自考国际商务英语-翻译

自考国际商务英语-翻译 翻译 1) 国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂 得多 International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries , it involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business . 2) 随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国防商务之外而存在。因此，在此 方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。 With the development of economic globalization , few people or companies can completely stay away from international business .Some knowledge in this respect is necessary for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement . 3) 其它参与国际贸易的形式有管理， 承包生产和交钥匙工程。 Other forms for participating in international business are management contract , contract manufacturing , and turnkey project . 4) 国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现， 即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进 行消费或转售 International business first took the form of commodity trade , i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another . 5) 除了国际贸易和投资， 国际许可和特许经营有时是进入国外市场的一种方式 Besides trade and investment , international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a mean of entering a foreign market . 6) 国展生产总值和国内生产总值是明一国收入的两处重要概念， 区别在于前者强调的是生 产要素的所属权而后者着重于进行生产的国家。 GNP(gross national product ) and GDP (gross domestic product ) are two important concepts used to indicate a country‘s total income . GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. 7) 要估评某一市场的潜力， 人们往往要分析其收入水平，因为它为那里居民的购买力高低提 供了线索。 In assessing the potential of a country as a market , people often look at per captia income 8) 世界各国被世界银行分为三大领域: 高收入国家， 中等收入国家和低收入国家 Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into three categories of high-income , middle –income , and low-income economies . 9) 中国现在的年人均收入为1100美元以上， 但几年前它还是个低收入的国家。 China with a per capita income of over $ 1100 is a middle-income country though it was a low income country just a few years ago . 10) 就中国来说， 周围还有其他应特别关注的市场， 如亚洲四小虎，东盟国家，俄罗斯等国， 这些国家都具有前景看好的市场潜力， 能为中国提供很好的商机。 So far as China is concerned , other markets we should pay particular attention to are thouse around us : the Four Tigers , the ASEAN countries , Russia etc . Those countries have very promising market potential and can offer good business opportunities to China . 11) 过去的几十年， 地区经济一体化越来越重要。 The past decades witnessed increasing growing importance of regional economic integration. 12) 最著名的自由贸易区是北美自由贸易区， 它是由美国，加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。 The most notable free trade area is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) , it formed by the United States , Canada and Mexico in 1991 . 13) 经济联盟的成员国不仅要在税收， 政府开支，企业策略等方面保持一致，而且还应使用同 一的货币。 The members of an Economic Union are required not only to harmonize their taxation , government expenditure , industry policies , etc , but also use the same currency . 14) 欧洲委员会是欧盟的管理机构之一， 此机构将提议呈交给部长理事会做决定，并监督各成 员国根椐所制定的条约履行自己的义务。 The European commission is one of management body , it submit the proposal to the council of Ministers for approval , and also supervise its member countries to do its duty according to the agreements . 15) APEC建立于澳大利亚首都堪培拉召开的一次部长级会议上。当时有12位成员国出席，分 别为澳大利亚，美国，加拿大， 日本， 朝鲜 ，新西兰，和东盟六国。 APEC was set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in the Australian capital Canberra attended by 12 members of Australia , the United States , Canada , Japan , Republic of Korea , New Zealand and six ASAN countries . 16) 经济全球化为世界经济发展提供了新的动力和机会，同时也使各经济体更加相互依赖，相互 影响。 Economic globalization is giving new impetus and providing opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive. 17) 跨国公司是在一个以上国家拥有，控制和经营资产的商业组织。 Multinational enterprise is a business organization which owns , controls and manages assets in more that one country . 18) 许多人欢呼经济全球化带来的好处，但同时也有强烈的反对声音 While many people are acclaiming the benefits brought about by economic globalization , there are also loud voices opposition . 19) 跨国公司的内部交换占整个国际贸易是一个很大的比例。 Intra-MNE transactions which constitute a very significant proportion of total international trade . 20) 尽管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨国企业的子公司，但重要决策，如有关公司目标和新投资 等都 由母公司来决定。 Although the day-to day running of corporate operations maybe decentralized to the affiliates , the major decisions ,such as those on corporate goals , new investment are made by the parent company . 21) 无论人们是否喜欢，经济全球化已成为世界经济发展中的一个客观趋势。 But like it or not , the economic globalization has become an objective trend in world economic development . 22) 在复杂的经济世界中， 没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。 In the complex economic world , no country can be completely self-sufficient . 23) 随着制造和技术的发展， 出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。 With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for trade . I.e. international specialization 24) 按照比较利益学说，两个贸易伙伴均可从贸易中得到好处。 According to the comparative advantage, two trading partners could be benefit from the trade . jh 25) 比较利益并不是一个静止的概念， 一个国家可以通过自己的行动发展某种特定的比较利益。 Comparative advantage is not a static concept , A country may develop a particular comparative advantage purely through its own actions . 26) 比较利益理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石。 Absolute advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade 27) 一件商品的成本会因生产规模扩大而减少 The cost for the production of one commodity will decrease if the goods are produced on a larger scale . 28) 在实际中，即使完全的专业化在经济上有利， 也可能永远不会发生。 In reality , However , complete specialization may never occur even when it is economically advantageous . 29) 配额或者说数量限制是最常见的关税壁垒。 Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers . 30) 有形贸易是指货物的进出口贸易，而无形贸易涉及的是国家间的劳务交换。 Visible trade which involves the import and export of goods , invisible trade which involves the exchange of services between countries . 31) 国家从事的贸易种类是多样的， 复杂的， 往往是有形贸易和无形贸易的混合 The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex , often a mixture of visible and invisible trade . 32) 包装需按运输的要求进行，在大多数情况下，卖方明确知道把货物安全地运到目的地所需要 的包装。 Package should be accord with the transport requirements . Under most conditions , the seller should know the suitable package which could move the goods to destination safely . 33) 在许多情况下，应通知买方在卖方将货物启运之时或之前安排验货。除非合同另有规定，否 则买方必须支付为其自身利益而安排的验货费用。 Under many conditions , it should be arrange the inspection upon /before delivery , the buyer should be bear the inspection charges unless there is other contents in the contract . 34) 进口商可能通过可转让的运输单据将货物在运输途中卖给新的买方，这类可转让单据用起来 非常方便。 The importer may sell the goods to new buyer through the negotiable transport document, this kind of negotiable transport document is t very convenient to use 35) 在所有条款中， 买卖双方各处的义务排列在10项标下 Under all terms , the respective obligations of the parties have been grouped 10 headings 36) 2000年对国际贸易术语解释通则的修改考虑了无关税区的发展。商务活动中电子通讯使用 的增加，以及运输方式的变化。 In 2000 revision of Incoterms took account of the spread of customs-free zones , the increased use of electronic communication , and the changes in transport practices . 37) 合同依法实施， 未能履行合同义务的一方可能受到起诉， 并被强制作出赔偿。 The contract is enforced by law , and any party that fail to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation . 38) 口头业务协商指的是面对面的直接谈判或通过国际长途电话进行的商谈 Oral business negotiations refers to the face to face direct negotiation or discussions through international trunk calls . 39) 买方发出的询盘是为了获得拟定购商品的有关信息，它对发出询盘的人无约束力。 Enquiry is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered, it is without engagement on the part of the enquirer . 40) 有效期对于确盘是必不可少的。在规定的时间之前， 或在被对方接受或拒绝之前确盘一直 是有效的。 The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer . An offer is considered open until after a stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected . 41) 还盘是对发盘的拒绝，一旦作出还盘，原报盘即失效而失去约束力。 It is a refusal of the offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a counter –offer is made . 42) 对销贸易一般是与有关国家的政策目标相互联系的，如应对外汇短缺和扩大出口之类的问 题。 Counter trade is often associated with policy objectives of relevant economies like dealing with foreign exchange shortage and promotion of exports. 43) 实质上，反向贸易指的是各种货物和服务的直接交换。 Actually, counter trade is the direct exchange of all kind of goods and service 44) 回购贸易和互购贸易之间另一个重要的区别在于回购贸易一般比互购贸易要延续更长一段 时间。 Another important difference is that a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time. 45) 在正常的市场交易中， 由于使用货币及市场手段，货物的买卖是分别进行的。 In normal market transaction , the buying and selling of goods is conducted separately due to the use of money and market methods. 46) 尽管有很多好处，反向贸易可能是风险很大的事。 Through there is many benefits , however counter trade can be very risky business . 47) 在其他贸易方式中还有加工贸易，寄售，租赁贸易，代理等。 Among other modes of trade are processing trade , consignment , leasing trade , agency etc . 48) 在国际贸易中进出口双方都面临风险， 因为总存在对方不履约的可能。 Both the exporter and the importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may not fulfill the contract . 49) 为处理国际贸易中的不同形势，各种支付方法便发展了起来。 Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in international trade . 50) 许多国际贸易是通过汇票支付的，汇票是对银行或顾客的支付命令。 A lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft , draft is the conditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money . 51) 即期付款交单要求进口商立即付款以取得单据。 In the case of D/P , documents will not be released to the importer until payment is effected . 52) 就出口商而言，即期付款交单比远期付款交单有利，付款交单比承兑交单有利。 So far as the exporter‘s interest is concerned, D/P at sight is more favorable than D/P after sight , and D/P is more favorable than D/A 53) 在国际贸易中几乎不可能使付款和实际交货同时进行。 In international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with physical delivery of the goods 54) 信用证付款方式对买卖双方都提供保障。 The letter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer . 55) 现代信用证在19世纪后半叶开始采用，第一次世界大战后得到了实质性的发展。 thModern credit were introduced in the second half of the 19 century and had substantial development after the first world war. 56) 要么因为信用证金额过大， 要么因为对开证行不完全信任，出口商有时可能需要保况的信 用证。 Sometimes the exporter may require a confirmed letter of credit either because the credit amount is too larger or because he does not fully trust the opening bank . 57) 信用证的形式， 长短，语言和规定各不相同 Letters of credit are varied in form , length , language , and stipulations. 58) 在国际贸易中使用正确的单据很重要， 否则进口商提货时会遇到困难。 It is very important to use correct document in international trade , otherwise the importer will have difficulties in taking delivery of the goods. 59) 商业发票，一般称发票， 这种单据对货物的质量和数量以及单价和总价进行概括性描述。 The commercial invoice , generally called ― the invoice ― for short , this document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price . 60) 货物在运输过程中可能发生风险损失，需要办理货物保险。 The goods may have the risk of loss during transportation , it needs to be insured . 61) 已装船提单表明货物已实际装上开往目的地的承运船只。 An on board bill of lading indicates that the shipment has been actually loaded on the carrying vessel bound for the port of destination . 62) 清洁提单指货物在表面状况良好的情况下装船，这意味着提单上未加任何有关包装或货物外 表不良的批注。 A clean bill of lading is one which states that the goods have been shipped in apparent good order and condition. It is meant that the document is devoid of any qualifying remarks concerning the packing and the outer appearance of the goods. 63) 毫无疑问，一个没有先进的运输系统的社会仍然是一个原始落后的社会。 A society without an advanced transportation system remains primitive . 64) 这些方式在动作特点和性能方面不同， 从而使它们各有比较优势和劣势。五种运输方式分 别是: 水路，铁路， 公路， 管道及航空 The modes differ in terms of operating characteristics and capabilities , giving them comparative advantages and disadvantages . The five major modes are water , rail , truck pipeline , and air . 65) 过去10年， 公司自己提供运输能力的倾向越来越大。 The past 10 years has been increasing tendency among business firms to provide their own transportation capability . 66) 作为一个社会， 我们现在的生活比完全自给自足时更富裕，更消闲。 As a society , we enjoy a richer and more leisurely life than we would if small communities had to be totally self-sufficient . 67) 最近几年运输功能引入注目的另一个因素就是越来越多的使用零库存系统。这种系统是以公 司保持很少数量的生产投入的生产方式为基础的。 Another factor that has thrusted the transportation function into limelight in recent years is the growing utilization of just-in-time inventory systems. They are based on production approach in which the firm maintains very small quantities of production inputs. 68) 保险是一种风险转移机制。通过保险个人或企业可以将生活中一些不确定因素转移给其他 人。 Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism , whereby the individual or the business enterprise can shift some of the uncertainty of life onto the shoulders of the others . 69) 即使在这种情况下，大多数公司宁可付已知的费用即保险费来转移风险，而不愿面对不确定 的风险损失。 Even in these circumstances the majority of firms prefer to pay a known cost or premium for the transfer of risk , rather than face the uncertainty of carrying the risk of loss . 70) 对企业来说损失的价值要比个人高得多。因此保险费也比一栋房子或一辆车高出许多。 The values exposed to loss for enterprises are usually much higher than loss of individual , so the premium charged is likely to be substantially higher than that for a house or a car . 71) 企业投保的主要刺激是他们可以腾资金，进行其他项目的投资。 The main stimulus to enterprise is the release of funds , now available for investment for other project . 72) 因此， 货物保险是一种目的在于把风险从进口商和出口商的肩上转移到专门承担风险的保 险人一方的活动。 Cargo insurance therefore is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exporter and importers and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing under- writers. 73) 没有可保利益的保险合同是无效的。而任何根椐这类合同提出的索赔都不会受理。 Every contract of insurance requires an insurable interest to support it , or otherwise it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be entertained . 74) 尽管错误的陈述是无意的， 但保险人还是受到欺骗。从而保险合同无效。 Even if the mis-statement was unintentional , the underwriter would still be deceived and the policy voidable . 75) 将受损失人的利益恢复到损害发生前的状况的合同就是保险合同。 A contract of insurance is one which restores a person who suffered a loss into the same position as he was in before the loss occurred . 76) 赔偿金额一般包括发票金额加上运输费用及保险费再加上一个商定的百分比， 如10% The compensation payable will be at an agreed figure , often at invoiced cost plus fright and forwarding charges plus t he insurance premium plus an agreed percentage such as 10 percent . 77) 如果投保的险别不是造成损失的直接原因，保险公司将不予赔偿。 A claim becomes payable only if that risk occurred as the proximate (closest ) cause of the loss suffered . 78) 第一次世界大战以前，金本位制建立了固定汇率制，每个国家通过将本国货币与黄金挂钩来 确定其货币的平价。 Before the first world war, the gold standard created a fixed exchange rate , each country pegged the value of its currency to gold to establish its par value . 79) 1944年44国在美国布雷顿森林举行会议签署了协议，计划在世界贸易和货币方面实现更好 的合作。 In 1944 , 44 countries held Bretton Woods meeting in USA and sign a agreement Plan to have better cooperation in the world trade and currency 80) 弹性汇率从没有真正地―干净‖或自由地浮动过。 因为中央银行为了稳定汇率采取了各种措施 对货币价格进行干涉。 The flexible exchange rate system has never been clean float or free float ,the central bank take various measures to intervene in the price of its currency . 81) 在特定条件下，提高利率可以吸引国外短期资金，提高一国的外汇汇率。 Under specific condtions , high interest rate will attract short term international fund , increasing the exchange rate of one‘s own currency . 82) 外汇汇率有三种形式， 即买进汇率，售出汇率和两者的平均值—中间汇率。 There are three types of foreign exchange price : buying rate ,selling rate , the average of the two --medial rate 83) 这些机构的共同目标是通过把发达国家的资金输送输送到发展中国家帮助这些国家提高生 活水平。 The common objective of these institutions is to help raise standards of living in developing countries by channeling financial resources to them from developed countries 84) 国际复兴开发银行的资金有相当大一部分来自它的留存盈余以及偿还贷款的不断流入。 A substantial contribution to the IBRD‘s resources also comes from its retained earnings and the flow of repayments on its loans. 85) 该银行的贷款是向处于经济和社会发展较高阶段的发展中国家提供中期贷款。 They are directed toward developing countries at more advanced stages of economic and social growth 86) 为了承担这项使命， 多边投资担保机构向投资者提供担保以防范非商业性风险，向发展中 成员国政府提供咨询，并为国际商业界与东道国政府就投资问题安排对对话。 To carry out this mandate, MIGA offers investors guarantees against noncommercial risks , and offer the consultation to developing member governments , and sponsors a dialogue between the international business community and host governments on investment issues . 87) 对外直接投资是国际投资的主要方式， 一国居民为进行督控和经营通过对外投资获取另一 国的资产。 Foreign direct investment is a major form of international investment , whereby residents of one country acquire assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them . 88) 控制成本是一些企业进行对外投资的主要动机之一， 而降低生产成本是考虑的一个重要方 面。 Controlling costs Is the first major motivation for engaging in FDI . and lowering production costs is an important consideration 89) 直接在国外经营提高一个产品的能见度， 使当地客户对他们所购买的商品更加放心。 Operating directly abroad enhance the visibility of a firm‘s products , making local customers feel more assured about the things they buy . ? 90) 即时库存管理系统的引进能最大限度地降低库存从而提高经营效率 The introduction of JIT inventory management system can minimize the inventory to increase efficiency . 91) 国外直接投资主要有三种形式: 建立新企业 ，购买现在设施和建立合资公司 FDI is mainly practiced in three forms : bulding new enterprises , purchasing existing facilites and forming joint ventures. 92) 选择权是指在特定的时间内按规定的价格购买或出售一种证券的权利。 Options are contracts giving the right to buy and sell a security 93) 未挂牌证券市场是为了满足已经确立了地位的， 但是较小的， 而且不成熟的公司的需求而 建立的。 The unlisted securities market –a market created in 1980 to meet the needs of established , but smaller , less mature companies . 94) 政府满足公共部门借贷需求的方法之一就是出售金边一些证券。 One of the ways the government meets the public sector borrowing requirement is by selling gilt-edged stocks . 95) 通过证券的发行和交易提供中心市场，股票交易所长期为政府，工业以及投资商的需求服务。 The stock exchange has long served the needs of government , industry and investors in providing the central market place for the issue and trading of securities . 96) 国际股票交易所提供了一种途径，使人们的存款能够为那些需要资金的人所利用。 The international Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance . 97) 关贸总协定体系(现为世界贸易组织) 是通过一系列的贸易谈判或回合发展起来的，它最初有 三个基本目标。 GATT (now is WTO ) is developed by a series of trade negotiation , it have three basic target at the beginning . 98) 加入世界贸易组织对中国有益，因为它将促进中国的改革和发展，提高商品和服务的质量， 降低商品 成品和服务费用 ，刺激投资和创造就业机会，改善法制。 99) 世界贸易组织的主要目的是为了促进自由贸易，进一步减少贸易壁垒并建立更有效的贸易纠 纷解决机制。 The main purpose for WTO is to promote free trade , and reduce trade barriers , and establish more effective trade dispute settlement procedures. 100) WTO争端解决机制是当今国际水准上的最为活跃的体系而且对国际法的执续发展具有重 大意义。 WTO dispute settlement mechanism is the most active system in current international level ,and it has important significance on the continuous development of international law 101) 尽管中国取了很大的成就，但仍然面临巨大的挑战。一部分挑战和竞争来自于农业，银行 业，保险业，还有一部分来自于一些国家所采取的贸易保护主义措施。 Despite all the achievement, china still faces big challenges .Part of challenges and competition is come from agriculture, bank and insurance industry. But part of come from protectionist measures prevalent in same countries that place various barriers to trade . 102) 尽管第一次会议没有制定出具体目标，联合国贸易和发展会议的总任务是制定， 协商和改 善发展进程的措施。 Although no specific objectives were laid down at the first conference , the general function of UNCTAD is to formulate , negotiate and improve the measures of development process . 103) 在没有有效协议的情况下，一旦出口收入下降， 应立即采用强制的和自动的补救措施 In the absence of effective agreements, compulsory and automatic compensatory measures should be introduced as soon as there is a decline in export earnings. 104) 实际上西方国家在使低收入国家繁荣起来的同时， 其对这些国家的出口将增加， 因此也 能获得经济效益。 The western nations will get an economic interest in bringing greater prosperity to the low-income countries , since their exports to these countries would thus be stepped up . 105) 国际经济新秩序主要是要求发达国家提供更多的现金和贸易方面的优惠。 New international economic order would give more consideration to the interests of the less-developed countries . 106) 贸易和发展理事会是联合国贸易和发展会议的常设机构。 Trade and Development Board is the permanent organ of the conference .