初三化学酸碱盐知识点总结

初三化学酸碱盐 Third, chemistry, acid and salt knowledge summary.Txt love is like feet shoes, only when you lose, you know what barefoot walking is like, deceptive, risky, panic should be cautious. Do not fall in love with young men, he will treat you as a school of love, once the apprentice complete, they will leave you without hesitation. Summary of knowledge of "acid alkali salt" in Third chemistry I. composition of acids, bases and salts Acids are compounds composed of hydrogen and acids, such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and nitric acid (HNO3) Is a compound composed of alkali metal elements and hydroxide such as sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, ammonia (NH3 - H2O) Salt is a compound consisting of metal elements (or ammonium radicals) and acids, such as sodium chloride and sodium carbonate An aqueous solution of acid, base, or salt can conduct electricity (for example, when dissolved in water, it forms a free moving anion and cation) Two, acid 1, concentrated hydrochloric acid, concentrated sulfuric acid physical properties, characteristics, uses Concentrated hydrochloric acid concentrated sulfuric acid Color, status "Pure": colorless liquid Industrial hydrochloric acid: yellow (containing Fe3+) Colorless viscous oily liquid smell A pungent odor nothing Characteristic Volatility (exposure in air, a bottle of white mist) Water absorption dehydration Strong oxidizing corrosion purpose Metal rust removal Manufacture of drugs The body contains a small amount of hydrochloric acid to aid digestion Metal rust removal Concentrated sulfuric acid used as desiccant Producing chemical fertilizer and refining petroleum 2, the connection of acid (reason: it is a general cation generated acid dissociation when all is H+) (1) with pH indicator reaction: the purple litmus red, can make color colorless phenolphthalein TS (2) metal + acid + salt + hydrogen (3) alkaline oxide + acid + salt + water (4) alkali + acid + salt + water (5) salt + acid - another Salt + another acid (the product meets the metathesis condition) 3, three kinds of ion inspection reagent Cl- AgNO3 and HNO3 SO42- (Ba (NO3) 2 and HNO3, II, HCl and BaCl2 CO32- HCl and lime water Three, alkali 1. The physical properties and uses of sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide sodium hydroxide calcium hydroxide Color, status White solid, extremely soluble in water (dissolved, exothermic) White powder, slightly soluble in water Name Caustic soda, caustic soda, caustic soda (strong corrosive) Slaked lime, slaked lime System of law Ca 2+Na2CO3== CaCO3 (OH): +2NaOH CaO +H2O== Ca (OH) 2 purpose Sodium hydroxide solid as desiccant Chemical raw materials: making soap, papermaking Remove oil pollution: sodium hydroxide is included in furnace cleaner Industry: bleaching powder The agriculture: modified acidic soil, with Bordeaux Architecture: 2, the nature of alkali (reason: it is a general generated when all OH- anion dissociation) (1) alkali solution with pH indicator reaction: the purple litmus blue to colorless phenolphthalein TS turned red (2) acid oxide + alkali + salt + water (3) acid + alkali + salt + water (4) salt + alkali - another Salt + other base (the reactants are soluble, the products meet the decomposition conditions) Note: the insoluble alkali heat decomposition (alkali does not belong to the nature) Such as Cu (OH) 2, Delta CuO, +H2O 2Fe (OH) 3 Delta Fe2O3+3H2O The common precipitation: AgCl BaSO4: Cu (OH): 2: F e (OH) 3: Mg (OH) 2: BaCO3:: CaCO3 The conditions of the metathesis reaction: the double decomposition reaction can occur when the two compounds exchange components with each other and precipitate or gas or water is formed in the product. Five, acid oxide and basic oxide Acid oxide Alkaline oxide set righteousness Any oxide that reacts with bases to form salts and water Most non metallic oxides are acid oxides Most acid oxides are non metallic oxides Any of various oxides that react with acids to form salts and water Most metal oxides are basic oxides All basic oxides are metal oxides turn learn nature quality (1) most can react with water to form acid CO2+H2O== H2CO3 SO2+H2O== H2SO3 SO3+H2O== H2SO4 (1) a few can react with water to form bases Na2O +H2O== 2NaOH K2O +H2O== 2KOH BaO +H2O== Ba (OH) 2 CaO +H2O== Ca (OH) 2 (2) acid oxide + alkali + salt + water CO2 +Ca (OH) 2== CaCO3: +H2O (not metathesis) (2) alkaline oxide + acid + salt + water Fe2O3+6HCl== 2FeCl3+3H2O Four. Expression of neutralization reaction solution acidity and alkalinity --pH 1. Definition: the action of acids and bases to produce salts and water 2, application: (1) change the acidity and alkalinity of soil (2) treatment of plant waste water; (3) used in medicine 3. Expression of acidity and alkalinity of solution --pH (1) 0714 Acid enhanced neutral alkaline enhancement (2) determination of pH: the easiest way is to use pH test paper Dip the glass rod (or dropper) until the test liquid is a little bit. Drop it on the pH test paper. After the color is compared with the standard color card, read the pH of the solution (the readings are integral) (3) acid rain: the pH of normal rain water is about 5.6 (because there is CO2 dissolved in it) PH<5.6 rain is acid rain "Acid alkali salt" review exercise 1, the following groups of chemical formula, common name and chemical name is () are consistent A, CaO, hydrated lime, calcium oxide, B, Ca (OH) 2, lime, calcium hydroxide C, HCl, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen chloride, D, NaOH, soda ash, sodium hydroxide 2, the following statements are not dilute sulfuric acid and both, yes () A, laboratory manufacture of hydrogen, B, metal surface rust removal C, open in the air, the mass fraction of the solute becomes smaller, D, and the scale in the kettle 3, laboratory identification dilute sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, can choose reagent is () A, copper oxide, B, barium hydroxide, C, barium chloride, D, silver nitrate 4. In the chemical reactions of the following four types of reactions, there is no element in the reactants and in the product A, decomposition reaction, B, chemical reaction, C, substitution reaction, D and metathesis reaction 5, can Ba (OH) 2, NaCl, K2CO3, three colorless solutions distinguish is () A, B, C, sulfate and nitrate of silver nitrate D, litmus test solution 6, "Sprite" and other carbonated drinks pH less than 7, after shaking the open cap, the pH () A, bigger, B, smaller, C, unchanged D, can not judge 7, the following groups of ions in the solution can not coexist in a large number is () A, H+, SO42-, Ba2+, NO3-, B, Ca2+, H+, NO3-, Cl- C, Mg2+, K+, NO3-, Cl-, D, K+, Na+, Mg2+, SO42- 8. The following groups of substances are added to the water at the same time to obtain a colorless transparent solution is () A, CuSO4, Na2SO4, NaOH, B, K2SO4, Ba (OH) 2, HNO3 C, KOH, MgSO4, KNO3, D, KCl, K2SO4, KNO3 9, the following group of solutions, without any other reagents, can identify a group of () A, CuSO4, HCl, NaOH, B, KOH, HCl, NaCl C, H2SO4, CuSO4, HCl, D, KOH, MgSO4, KNO3 10. The conductivity of the following substances is () A, NaCl, B, NaCl, solid C, molten NaCl, D, sucrose solution 11, with 100 grams of 9.8% sulfuric acid solution was sodium hydroxide solution and a certain amount of hydrochloric acid to the quality, if the quality score, and then drops into the purple litmus test solution (solution) A, purple, B, blue, C, red, D, colorless 12. Write down the following chemical equations: Cu, CuO, CuCl2, Cu (OH) 2, CuO, Cu (1) ____________________________________ (2) (3) (4) (5) 13. Choose the proper reagent to remove the impurities in the brackets and write the chemical equation (1) FeCl2 (CuCl2); (2) kcl (cucl2) (3) nano3〔fe2 (so3) 3〕 (4) (o2, co2) 14、a、b等物质在溶液中存在如下三个转换关系: (1) + fecl3 and b? (红褐色) + c (2) c + d ^ e? (白色) + f (3) f + agno3 and g? (白色) + hno3 完成c跟d溶液反应的化学方程式: 写出白色沉淀g的化学式; 写出a溶液中溶质的化学式. 15、a为无色溶液, 能使无色酚酞变为红色, 取少量a做如下实验: 根据实验推断下列物质的名称: a是, b是, c是 写出????反应的化学方程式: ? ? ? ? 16、复分解反应是我们学过的化学基本反应类型之一.学习时, 应注意将知识进行归纳、总结, 深刻理解复分解反应发生的条件, 形成完整的知识体系. (1) 写出下列反应的化学方程式. ?氯化钡溶液与硫酸溶液混合:; ?碳酸钾溶液与稀盐酸混合:; ?氢氧化钡溶液与稀硝酸混合:. (2) 你想过上述复分解反应为什么能够发生吗? 这是因为在这些反应物中含有一些 "特殊" 的阴、阳离子, 它们能相互结合.如上述反应?中, 实际参加反应的离子是ba2 + 和so42,, 而cl,、h + 则 是 "旁观者", 并没有参加反应.请你上述反应?中实际参加反应的离子是; 上述反应?中实际参加反应的离子是. (3) 请根据你的想象, 在下图右边的容器中画出体现naoh溶液和稀hcl反应产物的示意图. 一鸣化学网 chem.htsz.net 海量初中化学资料