duties. By the Resident Engineer of the conservation section chiefs and marketing grasp work and coordination. Six and lawn maintenance, planting is completed, often with a 1-2 lawn maintenance can grow into the fullness of the week. After the lawn grow, but also to carry out regular maintenance and management, to ensure the lawn landscape continues for a long time. Lawn maintenance management including: irrigation, fertilization, pruning, weeding and other links. 1, irrigate irrigation lawn fertility environments can be improved, adding water plant the lawn, is a guarantee of normal lawn. In view of the lawn during the growth season, lawn and the environment is in a State of flux, coordination of water and soil and improving the microclimate of the Center, water cannot be implemented according to a fixed pattern, following a number of technical points for reference. (1) the irrigation time growing season, according to the different periods of precipitation is extremely important and timely irrigation of different grass species. Can generally be divided into three periods: ? turned green before the rainy season. High temperatures during this period, transpiration, water requirements, and is one of the most crucial irrigation under soil water retention properties of strength and rainy periods during which Bush 2-4. ? largely ceased during the rainy season irrigation. Air humidity during this period, grass transpiration decreased soil moisture content has increased to a level sufficient to meet the needs of lawn growth. ? to yellowing of the leaf after this period before the rainy season precipitation, evaporation is greater, 到更高水平的目的性角色行为的回归。表演游戏的“表演性”和幼儿表演游戏的一般规律和年龄特点决定了教师对幼儿的表演游戏进行指导的必要性。帮助幼儿完成从一般性表现到生动性表现的提升、从目的性角色行为到嬉戏性角色行为、再到更高水平的目的性角色行为的回归，正是教师指导表演游戏的目的和任务所在。这也正是表演游戏不同于其他类型游戏的特点。 二、表演游戏的指导原则 根据我们的研究，我们认为在组织和指导幼儿开展表演游戏的过程中，教师应当遵循以下原则: (一)“游戏性”先于“表演性” 长期以来在幼儿园表演游戏中存在着“重表演、轻游戏”的倾向，为了让幼儿的表演迅速达到生动性表现的水平，教师往往采取立即示范或手把手地教等高控制的指导策略。这种指导策略忽略了表演游戏的“游戏性”，片面追求表演游戏的“表演性”。教师往往不给幼儿游戏的机会和时间，忽略幼儿游戏的过程，追求“即演即像”的表演结果。在这种情况下，师幼关系变成了指挥者和被动执行者的关系，教师往往把自己对于故事的理解强加到幼儿身上，角色的对话、动作、表情以教师的理解和标准为主，表演游戏因失去了其“游戏性”而成为单纯的“表演”。 要改变这种倾向，在组织和指导幼儿开展表演游戏时，要遵循的第一个基本原则就是“游戏性”先于“表演性”，要按照游戏活动的本质特点来组织和指导幼儿的表演游戏，让幼儿在活动中产生“游戏性”体验。游戏性体验是游戏活动的不可或缺的重要心理成分和构成因素。决定和影响幼儿产生游戏性体验的外部条件是:幼儿是否有自由选择的权利和可能，活动的方式和方法是否由幼儿自主决定，活动的难度(任务)是否与幼儿的能力相匹配，幼儿是否不寻求或担忧游戏以外的奖惩。 要确保所组织的活动是“游戏”而不是单纯的“表演”，教师首先应当保证幼儿拥有自由选择和自主决定的权利:即对作品或故事的理解和表现以及表现的方式方法，幼儿应当拥有自己的自由，而不是听从教师或由教师规定。同时，教师的指导不能剥夺幼儿的“游戏性”体验。教师必须按照表演游戏发展的一般规律(从一般性表现发展到生动性表现)，给幼儿自主游戏、协商磨合的时间和空间，允许幼儿探索、讨论，尊重他们的理解与表现，扶持、引导而不是指挥、导演。 基于这种“游戏性”的要求，表演游戏中的师生关系应当是一种民主平等的合作关系。教师是幼儿游戏的组织者和扶助者，而不是凌驾于幼儿之上的指挥者、领导者。教师应当为幼儿开展表演游戏创设宽松自由的游戏环境(包括时间和空间)，给幼儿充分的时间和空间去协商磨合而不是催促，鼓励和支持幼儿主动的探索和交往。活动的过程由教师和幼儿共同推动;活动的进展既来自于幼儿的兴趣和需要，也来自于教师的建议和引导。 (二)“游戏性”与“表演性”的统一 我们在活动中可以看到:通过幼儿一次次的游戏活动过程和幼儿相互之间professional engineer 1, each equipped with the professional technician 1, 2 technicians, carry out their duties. By the Resident Engineer of the conservation section chiefs and marketing grasp work and coordination. Six and lawn maintenance, planting is completed, often with a 1-2 lawn maintenance can grow into the fullness of the week. After the lawn grow, but also to carry out regular maintenance and management, to ensure the lawn landscape continues for a long time. Lawn maintenance management including: irrigation, fertilization, pruning, weeding and other links. 1, irrigate irrigation lawn fertility environments can be improved, adding water plant the lawn, is a guarantee of normal lawn. In view of the lawn during the growth season, lawn and the environment is in a State of flux, coordination of water and soil and improving the microclimate of the Center, water cannot be implemented according to a fixed pattern, following a number of technical points for reference. (1) the irrigation time growing season, according to the different periods of precipitation is extremely important and timely irrigation of different grass species. Can generally be divided into three periods: ? turned green before the rainy season. High temperatures during this period, transpiration, water requirements, and is one of the most crucial irrigation under soil water retention properties of strength and rainy periods during which Bush 2-4. ? largely ceased during the rainy season irrigation. Air humidity during this period, grass transpiration decreased soil moisture content has increased to a level sufficient to meet the needs of lawn growth. ? to yellowing of the leaf after this period before the rainy season precipitation, evaporation is greater, 的评议，幼儿的表演游戏的“表演性”逐渐提高，由一般性表现向着生动性表现水平发展。同时，作为表演游戏基础的故事也从无到有，情节不断丰富和完善。 由此可见，表演游戏的“表演性”与“游戏性”并不是互不相容的，而是可以很好地融合交织在一起的。“游戏性”应当是基本的，它体现在整个活动过程中;“表演性”则是逐渐提高完善的，由“一般性表现”向“生动性表现”发展，作为活动的结果显现出来。所以，表演游戏的“表演性”并不一定要以牺牲表演游戏的“游戏性”为代价。要做到这一点，教师一定要学会“等待”，不要催促幼儿，不要对幼儿抱不切实际的期望，指望他们在听完故事以后能够立即“生动表演”。幼儿的表演游戏从“一般性表现水平”向“生动性表现水平”的提升是一个发展的过程，它需要时间，需要“重复”和“练习”。与其把活动看做“课”，不如把活动看做一个在时间上具有连续性的、需要多次重复的过程。“重复”是幼儿学习的特点，而且幼儿也需要“重复”和喜欢“重复”。不给幼儿重复的机会不符合幼儿学习的特点。教师需要研究的是如何在活动的重复中引导和促进幼儿学习。“重复”不应当是简单重复，要维持幼儿对活动的兴趣，必须使重复具有新意和挑战。 三、表演游戏的教学潜能和发展价值 长期以来，表演游戏往往只是被当作帮助幼儿复述和记忆故事的手段，其教学功能被局限于故事教学的狭隘范围中。研究表明，表演游戏的教学功能可以超越故事教学的狭隘范围而扩展到幼儿园课程的各个领域，促进幼儿各方面的学习和发展。 (一)表演游戏的教学潜能 研究表明，以童话或故事为基础的表演游戏具有丰富的教学潜能。在以童话或故事为基础展开的、以表演游戏为主线的系列活动中，幼儿不仅仅是在学习“语言”，幼儿的学习还可以扩展到科学、数学、社会、艺术等多个课程领域。 以“昆虫怎样过冬”系列活动为例，在这个以幼儿的问题和兴趣为中心的系列活动中，幼儿不仅学习如何从不同的渠道去获得信息、了解关于各种昆虫过冬的知识，而且运用各种表征手段(包括绘画、展览、绘制图、故事创作和续编故事、表演游戏等)把自己的知识表现出来。幼儿在这个活动过程中，获得的经验(包括态度、知识和技能等)涉及语言、艺术、社会、科学、数学等多个课程领域。而且，这些不同领域的学习经验是在作为一个整体的活动的自然展开中获得的，是整个活动的自然产物。由于幼儿学习的特点和对“有意义学习”的需要，幼儿园课程应当具有综合性和整合性。幼儿园课程的这种综合和整合可以通过不同的方法来实现，同时这种综合和整合也可以有不同的水平。合乎理想的综合与整合应当是自然而然地渗透，而不应当是各领域内容简单地、人为地拼接。当前的研究表明，表演游戏是一种可以整合多领域学习的理想途径。这种整合并不是课程各领域内容的简单拼接，而是自然的联系和渗透。 (二)童话与科学的整合 童话与科学的整合，是表演游戏所特有的教学潜能。 表演游戏以故事或童话为基本线索。童话和故事往往以虚构和想像为特征，professional engineer 1, each equipped with the professional technician 1, 2 technicians, carry out their duties. By the Resident Engineer of the conservation section chiefs and marketing grasp work and coordination. Six and lawn maintenance, planting is completed, often with a 1-2 lawn maintenance can grow into the fullness of the week. After the lawn grow, but also to carry out regular maintenance and management, to ensure the lawn landscape continues for a long time. Lawn maintenance management including: irrigation, fertilization, pruning, weeding and other links. 1, irrigate irrigation lawn fertility environments can be improved, adding water plant the lawn, is a guarantee of normal lawn. In view of the lawn during the growth season, lawn and the environment is in a State of flux, coordination of water and soil and improving the microclimate of the Center, water cannot be implemented according to a fixed pattern, following a number of technical points for reference. (1) the irrigation time growing season, according to the different periods of precipitation is extremely important and timely irrigation of different grass species. Can generally be divided into three periods: ? turned green before the rainy season. High temperatures during this period, transpiration, water requirements, and is one of the most crucial irrigation under soil water retention properties of strength and rainy periods during which Bush 2-4. ? largely ceased during the rainy season irrigation. Air humidity during this period, grass transpiration decreased soil moisture content has increased to a level sufficient to meet the needs of lawn growth. ? to yellowing of the leaf after this period before the rainy season precipitation, evaporation is greater, 童话故事中的角色往往是拟人化的动物和植物，非常符合幼儿“万物有灵论”的思维特点。故事和表演游戏本身所特有的拟人化特征为幼儿提供了展开想像翅膀的广阔天空，为幼儿探索自然界的事物与现象(尤其是生物现象)提供一个很好的、具有“发展适宜性”的背景，借助于多种多样的表征手段，幼儿可以积极主动地去探索发现自然界中的生物现象，比如昆虫在春夏秋冬不同季节的形态、活动和习性、生物的繁衍和生长等等。可见，科学与童话之间并不是对立的、矛盾的关系，在幼儿的想像和游戏中，它们可以和谐地共处。 表演游戏作为种象征性游戏，可以很好地将科学与童话、事实与想像整合起来。在表演游戏中，幼儿感兴趣和关注的问题是角色的塑造及故事情节的表现和发展，这种兴趣和关注使得他们在探索和研究怎样把故事“演得更好”的同时，也在不断地发现新的问题(比如青蛙妈妈是产卵还是孵卵;蜗牛是不是昆虫等)。通过对新的问题的探索研究和讨论，幼儿的知识经验获得进一步的丰富和扩展，新获得的知识经验又进一步丰富了故事和游戏。在这样的活动中，幼儿的兴趣和需要不仅可以获得充分的表现，而且随着活动的进一步发展又出现新的认知兴趣和需要，幼儿的探索研究和故事表演形成了相互补充的良性循环。我们可以用下面的图式来说明这种互补的循环关系。 幼儿的探索研究与故事表演之间的这种关系，不仅说明了表演游戏的教学潜能，而且也揭示了游戏与幼儿园课程和教学整合的一般途径与方法。 长期以来，在幼儿园教育实践中，存在着“游戏归游戏，上课归上课”、游戏和幼儿园课程无关、“重上课，轻游戏”的倾向。改变游戏和幼儿园的课程与教学的这种相互分离、脱节的状况是实践幼儿园“以游戏为基本活动”的教育原则需要解决的一个重要问题。我们对表演游戏的研究，为解决这个问题提供了一个很好的思路。在研究中，我们看到幼儿一次又一次地要求“再玩一遍”，同时我们还发现这种主体性表演游戏使幼儿产生了一种新的“工作与游戏混合”的活动体验。这种“工作与游戏混合”的体验正是成功整合幼儿园课程和游戏的重要标志。 professional engineer 1, each equipped with the professional technician 1, 2 technicians, carry out their duties. By the Resident Engineer of the conservation section chiefs and marketing grasp work and coordination. Six and lawn maintenance, planting is completed, often with a 1-2 lawn maintenance can grow into the fullness of the week. After the lawn grow, but also to carry out regular maintenance and management, to ensure the lawn landscape continues for a long time. Lawn maintenance management including: irrigation, fertilization, pruning, weeding and other links. 1, irrigate irrigation lawn fertility environments can be improved, adding water plant the lawn, is a guarantee of normal lawn. In view of the lawn during the growth season, lawn and the environment is in a State of flux, coordination of water and soil and improving the microclimate of the Center, water cannot be implemented according to a fixed pattern, following a number of technical points for reference. (1) the irrigation time growing season, according to the different periods of precipitation is extremely important and timely irrigation of different grass species. Can generally be divided into three periods: ? turned green before the rainy season. High temperatures during this period, transpiration, water requirements, and is one of the most crucial irrigation under soil water retention properties of strength and rainy periods during which Bush 2-4. ? largely ceased during the rainy season irrigation. Air humidity during this period, grass transpiration decreased soil moisture content has increased to a level sufficient to meet the needs of lawn growth. ? to yellowing of the leaf after this period before the rainy season precipitation, evaporation is greater, (三)表演游戏的发展价值 在传统教学观念影响下的表演游戏往往只是故事教学的手段，同时在教师高控制之下的表演游戏鼓励的是幼儿对教师的模仿和服从，缺乏的是幼儿对创造的热情和渴望。这种被动的学习能够让幼儿获得的只不过是一些破碎的、静态的字词句，扼杀的却是幼儿主动探索创造的精神和充满童趣的想像与幻想。 以促进幼儿主体性发展为宗旨的表演游戏通过“创造”性质完全不同的师幼关系而赋予了表演游戏崭新的面貌，使表演游戏能够通过促进幼儿的主体性发展，有力地带动幼儿身心各方面生动活泼、主动的发展，并因而呈.现出内涵丰富的发展价值。 可见，表演游戏的发展价值和教学潜能能否充分实现取决于教师的组织和指导方法。不同的指导方法可以带来表演游戏中不同的师幼关系和幼儿不同的行为表现，也因此决定了表演游戏不同的发展价值。 四、表演游戏的指导策略 (一)指导表演游戏可用的方法 1.观察。 游戏是教师了解幼儿学习兴趣和需要的最好窗口。通过对幼儿学习特点、需要与兴趣的了解，教师可以与幼儿互动生成和发展课程。教师应该:?在日常活动中随机地观察，敏锐发现幼儿的学习兴趣和需要，然后以此为依据，及时地组织和指导幼儿开展相应的学习活动。?在游戏中进行班级整体扫描式观professional engineer 1, each equipped with the professional technician 1, 2 technicians, carry out their duties. By the Resident Engineer of the conservation section chiefs and marketing grasp work and coordination. Six and lawn maintenance, planting is completed, often with a 1-2 lawn maintenance can grow into the fullness of the week. After the lawn grow, but also to carry out regular maintenance and management, to ensure the lawn landscape continues for a long time. Lawn maintenance management including: irrigation, fertilization, pruning, weeding and other links. 1, irrigate irrigation lawn fertility environments can be improved, adding water plant the lawn, is a guarantee of normal lawn. In view of the lawn during the growth season, lawn and the environment is in a State of flux, coordination of water and soil and improving the microclimate of the Center, water cannot be implemented according to a fixed pattern, following a number of technical points for reference. (1) the irrigation time growing season, according to the different periods of precipitation is extremely important and timely irrigation of different grass species. Can generally be divided into three periods: ? turned green before the rainy season. High temperatures during this period, transpiration, water requirements, and is one of the most crucial irrigation under soil water retention properties of strength and rainy periods during which Bush 2-4. ? largely ceased during the rainy season irrigation. Air humidity during this period, grass transpiration decreased soil moisture content has increased to a level sufficient to meet the needs of lawn growth. ? to yellowing of the leaf after this period before the rainy season precipitation, evaporation is greater, 察，观察幼儿的表情、言行，判断他们是处于积极主动的活动状态还是无所事事的消极状态，判断空间材料是否适合幼儿活动需要。?在游戏中有重点地个别观察，注意小组幼儿或个别幼儿的特定需要，适时适度地提供帮助。 2.提供材料。 在表演游戏中，教师提供材料的目的是支持幼儿的活动，而不能仅仅把材料当做“道具”。因此，什么时候提供什么样的材料，应当根据幼儿活动的实际需要。当幼儿还没有产生对材料的需求时，教师不必立即呈现自己认为必要的材料或“道具”。在幼儿眼中，教师事先准备的精美的道具并不比他们自己制作的道具更具吸引力，而制作道具过程本身就是个可以给幼儿带来快乐、蕴含着丰富的学习机会的一种活动，教师不能为追求“表演结果”或节省时间而省略这个颇具教育价值的环节。诸如纸、笔、盒子、木板这样的原始材料，可以为幼儿的探究提供更多的机会和可能性。 3.组织讨论。 小组讨论与互相评议对于幼儿主体性的发挥和表演能力的提高是极为有利的。 教师是幼儿表演游戏和小组讨论的组织者和支持者。在小组讨论中，教师的引导性提问十分重要。比如在“昆虫怎样过冬”活动中，在幼儿每次表演活动以后教师都会问:觉得演得好吗，好在哪里，不好在哪里?这些问题可以引导幼儿去反思自己的活动，发现其中存在的问题并寻找解决问题的办法。这种引导性提问向幼儿提出许多挑战，促使游戏不断向前发展。 教师应为幼儿的讨论营造一种民主平等的气氛。教师不应扮演“裁判”的角色来评定幼儿表现的“好坏”，也不应扮演答案的提供者来告诉幼儿应该如何做。教师应该不断激发幼儿思考，让他们自己发现存在的问题，提出解决问题的方法。当发现幼儿在游戏中缺乏有关的知识经验时，教师可以通过提问使幼儿产生有关“问题”的意识，让幼儿带着问题在游戏活动以外去寻找相关的信息而不是当场告诉幼儿答案。 4.记录。 记录的对象是活动过程及其结果，包括:幼儿的各种作品、所搜集和使用的有关物品和材料、幼儿在游戏过程中的言谈及行为表现的描述等等。其形式包括图画、实物、照片、录音、录像、幻灯、文字说明等。记录的主体既包括教师，也包括幼儿。 professional engineer 1, each equipped with the professional technician 1, 2 technicians, carry out their duties. By the Resident Engineer of the conservation section chiefs and marketing grasp work and coordination. Six and lawn maintenance, planting is completed, often with a 1-2 lawn maintenance can grow into the fullness of the week. After the lawn grow, but also to carry out regular maintenance and management, to ensure the lawn landscape continues for a long time. Lawn maintenance management including: irrigation, fertilization, pruning, weeding and other links. 1, irrigate irrigation lawn fertility environments can be improved, adding water plant the lawn, is a guarantee of normal lawn. In view of the lawn during the growth season, lawn and the environment is in a State of flux, coordination of water and soil and improving the microclimate of the Center, water cannot be implemented according to a fixed pattern, following a number of technical points for reference. (1) the irrigation time growing season, according to the different periods of precipitation is extremely important and timely irrigation of different grass species. Can generally be divided into three periods: ? turned green before the rainy season. High temperatures during this period, transpiration, water requirements, and is one of the most crucial irrigation under soil water retention properties of strength and rainy periods during which Bush 2-4. ? largely ceased during the rainy season irrigation. Air humidity during this period, grass transpiration decreased soil moisture content has increased to a level sufficient to meet the needs of lawn growth. ? to yellowing of the leaf after this period before the rainy season precipitation, evaporation is greater, 记录的材料不仅仅是留作“展示”之用，给来访者(包括领导、家长、同事等)看的，而更应当做师幼互动的媒介和活动进一步发展的依据。 (二)中、大班幼儿表演游戏的指导 中大班幼儿的表演游戏具有一些不同的年龄特点，因此在指导上也要注意年龄特点。 1.中班幼儿表演游戏的指导。 中班幼儿表演游戏的年龄特点是:可以自行分配角色但角色更换的意识不强;游戏的目的性差，需要教师一定的提示才能坚持游戏主题;游戏的性差，展开游戏需要较长的时间;以一般性表现为主，以动作为主要表现手段。因此，教师应为中班幼儿提供适宜的游戏时间和空间，并注意材料的结构化程度。幼儿的表演游戏需要一个安全、有趣的环境，因此要为幼儿准备封闭或半封闭的空间，这个空间最好在一定时间内是固定的，给幼儿认同感和安全感。保证幼儿有不少于30分钟的游戏时间。为中班幼儿提供的材料要简单易搭，不能是那种需要幼儿花很长时间与很大精力才能够准备好的材料。当给中班幼儿的材料种类过多时会对活动造成干扰，所以，材料以2--4种为宜。 在游戏最初开展阶段，教师要帮助幼儿做好配组工作，讲解角色更换原则。教师不要过多干预幼儿的游戏，不要急于示范，要耐心等待幼儿协商、讨论，提醒幼儿坚持游戏主题。在游戏展开阶段，教师应提高幼儿的角色表现意识，可以参与幼儿的游戏，为幼儿提供适当的示范。 2.大班幼儿表演游戏的指导 大班幼儿表演游戏的年龄特点是:能独立完成角色分配任务，并有很强的角色更换意识;游戏的目的性、计划性较强，能自觉表现故事内容;具有一定的表演意识，但尚待提高;具备一定的表演技巧，能灵活运用多种表现手段，但表现水平尚待提高。 可以为大班幼儿提供较多种类的游戏材料以鼓励和支持他们进行多样化探索。在游戏的最初阶段，教师除了提供时间、空间和基本材料外，应尽可能少地干预。随着游戏的展开，教师应该及时给幼儿提供反馈，提高幼儿表现故事、塑造角色的能力。对于大班幼儿来说，教师反馈的侧重点应在如何塑造角色上。要帮助幼儿注意运用语气语调、夸张的动作、生动的表情来塑造角色。 由于本研究主要以中大班幼儿为对象，对小班幼儿的表演游戏的指导还有待于今后进一步的研究与探讨。 professional engineer 1, each equipped with the professional technician 1, 2 technicians, carry out their duties. By the Resident Engineer of the conservation section chiefs and marketing grasp work and coordination. Six and lawn maintenance, planting is completed, often with a 1-2 lawn maintenance can grow into the fullness of the week. After the lawn grow, but also to carry out regular maintenance and management, to ensure the lawn landscape continues for a long time. Lawn maintenance management including: irrigation, fertilization, pruning, weeding and other links. 1, irrigate irrigation lawn fertility environments can be improved, adding water plant the lawn, is a guarantee of normal lawn. In view of the lawn during the growth season, lawn and the environment is in a State of flux, coordination of water and soil and improving the microclimate of the Center, water cannot be implemented according to a fixed pattern, following a number of technical points for reference. (1) the irrigation time growing season, according to the different periods of precipitation is extremely important and timely irrigation of different grass species. Can generally be divided into three periods: ? turned green before the rainy season. High temperatures during this period, transpiration, water requirements, and is one of the most crucial irrigation under soil water retention properties of strength and rainy periods during which Bush 2-4. ? largely ceased during the rainy season irrigation. Air humidity during this period, grass transpiration decreased soil moisture content has increased to a level sufficient to meet the needs of lawn growth. ? to yellowing of the leaf after this period before the rainy season precipitation, evaporation is greater,