当时天还没亮

当时天还没亮 Unit 22 A tale of two cities 1. It was not yet light, so it was easy to stay hidden. 当时天还没亮，所以容易隐藏。 1) light是形容词，意为“轻的”、“淡的”、“亮的”， 如： It is as light as feather. 这轻如鸿毛。 We only carried some light weapons. 我们只携带了一些轻武器。 She likes light blue. 她喜欢淡蓝色。 2) stay hidden是系动词+过去分词结构，与前面 Unit 2 课文中学习过的stay clean相似。 2. ...I persuade her to help me. 我说服了她，让她帮助我。 persuade是及物动词，意为“说服”。persuade 主要用于 三种结构，如： How can I persuade you of my honesty? 我怎样才能使你相信我的诚实? We persuaded him to give up smoking. 我们说服他戒烟。 Can you persuade her out of those foolish plans? 你能说服她放弃她那些愚蠢的吗? 注意persuade与advise不同： 1) advise表示“劝告”动作，不看结果，而persuade强调 “已经说服”，如： I advised him to go to a doctor, but he wouldn't listen. 我劝他去看病，但他就是不肯听。 I persuaded him to say sorry to the teacher and so he did. 我说服他去向老师道歉，他照我所说的去做了。 2) advise可接动词的-ing形式作宾语，也可接that引导的 宾语从句(必须用should虚拟语气)，而 persuade不可接这两类 宾语。如： I advise waiting for a few minutes more. 我建议再等几分钟。 Our teacher advised that we should listen to English radio every day. 我们老师劝我们每天听英语广播。 3. ...there was a wine shop, the owner of which was Monsieur Defarge. „„有一家酒店，店主人是德法耶先生。 the owner of which引导的非限定定语从句表示所属关系。 表示所属关系的定语从句有两种方法，如： This is the house whose windows face the north. This is the house the windows of which face the north. 这是座窗户朝北的房子。 因此上面的句子也可写成： ...there was a wine shop, whose owner was Monsieur Defarge. 4. One day an English man and an English woman, Luie Manette, called at the wine shop. 有一天，一位英国男士和一位名叫露西?莫奈特的英国女 士来到这家酒店。 call at 意为“拜访(某地)”注意 call at与call on的区 别，call at后接地点名词，而 call on后面接人物，表示“拜 访(某人)”，另外，call on 还表示“号召”，如： On the way home, we called at the antique shop. 在回家的路上，我们去了古董店。 Last weekend, we called on our grandparents. 上周末，我们拜望了祖父母。 The government calls on us to keep the city clean. 政府号召我们保持城市清洁。 5. Dr Manette had been mentally disturbed by his long years alone in prison and his hair had turned white. 由于多年被单独关在牢房里，莫奈特医生精神失常了，头 发也变白了。 mentally是副词，意为“精神方面地”，是形容词mental (意为“心理的；智力的”)的派生词。mental与physical(生理 的，肉体的)或manual(体力上的)相对应，如： mental arithmetic 心算 after mental labour 在经过思索以后 mental age 心理年龄 mental illness 精神病 a mental home/hospital 精神病院 It seems that the boy is mentally weak. 似乎这男孩智力较弱。 6. Now he could not live in peace unless his door was locked. 他的房间要是不上锁，他就心里不安。 in peace是介词词组，意为“平静地”，如： My only wish is that I can live in peace without being disturbed by the press. 我唯一的愿望就是过宁静的生活，不受新闻界的干扰。 in peace与前面所学到的in surprise, in silence, in excitement, in a hurry一样，都可以作状语或表语。 7. Dr Manette had been put in prison for no good reason. 莫奈特医生被关进监狱是没有什么正当理由的。 for no good reason 是介词词组，意为“没有正当的理 由”。reason一般不和because/because of连用，如： He went to Spain for some political reasons. 他因为政治原因去了西班牙。 The reason why we have put off the conference is that we have not got ready. 我们推迟了会议是因为我们尚未准备好。 注意reason与cause的区别，reason强调理由，可能是人为 编造的，而cause是真正的原因，如： The police is looking into the cause of the fire. 警察正在调查火灾的原因。 Her reason/excuse for being absent was that she had a headache. 她缺席的理由/借口是她头疼。 8. ...two men fell in love with Lucie Manette, Charles Darnay and Sydney Carton. „„ 有两位男士都爱上了露西?莫奈特，一个叫查尔斯? 达尼，一个叫悉尼?卡尔登。 fall in love with意为“爱上某人”。这是一个瞬间动词， 因此不能与延续性状语连用。 The moment he saw the American actress, he fell in love with her. 他对那位美国女演员一见钟情。 They had been in love with for four years before they got married. 他们相爱四年才结婚。 9. Strangely, they looked as if they were twins, for they looked so much like each other. 奇怪的是他们如此相像，好像双胞胎似的。 strangely在句中作评注性状语，与前面所学到的luckily, fortunately, happily, gradually, unfortunately, unluckily一样，所以不再赘述。 as if引导的从句在这里是表语从句，它也可以引导状语从 句，要特别注意语气，如： It looks as if it is going to rain. 天看上去要下雨。(可能性很大，直陈语气) It looks as if she has been ill for a long time. 她似乎病了很久。(可能性很大，直陈语气) She treats the child as if it were her own. 她对待这孩子犹如己出。(与事实不符，虚拟语气) He talks as if he had really been to Rome. 他说起来好像他真的去过罗马似的。 (与事实不符，虚拟语气) 10. The peasants had to pay heavy taxes and suffered greatly from hunger. 农民要负担重税，还要忍饥挨饿。 suffer可作及物动词或不及物动词，意为“蒙受；承受； 遭受；忍受”。注意suffer表示受某种疾病的折磨时，常用 suffer from，如： He was suffering from the loss of the memories. 他在遭受失去记忆的痛苦。 Today I'm suffering from a stomachache. 我今天胃疼。 在其它情况下一般既可用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动 词，但多用作及物动词，如： His business suffered when the scandal came to light. 丑闻曝光后他的生意受到影响。 How can you suffer such unfair treatment? 你怎么能忍受这样不公平的待遇? The Spanish ships suffered terrible loss during this sea battle. 在这次海战中西班牙船只损失惨重。 suffering是suffer的派生词，意为“苦难”，如： Wars bring a lot of sufferings to ordinary people. 战争给老百姓带来灾难。 I wonder how much suffering there is in this world! 我不知这世界上到底有多少苦难! 11. So he left France, preferring to give up the fortune that would one day come to him,... 于是，他离开法国，宁愿放弃将来有一天会属于他的那份 财产。 one day意为“(过去)有一天；(将来)某一天”，如： One day, a fox saw some ripe grapes on the shelf. 有一天，一只狐狸看见了架子上熟了的葡萄。 One day we will be able to travel to Mars. 将来有一天，我们能去火星旅行。 表示将来的one day可用some day替换。 12. ...that the nephew of the old Marquis was living in England under an English name,... 老候爵的侄子用了一个英国名字住在英国。 under...name是一介词词组，意为“用„„的名字”，如： When he is abroad, he travels under the name of Mr. Smith. 当他在国外旅行时，他用史密斯先生这一称呼。 Many war criminals are still living in South Africa under false names. 许多战犯仍用假名字住在南非。 13. ...took up their guns and knives and began to kill the rich nobles. „„拿起刀枪开始杀富有的贵族。 take up arms/guns and knives 意为“拿起武器/刀枪。 take up在本单元中与pick up同义，take up还有一些其它的含 义，如： When did you take up Japanese? 你何时开始学日语的? I won't take up much of your time. 我不会占用你太多的时间。 The wardrobe takes up too much room. 这衣柜占的空间太大。 I'll take up the story where I finished yesterday. 我将接着昨天的故事讲。 14. In the country the revolutionaries set fire to the nobles' castles and burnt them to the ground. 在乡村，革命者放火烧毁了贵族的城堡，把它们夷为平地。 set fire to 意为“点火”，如： Who set fire to the factory has not been found out. 是谁放火烧厂房的还没有被查出来。 下列句子中还有类似的结构： Having set light to the letters, she cried. 点火焚烧了信件后，她哭了。 He set a match to the gas stove and the flames burst out. 他擦了根火柴点燃了煤气炉，火焰蹿了出来。 The young composer set the poem to music. 这位年轻的作曲家将这首诗谱了曲。 Leaders should set good examples to the ordinary people. 领导应该以身作则。 burn sth. to the ground 一为“将„„烧为灰烬”。to the ground是一个结果状语，类似的结构还有： fall to the ground 掉到地上 drop sth. to the ground 将„„掉在地上 fall to one's full length 全部落下(头发等) sentence sb. to death 宣判某人死刑 move sb. to tears 使某人感动地流泪 tear sth. to pieces 将„„撕成碎片 burn sth. to the ashes 将„„烧成灰烬 这里所有的介词to结构都用作结果状语。 15. Some time later, Charles Darnay found at a bank in London a letter from France addressed to him, or rather to the Marquis St. Evremonde,... 不久以后，查尔斯?达尼在伦敦一家银行发现一封法国来 信，信是写给他的，或者更确切地说是写给埃佛雷蒙侯爵的， „„ address意为“向„„说话或发表讲演；写给„„”。我们 曾经学习过address作为名词的用法，意为“地址”或“住址”。 在本单元中，address是动词，又如： An English professor will address the meeting. 一名英国教授将在会上发表讲话。 Please address your reasons to the manager. 请向经理陈述你的理由。 The letter was returned because of being wrongly addressed. 因为地址写错了，信被退了回来。 Is there any letter addressed to me today? 今天有我的信吗? 16. ...that a servant of the family on France had been put in prison, through no fault of his own. „„法国家庭中的一个仆人并没有任何罪过却被关进了监 狱。 through no fault of his own意为“决不是因为他自己的 错”。through可以引导表示作用、工具、理由的状语，如： I learned of the position through an advertisement in the evening newspaper. 我是从晚报的一则广告上知道这工作的。 The accident happened through no fault of yours. 这次事故的发生决不是你的错。 We lost ourselves through not knowing the way. 我们因为不认识路而迷失了方向。 It was all through you that we were late. 我们迟到全怪你。 He learned English through the radio. 他通过无线电学习英语。 17. Charles was sentenced to death and would have his head cut off the next day. 查尔斯被判处死刑，将于第二天被砍头。 本句中的have one's head cut off不是表示叫人砍头，而 是表示一种不幸的遭遇，本前面部分曾经述及这一问题，又 如： The deer had his antler broken by the bush. 那头鹿的角被灌木钩断了。 He had his house broken into last night. 昨晚有人闯进了他的家。 The old lady had her handbag stolen on the bus yesterday. 昨天这位老妇人的手提包在公共汽车上被偷了。 18. ... Sydney managed to get into prison to visit Charles. „„悉尼设法去监狱探望了查尔斯。 manage to do sth. 意为“设法做了某事”。注意manage to do sth.与succeed in doing sth. 意义相近，而不同于try to do sth.，后者只表示“企图”或“尝试”，不强调结果。 试比较： Though he had no key, he managed to get into the house. 尽管他没有钥匙，他还是设法进了屋。 He tried to open the case, but failed. 他企图打开箱子，但失败了。 manage还可以表示“经营”或“管理”，与run, operate, control是近义词，如： She cannot manage her naughty sons. 她管不住她的淘气的儿子们。 Can you manage a sailing boat? 你能驾驭一只帆船吗? Richard is managing his firm very well. 理查德将他的商行经营得很好。 I can manage it myself. 我自己能应付。 19. Meanwhile, Sydney, who had taken the place of his friend Charles, had his head cut off. 与此同时，代替朋友查尔斯坐牢的悉尼却遭到了杀头之祸。 take the place of sth./take one's place 意为“替代 某物或某人”。注意这个词组不同于take place(发生)，试比 较： Nowadays plastics have taken the place of many materials. 现在塑料替代了许多材料。 Who will take your place? 谁将接替你? The May 4th Movement took place in Beijing in 1919. 1919年，五四运动发生在北京。 20. 定语：请参阅Unit 21 Lesson 84语法讲解。 21. 状语： 1) 注意-ing形式表示主动动作，如： Walking along the streets, the little girl was fascinated by the colourful ads. 小女孩沿着街道漫步，五彩缤纷的广告使她感到新奇。 Having watched TV, the boy went to have a shower. 看完电视以后，这男孩去冲了个澡。 无论是walking还是having watched，这两个动作都是由句 中的主语发出，也就是主动的动作。这是动词的-ing 形式与过 去分词的区别所在。 如果表示被动，则用被动形式being done和having been done。注意having been done可以为过去分词结构done所替代。 如： Being whipped, the slave bit his lips tightly to prevent himself from giving loud cries. 尽管受到鞭打，那奴隶紧咬嘴唇不让自己叫出声来。 (Having been) Defeated by the South Korean Team, they were in low spirits. 在被南朝鲜队打败之后，他们一蹶不振。 2) 注意动作是否同时，是否有先有后，是否有主次。如果 是同时，用一般式的-ing形式；如果有先后，则用having done 表示发生在先前的动作；如果有主次，一般用动词的-ing形式 作次要的状语，而将主要动作作为谓语动词结构。如： Driving on the smooth highway, the young driver couldn't help whistling. 在平坦的公路上开着车，年轻的司机情不自禁地吹起了口 哨。 (driving和couldn't help whistling是同时发生的动作) Having cooked lunch, Mum sat down to do some knitting. 烧好午饭后，妈妈坐下来编织。 (having cooked是先发生的动作，sat down to do some knitting是后发生的动作) Lots of college students were sitting on the lawn, enjoying the bright sunshine. 许多大学生坐在草坪上，享受着明媚的阳光。 (were sitting是主要动作，而enjoying是伴随动作) 3) 注意动词的-ing形式的位置，一般原因状语、时间状 语、条件状语宜放在句首，而结果状语宜放在句末。伴随状语 前后不限。如： Being ill, she had to stay in bed. 因为生病，她只好卧床休息。 (原因状语) The poor man died in an accident, leaving his wife and son alone in this world. 这可怜的男人死于事故，留下孤儿寡母在这世界上飘零。 (结果状语)