中国未来职业发展趋势

中国未来职业发展趋势 中国未来职业发展趋势展望 21世纪中国急需的人才 专家对我国科学技术的发展进行了分析和预测～随着我国经济、社会文化和科学技术的发展～我国的产业机构将发生根本的变化。未来10年有较大的发展潜力的行业和急需的人才主要有:电子技术、生物工程、航天技术、海洋开发与利用、新能源、新材料、信息技术、机电一体化、农业科技、环境保护技术、生物工程研究与开发、工商与国际经贸、律师等 方面的人才。 在未来10年中～我国科学技术方面有重大发展潜力的领域有: (1)、生物技术。生物技术主要是基因工程、蛋白质合成工程以及生物制品开发为核心的研究领域～将对二十一世界人类社会的发展产生重大的影响。生物技术的发展将使人类从根本上解决威胁人类的疾病～改善人类的生产、生活、甚至人类未来的命运。 (2)、以信息技术为主导的高技术～该领域的主要技术包括计算机和互联网技术、人工智能技术等。在1998年至2000年两年的时间里～以计算机技术和国际互联网技术在世界各国得到迅速发展～以这些技术为主的公司和企业在这两年的时间里～技术和资产得到了迅猛的发展～代表高技术发展的美国纳斯达克股票和计算机、互联网的股票价格成倍上涨～香港和国内的网络股票和从事计算机生产和经营的股票也大幅度上涨。尽管2000年下半年至今～代表计算机和互联网技术的股票大幅度回落。但是～从信息技术的未来发展趋势看～信息技术在未来的科学技术领域仍将飞速发展～并逐渐将当前知识经济中存在的“泡沫”不断平息～使信息技术真正引导世界经济与技术发展的潮流。 (3)、新材料科学领域。材料科学是与人们日常生活和科学技术发展密切相关的应用科学领域。人类生产生活中需要各种特殊的高性能的材料～如工业和高科技领域需要的各种合金材料～超导材料～用于制造各种芯片的半导体材料～生活中的各种高分子合成材料(用于服装、洗涤用品、美容保健品等)～最近成为新材料技术热点的纳米技术～这些新材料科学技术的发展带来的高技术产品～ 给人类的生活带来了方便～提高了人类的生活质量和效率。在未来发展中～新材料科学将仍成为科技发展的主导领域。 (4)、新能源及相应技术开发领域。作为传统能源的石油、天然气、煤碳等能源用尽的时候～而人类生产生活的主导能源仍是这些能源～人类将无法生存。在未来的发展中～人类必须寻找新的能源替代这些即将耗尽的能源。其中～核聚变能、太阳能、海洋能源、风能、水电能源等将成为未来能源开发的主导领域～并在此基础上～寻找和开发新的能源。 (5)、空间技术。二十一世纪将是人类开发外太空的时代～空间技术的发展将为人类开发和利用太空资源提供技术手段。随着科学技术的发展～人类对太空的利用也越来越多～效率也不断提高～如遍布于地球外层空间的用于通讯、军事、地理遥感、天气观测、天文观测等领域各种卫星～用于做各种材料合成实验、科学实验和太空中转站的太空站～在地球以外空间进行空间探索的宇宙飞船～等等。在未来的发展中～人类还将对太空进行进一步的开发。如建立太阳能太空发电站、在太空建立人类居住的太空城、开发外太空的行星、天然卫星、小行星等天体上的矿物资源和能源等～这一切都需要先进的空间技术支持。 (6)、海洋技术与海洋资源开发。海洋资源是人类赖以生存的重要资源库～它是人类的食品和原材料的重要来源～而目前人类对海洋资源的开发是非常有限的～对海洋资源的合理开发和利用将对人类社会经济与技术的发展产生重要的影响。 专家预测～上述六个领域的技术在未来的社会发展中可以形成九大科技产业～这些产业包括:生物工程产业、生物医药产业、光电子信息产业、智能机械产业、软件产业、新材料开发与制造产业、核能与太阳能等新能源开发产业、空间技术与开发产业、海洋技术与开发产业。 21世纪中国社会的主导职业 我国的人事管理机构根据全国各类专业协会的有关统计资料～对我国未来急需人才进行了分析和预测。分析结果认为～我国未来世纪的主导职业包括:会计、计算机、软件开发、环保、健康与保健医药、咨询服务、保险、法律、老年医学、服务、公关与服务、市场营销、生命科学、咨询与社会工作、旅游管理与服务、人力资源管理等十六个行业。这十六中职业的基本情况及相关专业如下: ?、会计类职业。随着社会经济的发展和财务管理化～社会上的各中企业事业单位对会计的需求也大大提高～会计也将成为各行业中的一个热门专业～社会地位和收入也较高。该行业的从业者应具有助理会计师、会计师和高级会计师等不同职称或专业资格认证的专业人才～一般需要具有会计专业、财经专业、统计学专业等专业的学历或学位～并通过国家的各等级的会计师资格考试～达到会计师上岗的各种资格证书。 ?、计算机技术类。随着计算机技术的发展和广泛应用～计算机硬件、软件的开发、应用和维护成为社会各行业工作的重要组成部分～并配臵部分计算机技术人员从事计算机软硬件方面的安装、调试和维护工作。因此～在各行业(如银行、医院、政府部门、企业等)对计算机技术方面的专业人才的需求也越来越大～待遇也比较优厚～这些行业需要的专业人才包括计算机硬件工程师、程序员、网络管理员、系统维护专家、及数据库管理人员等～这些专业人员一般需要获得计算机、信息技术、电子技术或相关专业的学历或学位。 ?、计算机软件开发类。计算机技术的普及促进了计算机软件业的飞速发展～软件开发成为计算机行业的重要开发领域～软件专家成为软件开发业热门人才。软件开发专家主要从事操作系统、开发工具、应用软件等计算机软件的开发工作～要求具有计算机软件专业或相关专业的学历或学位～并具有一定的软件开发经验。这项职业在未来相当长的时间里～将成为社会上的高技术和高待遇的职业。 ?、环境保护类。随着环境污染的加重和国家与公众环保意识的增强～社会对环境保护类专业的人才需求将呈直线上升趋势。环境保护具体包括环境监测、环境质量、环境治理(环境工程)、和环境卫生等方面的工作～需要环境科学、地理学、生物学、环境化学、环境工程学等方面的专业人才。 ?、中医和健康医学类。改革开放以来～我国的人均收入和生活水平有了大幅度的提高～人们对自己的生活状态和健康状况也越来越关注～健康医学也应运而生～医用保健品的市场也越来越大～中医学和健康医学成为一个受大众关注的领域。由于西医对一些疑难病症的疗效不大～而中医在辨证治疗和整体治疗方面具有独到之处～而且与当今的生物制药领域有密切的关系。因此～社会对中医师和健康医学人才的需求量将逐渐增加。通常这方面职业从业者需要获得生物医学或中医学专业方面的学历或学位。 ?、咨询服务类。当今的社会是一个信息膨胀的社会～信息获取已经成为科学技术发展和商业运作的关键环节。社会分工的精细化和专门化促进了信息咨询和相关咨询行业的发展～并成为社会发展和进步的一个主导职业。目前社会上的咨询行业有企业咨询、心理咨询、信息咨询(包括各种信息服务咨询)、教育咨询等等。从事咨询业需要具有教育学、心理学、管理学、信息科学、经济学等方面的学历或学位。 ?、保险类。社会经济结构的变化和各种不可预期的因素给人们的工作和生活增添了很多不确定的因素～这就需要有完善社会保障体系～社会保障体系不断完善促进了保险业的发展～保险业的发展将人们生活中的不确定因素造成的损失降低到最小的限度。社会对保险业务员、管理人员、精算师和索赔估价员需要也不断提高～待遇也高于一般的职业。一般从事保险业的人员需要具有保险专业、金融专业、经济类专业、管理类专业的学历或学位。 ?、法律类。随着社会的发展和进步～法律法规也不断健全和完善～国家颁布的各种法律法规将越来越多、越来越详细～一般的老百姓对众多的法律条文不可能了解得很清楚～从事司法工作的政府机构(如法院、检察院)也需要高素质、高学历的法律人才。同时～为了更好地开展法律咨询和处理各种刑事和民事案件～律师在社会上的需求量将越来越大～律师行业将成为一个高智力高社会地位和高收入的职业。从事律师行业需要具有法律或其他任何专业领域的学历或学位～并获得国家的律师资格证书。 ?、老年医学类。人口老龄化是全世界和我国面临的一个严峻的问题。随之而来的就是老年人的医疗、社会保障、心理问题等一系列社会问题～如何解决这样一个庞大群体上述方面的需求成为一个重要的、急待解决的问题。其中老年医疗和保健是最突出的一个问题～从事老年医学方面职业的社会需求也将大大提高。社会将急需医学、老年医学、健康保健和护理等方面的专业人才～从事老年人医疗保健事业。如此大的社会需求也将为这个行业的从业者带来丰厚的经济回报～同时也将为老年人的身心健康做出贡献。 ?、家庭护理和服务类。社会生活和工作节奏的加快使家庭成员的压力加大～照顾病人、老人和孩子成为年轻和中年父母的沉重负担～家庭护理的需求量也因此大大提高。相关的热门人才为幼儿教师和家庭服务人员～这类人员通常不需要很高的学历。但是～对于这个行业的管理者～则需要具备社会服务、管理学等方面的学历或学位的专门人才。 ?、专业公关类。公关和企业形象设计对一个公司或企业的发展是至观重要的～公关行业因此成为极有发展有前景的职业～该职业的从业者一般需要获得公共关系学、社会服务类专业、经济贸易类专业、管理类专业的学位～并具有相关的工作经验。 ?、市场营销类。市场营销对企业产品销售公关是非常重要的一个环节～在当今和未来社会发展中～产品的独立承销商和销售网络的建立将成为企业运作的主要形式。这些承销商和销售网络同时负责为公司进行广告宣传和相应的技术或销售服务。证券及金融业、通讯、医疗器械、计算机与网络设备、一般的商业机构(如商场)等以经营商品或某一产品的企业或公司均需要市场营销方面的人才。从事这方面的人员一般需要具有市场营销学、管理学、经济类专业的学历或学位。 ?、生物化学和生物技术类。生物化学和生物技术是近些年科学研究与生物技术开发的一个热门领域～该领域在生物制药、保健品开发、治疗疑难病症的药品的研制、人工蛋白质的合成等方面有巨大的发展潜力。目前的新药重要是生物化学家与生物技术专家开发出来的～并对治疗和预防疾病起到了主要的作用。该领域的从业者一般需要具有生物化学、生物技术、生物医学、分子生物学等专业的学位。 ?、心理学类。我国已经将心理学列为二十一世纪重点发展的十几个学科之一。自1997年起～国家教育部在北京师范大学、浙江大学、华东师范大学等重点院校建立了心理学理科基础研究人才培养基地。此后～国家在心理学领域的投入力度逐年加大～心理科学也逐渐成为一个受国家和社会关注的专业～在社会各行业中的需求也不断量也不断提高。如从事市场研究、人力资源开发、心理咨询与心理治疗、学习障碍的矫正、教育、心理学研究、人机交互作用的研究等等均需要大量的心理学人才。在中国～心理学作为一个新兴的学科～也得到国家政府部门、社会各行业的广泛关注和重视～并在社会的各领域中得到广泛应用。从事心理学方面的职业需要获得心理学专业或应用心理学专业的学位。 ?、旅游类。人们收入和生活质量的提高～对户外娱乐、休闲和旅游活动经济和时间上的投入也逐渐增加～并促使旅游业迅速发展。旅游业是投入少收益高的行业～获取的利润较为丰厚～在21世纪旅游业将迅速发展。人们在旅游方面的消费也将大幅度提高～随之对旅游代理公司的需求也将大幅度增加～同 时也将带动相关产业的迅速发展。如航空公司、出租车公司、客轮公司、商业、宾馆和餐饮业等。旅游业的发展将促进社会经济的全面发展～旅游业也将成为国家重点开发的产业之一。该职业的从业者一般需要具有旅游管理或管理学、地理学或相关专业的学位或学历。 ?、人力资源类。未来社会的竞争是人才的竞争～谁拥有人才谁将在激烈的竞争中拥有立足之地。在近几年的发展中～无论是政府机构还是企业～都建立了专门负责招聘人才的人事机构或人力资源部。其职能已不再是传统的人才的档案管理～其主要的职能是招聘和培训员工～使人尽其才～物尽其用～最大限度地开发人力资源的潜力～创造最大的经济效益和社会效益。人力资源管理也因此倍受企事业单位的重视～并成为政府机构和企业的重要职能机构。如国家人事部考试中心有专门负责公务员和企业力资源开发方面的中心～在国内的企事业单位人才选拔和安臵方面做了大量的工作～开发了一系列人才选拔方面的工具。在国内的新兴的大型企业和国外的大公司中也都设有专门的人力资源部～负责企业和公司的各级人才的选拔和员工培训。如国内北大方正和联想公司～国外的IBM、NOKIE、MOTOROLA等著名的公司均有专门的人力资源部门和人力资源专家。在未来社会发展中～对人力资源专家的需求也将不断增大。从事这方面职业需要具有人力资源管理、心理学、管理学等方面的学历或学位。 21世纪中国最有发展前景的行业 根据社会学家和经济学家的预测～随着中国市场经济的发展和经济结构的调整～各行业在社会发展中的地位和发展潜力也在发生变化。某些行业社会需求加大促进了这些行业的蓬勃发展～并成为未来社会发展的主导产业。据有关专家的预测～21世纪巨大发展潜力的行业主要有: 1、网络信息咨询与服务业。当今的时代是一个信息时代～信息网络技术的发展使人们对网络信息的依赖也越来越大～网络信息服务也成为社会上的一个重要的行业。这个行业包含了网上购物、商业信息服务、广告媒体服务、技术信息咨询与服务等等。 2、房地产开发业。随着住房政策改革和住房的商品化～房地产开发业成为一个繁荣兴旺的行业～购房也成为每个家庭的一件头等大事～房地产开发业也因此面临无限的商机～并因此带动了与之相关的房地产开发、咨询、销售业务、物业管理、租借、二手房转让行业的迅速发展。房地产开发具有巨大的市场～也具有较高的利润汇报～因此～成为众多房地产投资者的青睐。 3、社会保险业。随着国家经济的进步和社会保障体系的不断完善～人们的安全防护意识也不断提高～保险意识越来越强。对于一般的家庭来说～都意识到了花少量投入～保证家庭财务和成员的生命财产安全。因此～保险业也日益受到人们的重视。 4、家用汽车制造业。国家经济的飞速发展和人们物质生活的不断提高～家庭对汽车的需求量也呈不断上升趋势～个人对家用汽车的需求将在今后相当长的时间内持续上升～给家用汽车制造业带来前所未有的机会～商家也将从中获得丰厚的利润。同时～家用汽车市场的发展还将带动汽车配件、维修以及相关的技术产品生产业等行业的发展。 5、邮政与电讯业。在当今的快节奏高效率的时代～人们对信息传递快接性、同步性的要求越来越高～对相关通讯产品(如电话、手机、传真机)以及通讯服务的需求也越来越高～目前中国的电话与移动电话人均拥有率远低于世界平均水平～中国通讯市场的开发潜力巨大～这将给通讯业带来新的机遇和丰厚利润。 6、老年医疗保健品业。专家预测到2000年～我国老龄人口将达到1.3亿左右～中国也随之步入人口老龄化的社会。老年人比例的增加带来很多医疗、保健、社区服务等方面的需求的增加。因此～从事老年人保养品、药品、生活必需品、社区服务等将具有很大的发展前景～并形成一个独特的产业。 7、妇女儿童用品业。随着人们对生活质量要求的提高～尤其是女性朋友和儿童对服装、化妆品、洗涤用品以及她(他)们生活中的一些必需品的需求也越来越大。在这些用品上的投入也比较高～并带动相关的产业的迅速发展～在未来的社会发展中～这一行业的仍然有巨大的发展潜力。 8、旅游休闲及相关产业。人们生活水平的提高以及节假日数量的增多～外出旅游休闲成为人们生活中的一件很平常的事情。人们旅游休闲的机会也越来越多～这不仅带动了旅游业的发展～同时也代用了服务业、运动产品、体育场馆、旅行社、旅游产品等行业的繁荣发展～形成了一个促进经济发展的强大产业。 9、建筑与装潢业。国内城市的居民住房的商品化～带动了装修业的发展～室内装饰产品和装修工程承包业成为一个获利丰厚的行业。据有关部门的统计资料表明～当前城市居民装修住房的投入大约在2-5万元左右不等～并促进了装饰材料业的发展。 10、餐饮、娱乐与服务业。社会生活节奏的加快使人们对快餐业的需求增加。虽然国外的西式快餐业在中国迅速发展～但是～西餐式的快餐业更多地是针对儿童市场。对于中国人来说～更习惯于中国式的快餐～因此中式快餐业在未来社会发展中将占有重要的地位。 【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【 中国经济未来最有前景的十大行业和领域 中国经济未来最有前景的十大行业和领域 中国经济存在的主要机会～分为三个部分: 中国政府目前手中控制的资源到底有多少, 中国经济的增长的潜力, 中国经济未来最有前景的行业和领域。 中国政府家底是多少呢,不计其数～主要有以下几种: 一、全国所有的土地、森林、湖泊、矿山等等自然资源～这些资源的价值是不可限量的～政府在非常时刻可能会动用一切手段～而出售这些国有资产是最简单、最有成效的办法, 二、政府拥有中央银行～可以在出现还债困难时～直接开动印钞机, 三、政府控制了1XXXX亿美元的外汇储备, 四、政府拥有大量国有企业的股权、其价值数以万亿计, 五、政府每年可以从老百姓手里收取5万亿左右的税收及其他财政收入～而且只要经济不出现大的波动～这个数字将会以15%以上的年均增长速度增长～政府还拥有加税的权利, 六、政府拥有军队、司法等强制国家机器可以在非常时期采用强制手段。 中国经济增长的主要潜力: 一、中国人口基数大～市场潜力无穷～消费者尽管很穷～但是吃穿用住行、生老病死等刚性的消费支出潜在的市场容量相当大, 二、中国已经出现了富裕阶层～奢侈消费潜力巨大～有可能成为全球第二大奢侈品市场, 三、人口素质逐步提高～劳动力素质逐步提高～劳动者的技能和生产效率提高的潜力较大, 四、国家利用对经济的控制力～引导市场发展的力量不可小视, 五、三十年的改革发展已经奠定了一定的经济基础和技术基础, 六、城市化是中国未来很长一段时间的主要工作～城市化过程中会有大量的基础设施建设、房地产开发、公共服务需求等等一系列需求, 七、中国企业慢慢走向世界、在全球范围争夺资源和市场等等。 中国未来最有前景的行业是什么,我写这一段的主要目的是给大家择业、投资等提供一些参考性的指导意见。按照前景的优劣我想主要有以下几个行业: 1、排在第一位的是水务行业～包括水资源、污水处理、海水淡化技术等。很多朋友或许会说～为什么会是水呢,因为水是一种谁也离不开的、不可替代的、再生有较大成本的资源,而某种资源价值的高低取决于需求和供给之间的关系～或者说资源的稀缺性。从需求方面来看～随着中国经济的不断发展～对水的需求是刚性上涨的～而且水的需求弹性是很小的～也就是说需求者愿意为了水资源出无穷高的价格,另外13亿多人的中国～水需求无疑是相当巨大的。 来看供给～中国水资源的供给是相当紧缺的～看一些数据。中国水资源总量达到2.8万亿立方米～但人均水资源占有量只有2200立方米～相当于世界人均水平的1/4,中国的水资源在时间和空间上分布不均匀～夏秋多～冬春少,南多北少、东多西少,除了自然禀赋方面的原因外～环境污染正严重影响中国的水资源供给,据官方统计～中国半数以上的主要水道都受到污染～水既无法饮用～也无法用于灌溉～现有超过3亿人,接近中国1/4人口,缺乏干净的饮用水,据国家环保总局的监测～2005年全国七大水系的411个地表水监测断面中有27%的断面为劣?类水质～全国约1/2的城市市区地下水污染严重,水体污染实际上减少了可供人类使用的水资源数量～人为制造了水资源紧缺。其实～缺水是全世界多数国家面临的问题～我猜想未来战争的一个重要起因很可能是大国争夺水资源。 其实～现在已经有外资以高溢价收购或控股中国的水务项目。8月18日～扬州自来水股权转让项目招标～转让49%的净资产价值1.8亿元～中标公司有30年的指定区域内供水特许经营权,共有4家水务公司进行投标～跨国公司中法水务以8.95亿元的投标价格独占鳌头～报价为资产价值的5倍左右。8月22日～天津自来水项目49%股权转让～评估资产价格为7亿多元～其中～招标方的硬性条款规定“必须溢价30%以上”,在各竞标公司报价中～中法水务为11.9亿元～威立雅水务21.8亿元。对于外资高溢价收购各地水务项目～有控制权的地方政府往往举双手赞成:一是可以增加地方政府的收益～二是为当地引进了外资～三是现在没有提高水价～老百姓没受影响。不过～这种情况发展下去～谁也不可能清楚将会为未来留下什么隐患。资本是逐利的～外资不会来做慈善～它付出的高溢价最终都会在将来业务中回收。我想中国老百姓未来会发现水费在他们的生活支出中占了大头。 所以～大家如果想要进行长期性投资～买一些水资源、水处理、污水设备生产的企业股权应该回报会不错。从择业和选择专业方向来看～水资源利用和 处理、海水淡化处理、水循环利用等应该是未来不错的行业。 2、排在第二位的是奢侈品行业～包括私人飞机、邮轮、高档轿车、高档消费品、高档会所、高档保健等等。虽然中国整体上并不富裕～但是中国富裕人群的总数是相当惊人的。中国的富人心态比较浮躁～愿意为了奢侈消费出大价钱～我相信这个行业未来的发展不可限量。 3、排在第三位的是医疗保健,包括心理咨询,行业。由于中国的医疗行业实行的基本上是政府完全垄断～所以有效供给是不充足的,这就解释为什么大家看病贵、看病难、送红包等问题。其实～我个人觉得中国医生的地位和收入被人为地压低了。在美国收入排名第一的是医生和律师～其次才是商业～再其次才是公共服务,公务员,,在中国好像反过来了～公务员第一、商业第二、医生啊什么排在后面呢。我想老百姓对医疗的需求是无穷大的～只要他们能够支付起医疗费用～而且随着人们收入水平的提高～对健康的投资会越来越多。 大家可以看到～中国很多行业开放基本上按这个轨迹走～起点是政府完全垄断～慢慢开放到中外合资政府寡头垄断～再到垄断竞争～再到完全竞争等,而这个行业专业人员的市场价值慢慢随着市场的开放体现出来了。金融行业是一个典型的例子～原来政府大包大揽～金融从业人员撑不死也饿不着～但是随着2003年以来的金融改革～金融从业人员的市场价值很快显现出来了～金融从业人员的收入水涨船高,老实说～金融专业人员的收入在未来还会进一步提高～直到这个市场完全体现了专业人员的价值。 医疗行业是中国开放很缓慢的一个行业～但是我相信医疗行业一定会开放。当然不会像餐饮行业那样完全彻底开放～但是至少会像金融行业一样～允许外资、民营资本进入,等到行业开放的时候～医疗行业的专业人员的市场价值会很快显现～一些医疗机构的市场价值也是令人振奋的。 可惜～从投资角度来看～现在很难找到合适的企业～只有医疗器械制造和制药公司可以投资,择业和专业角度来看～医生、心理咨询师、制药等是很不错的行业。 4、排在第四位的金融行业,包括银行、保险、证券、信托、资产管理、融资租赁、典当、财务服务等,。我们知道金融在行业的纵向排序中是属于等级比较高的～意思是按照人类的需求层面来看～农林牧渔业排在最底层是最基础的～其次应该是食品加工、医疗卫生、饮用水、能源等～再次是制造业、建筑业、商业、交通运输业、通讯信息业等～再其次是金融业、文化传媒业、科学研究、教育、公共服务,政府机构,业等。所以金融业有一个明显的特征～经济增长强劲的时候～金融业往往独占鳌头～收入和地位很高,经济不景气的时候～受 打击最大的往往也是金融行业,当然瘦死的骆驼比马大～只要社会不动荡～没有全面的战争～金融业永远是行业的首选。 从投资的角度来看～现在不是投资金融业的最佳时期～因为长期的经济景气使金融业企业的估值高企～建议谨慎。从选择专业和择业的角度来看～金融业是相当不错的行业～大家可以大胆进入。 5、排在第五位的是房地产业。上文中已经提高～每个中国人都有一个梦想——拥有一个属于自己的家～所以未来几十年～房地产行业的发展还是会很可观的。另外～国家很有可能会学美国～设立专门的房地产抵押贷款担保机构,美国有三大机构～联邦国民抵押贷款协会、联邦住房抵押贷款公司以及政府抵押贷款协会,给中产以上家庭提供担保抵押～保证他们能够买得起房子～同时推进中国房地产抵押贷款证券化。所以从需求的角度看～房地产行业的前景相当不错。 6、排在第六位的是广告传媒娱乐业。中国虽然意识形态控制比较严格～但是也不会看不到开放的机会。广告、传媒、娱乐的开放近在咫尺～大家可以作为一个有发展潜力的行业来对待,这个行业最大的缺陷是受管制比较严重～容易受到政策变动的影响～不过长期还是很看好的。 7、排在第七的是资源类,包括有色金属、矿产、煤炭、水泥、玻璃等,以及能源类,石油石化电力行业包括核电,。这个行业在中国的前景一定会很好～因为一个国家的经济崛起肯定要消耗更多的资源、能源等。当然～从投资的角度看～能源类企业是长期投资的上等选择。择业就不用多说了。 8、第八是教育和培训行业。中国劳动人口基数巨大～劳动力技术技能培养的需求也是巨大的～这个行业的潜力从新东方火热上市就可以看出端倪。 8、第八是消费品行业～我们13亿人口的刚性消费就会是一个天量数据～所以零售、物流、快递、电子商务等等应该会前景乐观,但是这个行业的最大问题是竞争比较充分～随经济周期波动比较大。 9、第九是老年服务业。主要是养老院、老年保健、老年营养学等为老年人服务的行业。中国目前已经是老龄社会～未来老年人的数量会直线上升。未来年轻人需要照顾的老年人数量越来越多～年轻人唯有依靠社会化专业服务才能保证上一代的正常生活。当然～这个行业目前可投资的产品比较少～但是可以 说是一个创业的好市场。 10、第十是农业。农业是所有行业的根本。农业最重要～但是农业从业人口最多～竞争最充分～国家对农业的保护很多。但是农业投资的回报期长～受气候等不可抗力影响较大～非投资的上乘之选。 以上十个行业判断只是凭个人的经验作出的～供大家参考。另外需要提醒大家的是～在所有行业工作～大家一定要从事该行业最核心的工作。例如～如果你想到银行工作～你必须从事金融市场、公司客户服务、个人客户服务、风险管理等专业工作～不能从事什么办公室、人事服务之类的后勤保障工作,因为核心职位一定是行业里报酬最高的工作～而非核心岗位肯定是依附于核心工作的～在薪酬分配上往往是核心岗位人员吃肉～非核心岗位人员喝汤。 3G工程师 据计世资讯发布的相关研究报告称～估计国内3G人才缺口将达到50万人以上。由于目前3G人才比较少～尤其是复合型人才奇缺～预计4年之后3G工程师的基本年薪会在15万元至20万元。“从目前的一些趋势来看～在无线增值服务行业里的一些精通2.5G技术的人才年薪都在10万元左右～3G到来之后这些人才的收入应该会更高。”业内人士表示。 网络媒体人才 目前～类似于在搜狐的网络编辑的月薪都在5000元左右、中等职位的收入在8000元至10000元。“相信4年之后整个网络媒体的广告收入越来越多的时候～从业人员会有一个更好的回报。”目前～不少网络编辑对自己所从事的行业都颇有信心。 同声传译 同声传译员被称为“21世纪第一大紧缺人才”。随着中国对外经济交流的增多和奥运会带来的“会务商机”的涌现～需要越来越多的同声传译员。 “同传的薪金不是按照年薪和月薪来算的～是按照小时和分钟来算的～现在的价码是每小时4000元到8000元。”相关人士如是说。“4年之后入驻中国和北京的外国大公司越来越多～这一行肯定更吃香。” 物流师 物流人才的需求量为600余万人。相关统计显示～目前物流从业人员当中拥有大学学历以上的仅占21%。许多物流部门的管理人员是半路出家～很少受过专业的培训。 据相关人士透露～对此类人才有需求的某知名企业在国内招聘的应届大学生目前的薪金是每月6000元到8000元～在一年之后还会由相当大的提升空间。“现在一年就能挣个7万元至10万元～估计4年之后只会多不会少～因为能源越来越紧俏。” 系统集成工程师 据悉～一名刚刚毕业～毫无经验的大学生应聘系统集成工程师之后的薪金是年薪8万元。用户对系统集成服务的要求不断提高～从最初的网络建设到基于行业的应用～再到对业务流程和资源策略的咨询服务。未来系统集成工程师应该是一路走高的职业。 环境工程师 相关资料显示～目前我国环保产业的从业人员仅有13万余人～其中技术人员8万余人。按照国际通行的惯例计算～我国在环境工程师方面的缺口在42万人左右。据悉～随着国内房地产行业的发展～国内园林设计师、景观设计师的月薪都在七八千元左右。据预测～年收入应在8万元至10万元。 精算师 我国被世界保险界认可的精算师不足10人～“准精算师”40多人～在当今的国内人才市场上～精算师可谓凤毛麟角。随着国际保险巨头在中国开拓市场以及国内企业的需要～精算师是几年后保险业最炙手可热的人才～目前在国外的平均年薪达10万美元～国内目前月薪也在1万元以上。4年以后～随着人们对于保险认识的加强～保险行业的兴起必然会需要更多的精算师。 报关员 “入世”后～我国的对外贸易的迅速增长使得对报关员的需求增加。有资料显示～报关员目前的收入每月在5000元至8000元之间～目前在贸易发达的珠三角地区报关员月薪都在七八千元。未来几年内～就业市场对报关员的需求将有数十倍的增长～报关员的工资涨幅一般在年10%-20%。 中西医师/医药销售 “医学院校毕业的学生有三条路可以走～一是进入医院～急救医生、产科医生、妇科医生、眼科医生、儿科医生及牙医和理疗医师都将十分吃香,二是进入医药生产流通企业,三是继续深造。”业内人士表示～这个行业的特点是越老越值钱～目前的医药行业月薪水平在3000元到5000元～相信4年之后会有一个更好的薪金水平。 注册会计师 根据中国经济高速发展的需要～至少急需35万名注册会计师～而目前实际具备从业资格的只有8万人左右～其中被国际认可的不足15%。每年包括德勤、毕博在内的四大会计师事务所都会在高校招收毕业生～专业涵盖统计、法律、数学等。而进入四大会计师事务所的应届毕业生月薪大都在五六千元～再加上每年丰厚的奖金～收入会超过10万元。 据经济学家分析预测～未来市场最有发展前途的行业有如下几个: 一、家用电器销售业 消费者对照相机、电脑、VCD等产品的消费将以每年10%的速度递增。从事家用电器产品的销售～估计会有10%至35%的投资回报。 二、家用汽车行业 据预测～国内汽车市场将会在今后10年内调整发展。与汽车行业相关的如汽车配件、维修、洗车等配套行业将有利可图。 三、室内装饰业 室内装饰市场还会越来越热。据有关统计～现阶段城市居民为自己住房装修所付出的资金平均为每户两万元左右。 四、房地产业 个人购房已是大势所趋～与此相关的房地产经纪、咨询、售楼业务将大有可为。 五、邮电通讯业 目前中国的电话装机率仅达4%～还不到10%的世界平均水平。这是未来我国最大的业务之一。 六、快餐业 中国城市的上班族对快餐业而言是一个巨大的市场～与此相关的还有速成食品、食物半成品加工等行业。 七、老人用品行业 预计到“九五”计划末～我国的老龄人口将达1.3亿～中国也将逐步进入老龄化社会。因此～老年人保健食品、药品、服装、眼镜、助听器等具有广阔的市场前景。 八、旅游休闲文化业 运动产品、体育场所、旅行社等行业会得到极大程度的繁荣。 九、女性用品业 凡是对个人相貌、身段儿有改善和保护功效的产品～一定会日趋热销。 十、宾馆服务业 因为越来越多人出去旅游。 未来3-5年IT行业的发展趋势 1(前言 最近几年～我国网络业蓬勃发展～网民队伍也日益壮大～上网已成为大中型城市居民的主要业余消遣方式之一～而传统的拨号上网和ISDN因为上网速度缓慢已逐渐落后于时代～宽带网络在此契机下已渐渐走入人们的生活～引起了众多上网人士的兴趣。众多企业看好中国居民的网络消费能力～纷纷推出宽带接入服务～各种宽带智能小区的建设也进行得日渐火爆。2001年初～全国兴起了大规模的宽带建设热潮～使得2001年更被一些网络运营商称作“宽带年”～然而～这股热潮在一年内迅速降温～“中国宽带年”名不副实。 中国宽带热降温带来了一个疑问～中国宽带建设发展到了怎样的程度～宽带的接入率到底有多少呢,人们对于宽带上网又有着哪些要求呢,众多已经推出宽带接入业务的企业～其发展前景到底如何呢, 2(有线宽带的现状和将来的探讨 2. 1 有线宽带的现状 据调查数据显示～在宽带运营商品牌总体提及率中～中国电信ADSL处于首位～有线电视、网通、长城宽带分居二、三、四位。其余品牌的提及率较低～与上述四个品牌拉开距离。各企业间都存在一定的差别～且差异非常明显。 作为有线宽带龙头的中国电信ADSL的总体提及率最高～表明ADSL最受大众关注～使用的用户也是最多的。但用户对宽带的总体满意程度并不高 而在希望使用宽带的服务功能上～主要集中在下载资料、收发邮件、聊天交友和浏览互联网上。 而据ITIF国际信息技术与创新基金会近日发布的一份关于2008年全球宽带建设状况排名文档显示韩国的宽带是最发达的～得分高达15.92～平均速率49.5Mbps～第二是日本～第三是芬兰～美国排名15～平均4.9Mbps～排名30位的是墨西哥～平均速率1.1Mbps～平均价格合130元人民币。而中国却未在此排行榜上出现～表明中国的宽带建设状况相对较差。 另据其他数据显示国内宽带的潜在使用群体是比较庞大的～但是从消费者表明的态度来看～大多数消费者的立场不是很明确。 2. 2 3G的出现 2008年4月1号3G手机号的正式发放～表明3G网络开始走进大众的生活～3G网络的普及将成为一种趋势。 据使用3G的用户反应～3G网络的速度相当快～对于用户下载资料、收发邮件、聊天交友和浏览互联网都可以轻松应付。这是因为3G的速率达到2.8 MBPS～比有线宽带的速率更快,目前有线宽带的速率是2.0 MBPS,。至于大众关心的价格方面～由于我国人口密度较高～在3G网络成本固定下～每个使用3G网络的客户可实现低价包月,价格预计在100—200元之间,。开通3G业务后～把手机连接到电脑上使用3G上网比使用目前有线宽带上网速度更快～使用目前的有线宽带上网将变得没有意义。3G无线网络的介入～将会逼使有线宽带进行整个应用架构的调整～以保证有线宽带的竞争优势。 2. 3 构建高速网络 3G的出现导致有线宽带需要进行服务的提升～服务提升通常有两个方面～一是包月价格下降～二是有线带宽的扩容。目前有线宽带的包月最低价格已经低至 57元～包月价格的下降空间太少～价格下降的意义已经不大～网络带宽的扩容成为有线宽带运营商仅有的选择。有线宽带扩容后速率可达到10—12M～但10—12M的速率是否足够满足大众对网络日益膨胀的需求呢,光纤材料成本价格的下降和光纤技术的日渐成熟～使光纤取代双绞线进入普通家庭网络成为可能。据光纤通信的研究人员表示～光纤通信的速度可达到1000兆～甚至一万兆。千兆、万兆的光纤接入普通家庭～使高速有线宽带和高速无线网络实现连结～组建家庭式的高速网络将是近在咫尺。由于家庭式高速网络对光纤的需求～高光纤设备提供商将得到一个广阔的发展平台。 3. 市场的客观需求 3. 1 厂商主导市场成为过去 据分析～05年前IT业厂商主导着市场。如Intel、AMD等不断推出新的CPU产品～从286到奔腾系列到现在的酷睿等多核系列～CPU更新换代的速度越来越快。由于用户受厂商的广告宣传及自身攀比心理的影响～单纯地追求高性能产品。厂商也由于市场的因素～不断地加快新产品的更新速度～造成用户被动地接受厂家的新产品。05年后用户的购买思想逐步趋向理性化～用户按自己的需求购买产品～受厂家因素的影响逐步减少。 3. 2 用户需求逐步主导市场 用户购买思想的逐步转变～导致厂家对市场的主导力逐步削弱。用户不再被动地接受厂家的新产品～而是根据自身的需求主动地选择市场上符合自身需求的产品。厂家由于市场因素的转变～逐步以用户的需求方向发展新产品。用户需求逐步主导着市场的发展方向。 3. 3 用户的个性化需求进一步主导市场 由于用户的需求逐步主导着市场～用户的需求越来越显得个性化。用户希望随时随地听音乐、看电影～用户选择购买MP3、MP4,用户希望可以随时随地试玩最新的电子游戏～用户选择PSP,用户希望利用卫星导航系统令驾车出行更方便～用户去购买GPS。一系列小数码产品的兴起～表明用户并不需要综合性能齐全的数码产品～具备单一功能的产品就可以满足用户个性化的需求。用户个性化需求对市场的主导力逐步加强～最终用户的个性化需求将决定市场。 4. 两个基础推动IT技术的高速发展 在有线宽带的扩容形成高速网络和市场以用户的个性化需求为主导的推动下～IT技术将走上高速发展的道路。我们从三个方面对IT技术的高速发展进行分析。 4. 1 处理方面 近年来软件开发商为各个行业提供相应的应用软件～方便各个行业的用户使用。发展到今天～用户对于大型软件的运算和信息处理的依赖程度越来越大～例如图形处理、非线性编辑、画图、动漫制作等都离不开电脑的应用。这些软件的应用都需要强大的处理器支持。目前的双核、四核的CPU将向八核、十六核的方向发展。多核多CPU处理器的出现只是时间问题。处理器技术的日渐成熟使处理器的成本不断下降～售价也随之降低～利用未来多核多CPU组成一个家庭式的中央处理中心成为可能。 4. 2 存储方面 DV、MP3、GPS等等数码产品的兴起和普及～使电子数据越来越大～数据的存储量呈现爆炸性的增长～传统的存储方式难以满足海量的数据存储量～用户提出如何能更方便快捷地增加存储量～以满足自身的需求。现今用户的数据已经成为用户的个人财富～数据的安全性及备份保障受到越来越多的关注。传统的存 储调用方式是通过邮箱、网络硬盘、随身携带的U盘、手提电脑等进行存储调用～但这些方式受网络因素,在边远地区无法接受网络信号,或人为因素,遭他人盗取数据,影响～安全性非常低。陈冠希事件就是由于数据存储的泄漏造成严重的负面社会影响。如何使存储成为独立的系统～提高数据存储的安全性～可供用户随时随地调用所需数据成为新的问题。网络技术的发展～使网络速度大大提升～极大提高了网络的数据传送能力和吞吐能力～现在普通的光纤网络及高速双绞线网络的速度已经达到甚至超过硬盘的数据传送速度～所以通过高速网络及网络管理技术发展独立的数据存储和数据备份系统已经成为理想的解决. 4. 3 应用终端方面 应用终端由于受到环境温度、功耗等因素的影响～综合性能无法与PC相比。但其通常的应用特点是:功能特定、易操作、低功耗、稳定性要求高、免维护等。应用终端单一的功能～易操作免维护的特点～受到很多用户的欢迎～例如MP3、MP4、数码相机等。现有的大多电脑设备由于处理能力强大～受到能耗、功耗、灰尘、高温、维护困难等因素制约～不可能实现应用终端发展的趋势。今后的应用终端将实现低功耗、免维护和能抵御恶劣环境的特点～只需通过高速网络和后台数据处理～直接把处理结果显示在应用终端设备上。在日常生活上由很多例子:1,交车上的数字电视就是一个应用终端～它通过网络的数据传送和后台的数据处理～最后把节目显示在数字电视上供乘客观看。2,在3G网络的支持下～手机同样是一个应用终端。用户随时随地使用手机发送指令～通过3G网络及手机中心的后台处理～最后把处理结果显示在用户的手机屏幕上供用户使用。3,实际家庭用户正在迅速发展的高清播放机,HTPC,也应该是一台独立的专用应用终端。维护简单～功耗少～适应性强的应用终端设备成为用户新的选择。 5. 三个单元的独立发展达到合理的状态 在高速网络的支持下～因应用户的个性化需求～IT产品将进入独立发展的阶段。IT产品的独立发展主要是在处理、存储、应用终端三个单元上的独立发展～三个单元将通过高速 网络的连接～成为相互紧密联系且相互关联的合理应用的状态。 5. 1 处理单元 在高速网络的支持下～传统的PC已经难以满足用户的需求～利用多核多CPU组建的中小型网络甚至家庭式的中央处理中心将成为PC发展的趋势。PC是为满足单一用户多功能需要设计的。在中、小型企业和家庭使用上～每个人的使用需求都不相同～有的利用电脑进行文档、大型软件的应用～有的利用电脑进行游戏、影视娱乐。用户需要按照不同的需求为家庭配臵几台合适的电脑。利用多核多CPU的强大功能组建一个运算速度、安全性、稳定性、可管理性和可拓展性都比PC优胜得多的多核多CPU中央处理中心将成为用户新的选择。由于处理器成本和售价的下降～在价钱方面由多核多CPU组成的处理集群的价格与多台高性能PC的价格双差无几。组建多核多CPU的中央处理中心成为可能。多核多CPU的中央处理中心的组建同时为网络化软件、图像渲染软件、黑客安全软件等软件商提供了一个广阔的发展平台. 5. 2 存储单元 500M大小的一部DVD电影、几G大小的一款游戏甚至几十G大小的一部高清影视～越来越多的照片、MP3音乐、文件文档～海量的数据存储～你是不是又要开 始考虑更换容量更大的硬盘呢,硬盘从40G、80G、到250G、360G～你是否觉得你的硬盘容量总是不够,面对庞大的数据存储～如何能安全地存储珍贵的数据资料～并可以实现在其他电脑和视听设备中进行查阅、浏览就成了很多用户考虑的问题。组建家庭式的网络存储中心成为一个新的概念。目前主要的存储技术有三种～分别是直连式存储,DAS,、存储区域网络,SAN,和网络接入存储,NAS,～直连式存储,DAS,是一种直接连接在主机上的存储设备～在扩容和升级方面都受到自身的限制～而且在读取速度上也不能符合高速网络和高性能处理中心的要求。存储区域网络,SAN,采用光纤通道技术～通过光纤通道交换机连接存储阵列和服务器主机～建立专用于数据存储的区域网络。SAN的读取速度可达到1Gbps、2Gbps～可以符合高速网络和高性能处理中心的要求～但SAN的价格昂贵～且需要相当高水平的网络管理技术和能力～对与普通家庭和一般的中小型网络用户～都可以说是一项昂贵的消费。网络接入存储,NAS,采用网络技术～通过网络交换机连接存储系统和服务器主机～建立专用于数据存储的存储私网。万兆网络的出现～使NAS的需求空前旺盛。NAS与其他存储设备相比～操作、维护更加简单方便～致使对网络维护人员的要求下降～减少维护服务费用～令整个网络成本下降～网络附加存储的发展和普及使用将成为可能。网络附加存储的发展方向将为网络附加存储设备提供商提供一个广阔的发展平台。. 5. 3 应用终端单元 应用终端的独立发展已经初步形成。MP3、MP4等小数码产品的兴起～表明用户需求的是缩减多余功能～无需维护的应用终端产品。华为IPTV业务的应用为我们提供了一个新的发展构思。在2004年～LDCOM与华为的IPTV业务合作～使在巴黎和马赛超过3万家庭用户通过华为公司提供的全套宽带视频解决方案～享受到了利用电视上网、游戏、视频点播和收看视频广播等丰富的业务。用户只需在电视上进行简单的操作～就可以在电视终端上点播丰富的娱乐服务。新近推出的数字电视机顶盒类似于华为的IPTV服务～通过数字电视中心的处理～用户只需在电视前用遥控器简单操作～就可以点播自己喜欢或者错过的电视节目。 很多人认为随着电脑技术的发展～我们将会随身携带一台超级电脑协助我们的工作和生活～实际上这是对电脑技术和通信技术发展的一种误解。因为无论电脑技术如何发展～处理能力和存储能力越高～能耗就越高～对应用环境的要求,如:环境温度、湿度、尘埃密度等,就越高～这一点与设在专用环境,如:家庭、办公室等,的电脑设备是无法相比的～所以很多应用终端的使用是受应用环境的严重制约～不可能有太高的处理能力和存储能力。随着电脑网络技术的发展～我们可以充分发挥后台处理中心和存储中心提供的数据处理和存储能力～将我们需要资料和结果通过网络想后台处理中心发布命令和提取结果。实际上我们在特定环境下使用电脑～只需要结果并不需要关心过程～在网络发展高速的今天～我们完全应该通过高速网络向远方的电脑处理中心和存储中心发布要求运算的命令和提出相应的结果。 如:美国数字化部队～士兵携带的实际上是一台应用终端～由随身携带的传感器和卫星定位及卫星照片等通过卫星和网络通信技术将战场的情况传送给后台的数据处理中心～由数据处理中心将已经收集到的资料进行比较分析～向士兵发出危险提示和作战指示～使士兵如有神助～准确地把握战机和撤离危险地带～极大地减少伤亡和增强了作战的范围和能力。～ 所以～免维护～功耗少～适应性强的应用终端设备将越来越多成为电脑用户在实际应用中的必然选择。应用终端朝着用户个性化需求的发展方向独立～这也 为应用终端提供商提供了一个广阔的发展平台. 5. 4 三个单元的合理状态 三个单元的独立发展～最终会形成一个三者的合理状态。可以想象未来数字化生活不再是由几台高性能PC组成～而是由高速网络、多核多CPU的中央处理中心、网络附加存储设备和应用终端设备组成。由于IT产品的性能不断提高～价格不断下降～在组建家庭式及中小型网络的成本上～购买几台高性能PC的价格与组建以多核多CPU的中央处理中心、网络附加存储设备和应用终端设备组成的家庭式网络的成本相差无几。而在实际应用上～多核多CPU的中央处理中心的强大并不是几台高性能PC机可以媲美～而网络附加存储设备的海量存储也不是PC硬盘可以负担～应用终端设备的个性化更能迎合用户个性化的需求。无论你在任何地方需要个人存储的资料～都不再需要打电话找人手动上传在个人PC上存储的资料或者把手提电脑带在身上～只需通过操作简单的手持应用终端设备发送需求指令～利用强大的中央处理中心联结外围的高速网络及网络附加存储设备构成的家庭式网络～随时随地把你所调用的数据或运算处理结果显示在你的轻便应用终端上。在这种状况下～处理单元、存储单元、应用单元达到了一个三者合理的状态～也构建了一个理想的数字化生活。 6. 未来IT行业的发展趋势 综合以上的分析～在高速网络和以用户个性化需求为主导的市场要求下～处理单元、存储单元、应用终端三大单元独立发展～将构成家庭式及办公的高速网络数字化生活。这种个性化、专用化的数字化生活的发展及应用～将为高光纤设备提供商～网络化软件、图像渲染软件、黑客安全软件等软件商～网络附加存储设备提供商及应用终端设备提供商的发展提供了一个空前广阔的发展平台。三个单元根据客户个性化需求独立发展～三者之间通过高速网络进行连接和数据交换这种发展模式～将成为未来3—5年内IT行业的发展趋势 【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【 1.推测排名 1.家用汽车行业 2.室内装饰业 3.房地产业 4.邮电通信业 5.快餐业 6.“银色”行业 7.旅游休闲文化业 8.女性用品 9.保险业 2.分析排名 ,、房地产业。随着房改政策的进一步推广深入～房子更是人们生活中的头等大事～加之人口的进一步增长～房地产行业更是商机无限～与之相关的房地产经纪、咨询、供楼业务、物业管理等也都是大有可为。 ,、保险业。随着社会的进步和国家福利改革～人们的保险意识越来越强～“花小钱保大钱”～因此～保险业的兴盛将是指日可待。 ？、家用汽车行业。中国经济正在稳步上升～人们的生活需求也越来越高～对家用汽车的需求将在今后,,年内持续上涨～而汽车市场的发展还将带动汽车配件、维修等相关行业的发展。 ,、邮电通讯业。信息时代的到来～人们对信息的快速传送的要求和依赖将日益增加～而且中国的电话与移动电话人均拥有率也远低于世界平均水平～中国的通讯市场大有潜力可挖。 ,、老年人用品行业。预计到“九五”计划末～我国的老年人口将达到,〃 ？亿～中国也将逐步进入老龄社会。因此～老年人保养食品、药品、服装、眼镜、 助听器等都具有广阔的市场前景。 ,、女性用品业。犹太人的致富秘笈里有一条:“女人的钱最好赚。”～ “美丽”是每个女性的梦想。因此凡是对个人颜貌、身段有改善和保护的产品～她们一定会抵挡不住诱惑～通常来说～收入越高～美的投入也越大。 ,、旅游消闲文化业。随着人民生活水平的提高和双休日和各种假期的实行～大家有更多的机会和能力去和进行文体消闲活动。运动产品、体育会所、旅行社等行业会得到大程度的繁荣。 ,、室内装饰业。近年来～国内城市的居民热衷于装修自己的住房～而随着人们生活水平日益发展～室内装饰市场还会越来越热。据统计～现阶段城市居民为自己房子装修用的金钱平均为每户,万元左右。 ,、快餐业。现代中国都市的上班族对快餐业而言是一个巨大的市场。与此相关的还有速食食品、食物半成品加工等行业。 3.据经济学家分析预测～未来市场最有发展前途的行业有如下几个: 一、家用电器销售业 消费者对照相机、电脑、VCD等产品的消费将以每年10%的速度递增。从事家用电器产品的销售～估计会有10%至35%的投资回报。 二、家用汽车行业 据预测～国内汽车市场将会在今后10年内调整发展。与汽车行业相关的如汽车配件、维修、洗车等配套行业将有利可图。 三、室内装饰业 室内装饰市场还会越来越热。据有关统计～现阶段城市居民为自己住房装修所付出的资金平均为每户两万元左右。 四、房地产业 个人购房已是大势所趋～与此相关的房地产经纪、咨询、售楼业务将大有可为。 五、邮电通讯业 目前中国的电话装机率仅达4%～还不到10%的世界平均水平。这是未来我国最大的业务之一。 六、快餐业 中国城市的上班族对快餐业而言是一个巨大的市场～与此相关的还有速成食品、食物半成品加工等行业。 七、老人用品行业 预计到“九五”计划末～我国的老龄人口将达1.3亿～中国也将逐步进入老龄化社会。因此～老年人保健食品、药品、服装、眼镜、助听器等具有广阔的市场前景。 八、旅游休闲文化业 运动产品、体育场所、旅行社等行业会得到极大程度的繁荣。 九、女性用品业 凡是对个人相貌、身段儿有改善和保护功效的产品～一定会日趋热销。 十、宾馆服务业 因为越来越多人出去旅游。 4.经济专家分析预测～未来中国市场最有发展前途的行业有如下10个: 1、耐用消费品销售行业。随着国民收入的稳步上升～未来的消费格局肯定会向多元化发展。消费者对照相机、电脑、电视、VCD等产品的消费将以每年10%的速度递增～这些产品的销售需要大量的人员。 2、家用汽车行业。国内汽车市场的发展将会在今后10年内高速发展。与汽车行业相关的如汽车配件、维修、汽车的周边行业也会提供大量就业机会。 3、室内装饰业。随着国家出台一系列房改措施～个人买房已是大势所趋～因此室内装饰市场还会越来越热。据统计～现阶段城市居民为自己房子装修付出的费用平均为每户2万元左右。 4、房地产业。再也不会有单位无偿分房给职工了～所以不难解释这一行业的发展前景。与此相关的房地产经纪、咨询、供楼业务也是大有可为的。 5、邮电通讯业。目前中国的电话装机仅达4%～还不到10%的世界平均水平～可以预见这是未来中国最大的生意之一。 6、快餐业。现代中国都市的上班族对快餐业而言是一个很大的市场。与此相关的还有速食食品、食物半成品加工等行业。 7、“银色”行业。预计到“九五”计划末～我国老龄人口达到1.3亿～将逐步进入老龄社会。因此～老年人保养食品、药品、服装、眼镜、助听器等行业都具有广阔的就业空间。 8、旅游消闲文化业。随着人民生活水平的提高～大家有更多的机会去旅行和进行文体消闲活动。运动产品生产、旅行社等行业会得到极大程度的繁荣。 9、女性用品业。“女人的钱最好嫌”。“美丽”是每个女性的梦想～因此这个行业永远不会衰落。 10、保险业。随着国家的福利制度改革～将来人们会更明白只能“花小钱保大钱”～保险业的兴盛是不容臵疑的。而许多海外大型保险公司对中国市场的介入～会使得保险业更好地向规范化发展～可以预测将来保险业会成为很多年轻人”白手起家“的最好选择之一。 5. 【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.