初三化学总复习资料重点

初三化学总复习资料重点 初三化学总复习资料 基本概念: 1、化学变化:生成了其它物质的变化 区别:有没有新的物质生成 2、物理变化:没有生成其它物质的变化 3、物理性质:不需要发生化学变化就现出来的性质 (如:颜色、状态、密度、气味、熔点、沸点、硬度、水溶性等) 4、化学性质:物质在化学变化中表现出来的性质 (如:可燃性、助燃性、氧化性、还原性、酸碱性、稳定性等) 5、纯净物:由一种物质组成 6、混合物:由两种或两种以上纯净物组成,各物质都保持原来的性质 7、元素:具有相同核电荷数(即质子数)的一类原子的总称 区别:在化学变化中,8、分子:构成物质的一种粒子，在化学变化中可再分 是否可以再分 9、原子:构成物质的另一种粒子，在化学变化中不可以再分 10、单质:由同种元素组成的纯净物 区别:看化学式是不是只有一种元素符号 如:O是单质，CO是化合物 11、化合物:由不同种元素组成的纯净物 22 12、氧化物:由两种元素组成的化合物中,其中有一种元素是氧元素 13、化学式:用元素符号来表示物质组成的式子 14、相对原子质量: 相对原子质量 ? 质子数 + 中子数 (因为原子的质量主要集中在原子核) 15、相对分子质量:化学式中各原子的相对原子质量的总和 16、离子:带有电荷的原子或原子团 质子(+) 17、原子的结构: 原子核 中子(0) 注:在原子里，核电荷数=质子数=核外电子数 原子 核外电子(—) 得e 得e 阴离子 原子 阳离子 原子、离子的关系: 失e 失e 注:在离子里，核电荷数 = 质子数 ? 核外电子数 18、四种化学反应基本类型: ?化合反应: 由两种或两种以上物质生成一种物质的反应 如:A + B = AB ?分解反应:由一种物质生成两种或两种以上其它物质的反应 如:AB = A + B ?置换反应:由一种单质和一种化合物起反应，生成另一种单质和另一种化合物的反应 如:A + BC = AC + B ?复分解反应:由两种化合物相互交换成分，生成另外两种化合物的反应 如:AB + CD = AD + CB 19、还原反应:在反应中，含氧化合物的氧被夺去的反应(不属于化学的基本反应类型) 氧化反应:物质跟氧发生的化学反应(不属于化学的基本反应类型) 三者的关系: 缓慢氧化:进行得很慢的,甚至不容易察觉的氧化反应 缓慢氧化会引起自燃，两者都是氧化反应 自燃:由缓慢氧化而引起的自发燃烧 20、催化剂:在化学变化里能改变其它物质的化学反应速率,而本身的质量和化学性在化学变化前后都没有 MnO 2变化的物质(注:2HO=== 2HO + O?此反应MnO是催化剂) 22 22 221、质量守恒定律:参加化学反应的各物质的质量总和，等于反应后生成物质的质量总和。 (反应的前后，原子的数目、种类、质量都不变;元素的种类也不变) 22、溶液:一种或几种物质分散到另一种物质里，形成均一的、稳定的混合物 culture and entertainment venues, fitness centers, has a good ecological environment, job security measures), these requirements are very straightforward, specific standards, also has a clear direction, more easily by a superior examination. Poverty assessment is to look at the per capita net income of the poor end of 2015 standards is ... ... Yuan, higher standards is poverty. Superior acceptance to entrust a third party institution from HouseImplementation. After acceptance, also through spot checks, visits, telephone surveys looking activities. This means that our achievements have been recognized by the poor for poverty alleviation through acceptance, which we put forward higher requirements for poverty eradication. Therefore, the County Office for poverty alleviation to evaluation efforts in this regard. To implement the grid management model, integrating poverty alleviation into grid management, and "make a heart" activity combined package of leading cadres implement monitoring systems for poverty alleviation, each poor households identified a package cost. In this regard, you can design a form, indicating the poor basic causes, current income, poverty, support measures, implementation of support measures, through helping ' income, annual revenue. From now on, protection officers working households, household-by-place. When the examination, which the poor don't have time to get out of poverty, and holding people accountable. Third, on environmental protection in construction of ecological civilization is the focus on one of the six battle this year. Xian Wei proposed to build "green mountains and beautiful, happy and harmonious" new ... ... Target, which is the basis of environmental protection. Do well environmental protection work, we keep the side of the mountains, nor to the masses to create a suitable for residential and business suitable for swimming and raising living and working environment. Last year, we got good grades the environmental work, atmospheric index ranked 4th in the city to obtain eco-compensationaccording to project needs, in accordance with the "channel, use the same, and use" principle, the implementation of project planning, funding and manpower arrangements, avoiding duplication of inputs and waste of resources, effective integration of poverty relief funds ... Here to remind everyone that bundle integration-related funds, aims to concentrate financial resources for big undertakings. Authorities do not think that has less autonomy, pursuing the deregulation of work. This year on the amount of funds on fighting for the departments concerned to increase over the previous year ... and ... respectively. In this regard, the financial Department to dispatch in a timely manner, analyses relevant departments strive for. (E) to implement the poverty assessment responsibilities. Of village-level evaluation is very clear, that is, "five-ten" ("five-way" path, power, through water, through radio, television, information; " Ten "the hanlaobaoshou fields, rich projects, Office kitchen, health services, sanitation system, pre-school education, 溶液的组成:溶剂和溶质。(溶质可以是固体、液体或气体;固、气溶于液体时，固、气是溶质，液体是溶剂; 两种液体互相溶解时，量多的一种是溶剂，量少的是溶质;当溶液中有水存在时，不论水的量有多少，我们习惯 上都把水当成溶剂，其它为溶质。) 23、固体溶解度:在一定温度下，某固态物质在100克溶剂里达到饱和状态时所溶解的质量，就叫做这种 物质在这种溶剂里的溶解度 24、酸:H+酸根 碱:金属+OH 盐:金属+酸根的化合物 25、燃烧:可燃物跟氧气发生的一种发光发热的剧烈的氧化反应 燃烧的条件:?可燃物;?与氧气接触;?可燃物的温度要达到着火点。 生活中的化学物质: 1、空气的成分:氮气占78%, 氧气占21%, 稀有气体占0.94%, 二氧化碳占0.03%,其它气体与杂质占0.03% 2、主要的空气污染物:NO、CO、SO、可吸入颗粒物等物质 2 2 3、其它常见气体的化学式:NH(氨气)、CO(一氧化碳)、CO(二氧化碳)、CH(甲烷)、 324 SO(二氧化硫)、SO(三氧化硫)、HCl(氯化氢) 232--2-4、常见的酸根或离子:SO(硫酸根)、NO(硝酸根)、CO(碳酸根)、 433--+Cl(氯离子)、OH(氢氧根)、NH(铵根或铵离子)、 4 各元素或原子团的化合价与上面离子的电荷数相对应: 一价钾钠氢和银，二价钙镁钡和锌; 一二铜汞二三铁，三价铝来四价硅。(氧-2，氯化物中的氯为 -1，氟-1，溴为-1) (单质中，元素的化合价为0 ;在化合物里，各元素的化合价的代数和为0) 5、化学式和化合价: (1)化学式的意义:?宏观意义:a.表示一种物质; b.表示该物质的元素组成; ?微观意义:a.表示该物质的一个分子; b.表示该物质的分子构成; 可计算出的量:a.物质的一个分子中各原子个数比; b.组成物质的各元素质量比。 (2)单质化学式的读写 读:直接读其元素名称 ?直接用元素符号表示的:a.金属单质。如:钾K 铜Cu 银Ag 等; (稀有气体的可加多个 “气”字或不加也可) b.固态非金属。如:碳C 硫S 磷P 等 直接由原子 构成的单质 c.稀有气体。如:氦(气)He 氖(气)Ne 氩(气)Ar等 ?多原子构成分子的单质:其分子由几个同种原子构成的就在元素符号右下角写几。 如:每个氧气分子是由2个氧原子构成，则氧气的化学式为O2 双原子分子单质化学式:O(氧气)、N(氮气)、H(氢气) 22 2读:气体单质在其元素 名称后加多个“气” F(氟气)、Cl(氯气)、Br(液态溴) 222 多原子分子单质化学式:臭氧O等 3 (3)化合物化学式的读写:先读的后写，后写的先读 ?两种元素组成的化合物:读成“某化某”，如:MgO(氧化镁)、NaCl(氯化钠) ?酸根与金属元素组成的化合物:读成“某酸某”，如:KMnO(高锰酸钾)、KMnO(锰酸钾) 424 MgSO(硫酸镁)、CaCO(碳酸钙) 43 (4)根据化学式判断元素化合价，根据元素化合价写出化合物的化学式: ?判断元素化合价的依据是:化合物中正负化合价代数和为零。 ?根据元素化合价写化学式的步骤: a.按元素化合价正左负右写出元素符号并标出化合价; b.看元素化合价是否有约数，并约成最简比; c.交叉对调把已约成最简比的化合价写在元素符号的右下角。 , on environmental protection in construction of ecological civilization is place. When the examination, which the poor don't have time to get out of poverty, and holding people accountable. Third-by-, protection officers working households, householdnow onurrent income, poverty, support measures, implementation of support measures, through helping ' income, annual revenue. From n, each poor households identified a package cost. In this regard, you can design a form, indicating the poor basic causes, cviatiogrid management, and "make a heart" activity combined package of leading cadres implement monitoring systems for poverty alleleviation to evaluation efforts in this regard. To implement the grid management model, integrating poverty alleviation into rty aln through acceptance, which we put forward higher requirements for poverty eradication. Therefore, the County Office for poveelephone surveys looking activities. This means that our achievements have been recognized by the poor for poverty alleviatioits, tior acceptance to entrust a third party institution from HouseImplementation. After acceptance, also through spot checks, visis to look at the per capita net income of the poor end of 2015 standards is ... ... Yuan, higher standards is poverty. Supersment re very straightforward, specific standards, also has a clear direction, more easily by a superior examination. Poverty assesre and entertainment venues, fitness centers, has a good ecological environment, job security measures), these requirements acultu2school education,-services, sanitation system, prece kitchen, health way" path, power, through water, through radio, television, information; " Ten "the hanlaobaoshou fields, rich projects, Offi-ten" ("five-level evaluation is very clear, that is, "five-the poverty assessment responsibilities. Of village ementn this regard, the financial Department to dispatch in a timely manner, analyses relevant departments strive for. (E) to implamount of funds on fighting for the departments concerned to increase over the previous year ... and ... respectively. I pursuing the deregulation of work. This year on the related funds, aims to concentrate financial resources for big undertakings. Authorities do not think that has less autonomy,-on of poverty relief funds ... Here to remind everyone that bundle integrationgratiof project planning, funding and manpower arrangements, avoiding duplication of inputs and waste of resources, effective inte compensationaccording to project needs, in accordance with the "channel, use the same, and use" principle, the implementation-eco working environment. Last year, we got good grades the environmental work, atmospheric index ranked 4th in the city to obtain e mountains, nor to the masses to create a suitable for residential and business suitable for swimming and raising living andof th " new ... ... Target, which is the basis of environmental protection. Do well environmental protection work, we keep the sidethe focus on one of the six battle this year. Xian Wei proposed to build "green mountains and beautiful, happy and harmonious 6、核外电子排布:1-20号元素(能说出原子结构示意图的意义) 元素的化学性质取决于最外层电子数 金属元素 原子的最外层电子数< 4，易失电子，化学性质活泼。 稳定结构: ?最外层8电子非金属元素 原子的最外层电子数? 4，易得电子，化学性质活泼。 ?第一层为最外 原子的最外层有8个电子(He有2个)，结构稳定，性质稳定。 稀有气体元素 层2电子 7、书写化学方程式的原则:?以客观事实为依据; ?遵循质量守恒定律 书写化学方程式的步骤:“写”、“配”、“注”“等”。 8、酸碱度的表示方法——PH值 70123456891011121314 酸性增强 中性 碱性增强 说明:(1)pH值=7，溶液呈中性;pH值<7，溶液呈酸性;pH值>7，溶液呈碱性。 (2)pH值越接近0，酸性越强;pH值越接近14，碱性越强;pH值越接近7，溶液的酸、碱性就 越弱，越接近中性。 (饮用水中因溶解有二氧化碳而略显酸性) 9、金属活动性顺序表: K、Ca、Na、Mg、Al、Zn、Fe、Sn、Pb、(H)、Cu、Hg、Ag、Pt、Au 金属活动性由强逐渐减弱 (钾、钙、钠、镁、铝、锌、铁、锡、铅、氢、铜、汞、银、铂、金) 说明:(1)越左金属活动性就越强，左边的金属可以从右边金属的盐溶液中置换出该金属出来 (2)排在氢左边的金属，可以从酸中置换出氢气;排在氢右边的则不能。 (3)钾、钙、钠三种金属比较活泼，它们直接跟溶液中的水发生反应置换出氢气 10、物质的结构: tion. Do well environmental protection work, we keep the side of the mountains, nor to the masses to create a suitable for reprotecposed to build "green mountains and beautiful, happy and harmonious" new ... ... Target, which is the basis of environmental ronmental protection in construction of ecological civilization is the focus on one of the six battle this year. Xian Wei pro, on enviplace. When the examination, which the poor don't have time to get out of poverty, and holding people accountable. Third-by-ort measures, through helping ' income, annual revenue. From now on, protection officers working households, householdsupp regard, you can design a form, indicating the poor basic causes, current income, poverty, support measures, implementation ofleading cadres implement monitoring systems for poverty alleviation, each poor households identified a package cost. In this age ofnt the grid management model, integrating poverty alleviation into grid management, and "make a heart" activity combined packor poverty eradication. Therefore, the County Office for poverty alleviation to evaluation efforts in this regard. To implemeents fchievements have been recognized by the poor for poverty alleviation through acceptance, which we put forward higher requiremplementation. After acceptance, also through spot checks, visits, telephone surveys looking activities. This means that our auseIm2015 standards is ... ... Yuan, higher standards is poverty. Superior acceptance to entrust a third party institution from Ho rection, more easily by a superior examination. Poverty assessment is to look at the per capita net income of the poor end ofnts are very straightforward, specific standards, also has a clear diculture and entertainment venues, fitness centers, has a good ecological environment, job security measures), these requireme3school education,-n "the hanlaobaoshou fields, rich projects, Office kitchen, health services, sanitation system, preway" path, power, through water, through radio, television, information; " Te-ten" ("five-level evaluation is very clear, that is, "five-manner, analyses relevant departments strive for. (E) to implement the poverty assessment responsibilities. Of village imelyto increase over the previous year ... and ... respectively. In this regard, the financial Department to dispatch in a tless autonomy, pursuing the deregulation of work. This year on the amount of funds on fighting for the departments concerned related funds, aims to concentrate financial resources for big undertakings. Authorities do not think that has-t bundle integrationg duplication of inputs and waste of resources, effective integration of poverty relief funds ... Here to remind everyone thaof project planning, funding and manpower arrangements, avoidin compensationaccording to project needs, in accordance with the "channel, use the same, and use" principle, the implementation-ental work, atmospheric index ranked 4th in the city to obtain ecovironmsidential and business suitable for swimming and raising living and working environment. Last year, we got good grades the en 11、化学符号的意义及书写: (1)化学符号的意义:a.元素符号:?表示一种元素;?表示该元素的一个原子。 b(化学式:本知识点的第5点第(1)小点 c(离子符号:表示离子及离子所带的电荷数。 d(化合价符号:表示元素或原子团的化合价。 当符号前面有数字(化合价符号没有数字)时，此时组成符号的意义只表示该种粒子的个数。 元素符号:原子 如:3S 只表示3个硫原子 符号前有数字时符 化学式:分子 如:5CO 只表示5个二氧化碳分子 2号所表示的粒子 2+ 如:4Mg 只表示4个镁离子 离子符号:离子 (2)化学符号的书写:a.原子的表示方法:用元素符号表示 如: 氢原子:H b(分子的表示方法:用化学式表示 如: 二氧化碳分子:CO 22+ c(离子的表示方法:用离子符号表示 如: 钙离子:Ca +2 d(化合价的表示方法:用化合价符号表示 如正二价的镁元素:Hg 注:原子、分子、离子三种粒子个数不只“1”时，只能在符号的前面加，不能在其它地方加。 2+如:两个氧原子:2O(而不是O，O是分子); 7个二氧化碳分子:7CO; 两个钙离子:2Ca 222 先写出粒子的符号，再在符号前面标出粒子的个数～ 12、原子、分子、离子、元素和物质(纯净物和混合物)间的关系: " new ... ... Target, which is the basis of environmental protection. Do well environmental protection work, we keep the sidethe focus on one of the six battle this year. Xian Wei proposed to build "green mountains and beautiful, happy and harmonious, on environmental protection in construction of ecological civilization is place. When the examination, which the poor don't have time to get out of poverty, and holding people accountable. Third-by-, protection officers working households, householdnow onurrent income, poverty, support measures, implementation of support measures, through helping ' income, annual revenue. From n, each poor households identified a package cost. In this regard, you can design a form, indicating the poor basic causes, cviatiogrid management, and "make a heart" activity combined package of leading cadres implement monitoring systems for poverty alleleviation to evaluation efforts in this regard. To implement the grid management model, integrating poverty alleviation into rty aln through acceptance, which we put forward higher requirements for poverty eradication. Therefore, the County Office for poveelephone surveys looking activities. This means that our achievements have been recognized by the poor for poverty alleviatioits, tior acceptance to entrust a third party institution from HouseImplementation. After acceptance, also through spot checks, visis to look at the per capita net income of the poor end of 2015 standards is ... ... Yuan, higher standards is poverty. Supersment re very straightforward, specific standards, also has a clear direction, more easily by a superior examination. Poverty assesre and entertainment venues, fitness centers, has a good ecological environment, job security measures), these requirements acultu4school education,-services, sanitation system, prece kitchen, health way" path, power, through water, through radio, television, information; " Ten "the hanlaobaoshou fields, rich projects, Offi-ten" ("five-level evaluation is very clear, that is, "five-the poverty assessment responsibilities. Of village ementn this regard, the financial Department to dispatch in a timely manner, analyses relevant departments strive for. (E) to implamount of funds on fighting for the departments concerned to increase over the previous year ... and ... respectively. I pursuing the deregulation of work. This year on the related funds, aims to concentrate financial resources for big undertakings. Authorities do not think that has less autonomy,-on of poverty relief funds ... Here to remind everyone that bundle integrationgratiof project planning, funding and manpower arrangements, avoiding duplication of inputs and waste of resources, effective inte compensationaccording to project needs, in accordance with the "channel, use the same, and use" principle, the implementation-eco working environment. Last year, we got good grades the environmental work, atmospheric index ranked 4th in the city to obtain e mountains, nor to the masses to create a suitable for residential and business suitable for swimming and raising living andof th 同种元素组直接结合 单质 成的纯净物 原 物 构成 具有相同核电荷 聚集 元素 分子 数的一类原子 分化 质 子 得或失不同种元素组结合 离子 化合物 电子 成的纯净物 蒸发溶剂、加入溶质、升高(或降低)温度 13、 饱和溶液 不饱和溶液 加入溶剂、降低(或升高)温度 14、制取气体常用的发生装置和收集装置: 发生装置 收集装置 A C a c B b [固(+固)] [固+液] 向上 向下 [固+液] 排水法 简易装置 排空气法 排空气法 15、三种气体的实验室制法以及它们的区别: 气体 氧气(O) 氢气(H) 二氧化碳(CO) 222 )或双氧水)高锰酸钾(KMnO锌粒(Zn)和盐酸(HCl)石灰石(大理石)(CaCO43 药品 (HO)和二氧化锰(MnO) 或稀硫酸(HSO) 和稀盐酸(HCl) 22224 2KMnO== KMnO+MnOSO=ZnSO+H? Zn+H 4 242 2442反应 +O? CaCO+2HCl=CaCl+HO+2322原理 MnO 2Zn+2HCl=ZnCl或2HO==== 2HO+O? +H? CO? 2222222 仪器[固(+固)]或[固+液] [固+液] [固+液] 装置 用带火星的木条,伸进点燃木条，伸入瓶内，木条通入澄清的石灰水，看 检验 集气瓶,若木条复燃,上的火焰熄灭，瓶口火焰呈是否变浑浊，若浑浊则 是氧气;否则不是氧气 淡蓝色，则该气体是氢气 是CO。 2 ?排水法(不易溶于水) ?排水法(难溶于水) ?瓶口向上排空气法 收集?瓶口向上排空气法?瓶口向下排空气法(密度比空气大) 方法 (密度比空气大) (密度比空气小) (不能用排水法收集) <1>用拇指堵住集满氢气 用带火星的木条,平放的试管口;<2>靠近火焰,用燃着的木条,平放在验满 在集气瓶口,若木条复移开拇指点火 集气瓶口,若火焰熄(验纯) 燃,氧气已满,否则没若“噗”的一声，氢灭,则已满;否则没满 满 气已纯;若有尖锐的爆鸣 声，则氢气不纯 放置 正放 倒放 正放 tion. Do well environmental protection work, we keep the side of the mountains, nor to the masses to create a suitable for reprotecposed to build "green mountains and beautiful, happy and harmonious" new ... ... Target, which is the basis of environmental ronmental protection in construction of ecological civilization is the focus on one of the six battle this year. Xian Wei pro, on enviplace. When the examination, which the poor don't have time to get out of poverty, and holding people accountable. Third-by-ort measures, through helping ' income, annual revenue. From now on, protection officers working households, householdsupp regard, you can design a form, indicating the poor basic causes, current income, poverty, support measures, implementation ofleading cadres implement monitoring systems for poverty alleviation, each poor households identified a package cost. In this age ofnt the grid management model, integrating poverty alleviation into grid management, and "make a heart" activity combined packor poverty eradication. Therefore, the County Office for poverty alleviation to evaluation efforts in this regard. To implemeents fchievements have been recognized by the poor for poverty alleviation through acceptance, which we put forward higher requiremplementation. After acceptance, also through spot checks, visits, telephone surveys looking activities. This means that our auseIm2015 standards is ... ... Yuan, higher standards is poverty. Superior acceptance to entrust a third party institution from Ho rection, more easily by a superior examination. Poverty assessment is to look at the per capita net income of the poor end ofnts are very straightforward, specific standards, also has a clear diculture and entertainment venues, fitness centers, has a good ecological environment, job security measures), these requireme5school education,-n "the hanlaobaoshou fields, rich projects, Office kitchen, health services, sanitation system, preway" path, power, through water, through radio, television, information; " Te-ten" ("five-level evaluation is very clear, that is, "five-manner, analyses relevant departments strive for. (E) to implement the poverty assessment responsibilities. Of village imelyto increase over the previous year ... and ... respectively. In this regard, the financial Department to dispatch in a tless autonomy, pursuing the deregulation of work. This year on the amount of funds on fighting for the departments concerned related funds, aims to concentrate financial resources for big undertakings. Authorities do not think that has-t bundle integrationg duplication of inputs and waste of resources, effective integration of poverty relief funds ... Here to remind everyone thaof project planning, funding and manpower arrangements, avoidin compensationaccording to project needs, in accordance with the "channel, use the same, and use" principle, the implementation-ental work, atmospheric index ranked 4th in the city to obtain ecovironmsidential and business suitable for swimming and raising living and working environment. Last year, we got good grades the en ?检查装置的气密性 (当用第一种药品制取 时以下要注意) ?检查装置的气密性 ?试管口要略向下倾?长颈漏斗的管口要斜(防止凝结在试管口插入液面下; ?检查装置的气密性 的小水珠倒流入试管注意?点燃氢气前，一定要?长颈漏斗的管口要底部使试管破裂) 事项 检验氢气的纯度(空气插入液面下; ?加热时应先使试管均匀受中，氢气的体积达到总?不能用排水法收集 热，再集中在药品部位加热。 体积的4%—74.2%点燃?排水法收集完氧气会爆炸。) 后,先撤导管后撤酒精 灯(防止水槽中的水倒 流,使试管破裂) 16、一些重要常见气体的性质(物理性质和化学性质) 物理性质 物质 化学性质 用途 (通常状况下) 点燃 ==CO(发出白光，放出热量) ?C + O22 点燃 1、 供呼吸 ==SO (空气中—淡蓝色火 ?S + O22 2、 炼钢 焰;氧气中—紫蓝色火焰) 无色无味的气3、 气焊 点燃 ?4P + 5O == 2PO (产生白烟，生225氧气 (注:O具有体,不易溶于2成白色固体PO) 25 (O) 水,密度比空气助燃性，但2点燃 ?3Fe + 2O == FeO (剧烈燃烧，火234略大 不具有可燃 星四射，放出大量的热，生成黑色固性，不能燃 体) 烧。) ?蜡烛在氧气中燃烧，发出白光，放 出热量 1、填充气、? 可燃性: 点燃 飞舰(密度比 + O ==== 2HO 2H222 点燃 空气小) 无色无味的气H + Cl ==== 2HCl 222、合成氨、氢气 体，难溶于水，? 还原性:(不考) 制盐酸 (H) 密度比空气小，2H + CuO === Cu + HO 223、气焊、气是最轻的气体。 3H + WO === W + 3HO 232割(可燃性) 4、提炼金属3H + FeO== 2Fe + 3HO 223 2 (还原性) + HO ==HCO(酸性) CO1、用于灭火(应2223无色无味的气(HCO === HO + CO?)(不稳定) 用其不可燃烧，2322体，密度大于空二氧也不支持燃烧CO + Ca(OH)==CaCO?+HO(鉴别CO) 22 322气，能溶于水，化碳的性质) CO +2NaOH==NaCO + HO 2232(CO) 固体的CO叫“干222、制饮料、化CaCO == CaO + CO?(工业制CO2) 32冰”。 肥和纯碱 ?可燃性:2CO + O2 == 2CO2 无色无味气体，(火焰呈蓝色，放出大量的热，可作气体燃料) 一氧1、 作燃料 密度比空气略?还原性:(重点) 化碳2、 冶炼金小，难溶于水，CO + CuO === Cu + CO 2(CO) 属 有毒气体 3CO + FeO==高温2Fe + 3CO 23 2 working environment. Last year, we got good grades the environmental work, atmospheric index ranked 4th in the city to obtain e mountains, nor to the masses to create a suitable for residential and business suitable for swimming and raising living andof th " new ... ... Target, which is the basis of environmental protection. Do well environmental protection work, we keep the sidethe focus on one of the six battle this year. Xian Wei proposed to build "green mountains and beautiful, happy and harmonious, on environmental protection in construction of ecological civilization is place. When the examination, which the poor don't have time to get out of poverty, and holding people accountable. Third-by-, protection officers working households, householdnow onurrent income, poverty, support measures, implementation of support measures, through helping ' income, annual revenue. From n, each poor households identified a package cost. In this regard, you can design a form, indicating the poor basic causes, cviatiogrid management, and "make a heart" activity combined package of leading cadres implement monitoring systems for poverty alleleviation to evaluation efforts in this regard. To implement the grid management model, integrating poverty alleviation into rty aln through acceptance, which we put forward higher requirements for poverty eradication. Therefore, the County Office for poveelephone surveys looking activities. This means that our achievements have been recognized by the poor for poverty alleviatioits, tior acceptance to entrust a third party institution from HouseImplementation. After acceptance, also through spot checks, visis to look at the per capita net income of the poor end of 2015 standards is ... ... Yuan, higher standards is poverty. Supersment re very straightforward, specific standards, also has a clear direction, more easily by a superior examination. Poverty assesre and entertainment venues, fitness centers, has a good ecological environment, job security measures), these requirements acultu6school education,-services, sanitation system, prece kitchen, health way" path, power, through water, through radio, television, information; " Ten "the hanlaobaoshou fields, rich projects, Offi-ten" ("five-level evaluation is very clear, that is, "five-the poverty assessment responsibilities. Of village ementn this regard, the financial Department to dispatch in a timely manner, analyses relevant departments strive for. (E) to implamount of funds on fighting for the departments concerned to increase over the previous year ... and ... respectively. I pursuing the deregulation of work. This year on the related funds, aims to concentrate financial resources for big undertakings. Authorities do not think that has less autonomy,-on of poverty relief funds ... Here to remind everyone that bundle integrationgratiof project planning, funding and manpower arrangements, avoiding duplication of inputs and waste of resources, effective inte compensationaccording to project needs, in accordance with the "channel, use the same, and use" principle, the implementation-eco (跟血液中血红蛋白结合，破坏血液 输氧的能力) 解题技巧和说明: 一、 推断题解题技巧:看其颜色，观其状态，察其变化，初代验之，验而得之。 1、常见物质的颜色:多数气体为无色，多数固体化合物为白色，多数溶液为无色。 2、 一些特殊物质的颜色: 黑色:MnO、CuO、FeO、C、 2342+ 蓝色:含Cu溶液、 红色:Cu(亮红色)、FeO(红褐色)、红磷(暗红色) 23 3+ 黄色:硫磺(单质S)、含Fe的溶液(棕黄色) 2+ 绿色:含Fe 的溶液(浅绿色)、 无色气体:N、CO、CO、O、H、CH 22224 有刺激性气味的气体:SO2 3、 常见一些变化的判断: 白色沉淀:碳酸钙 其他见笔记本或30套扉页，老师讲过的。 二、 解实验题:看清题目要求是什么，要做的是什么，这样做的目的是什么。 (一)、实验用到的气体要求是比较纯净，除去常见杂质具体方法: 1. 除水蒸气可用:浓流酸、氢氧化钠固体、碱石灰(氢氧化钠和生石灰混合物)、生石灰 等 2. 除CO可用:足量澄清石灰水(可检验出杂质中有无CO)、NaOH溶液、 22 3. 验CO可用:澄清石灰水 2 除HCl气体，(见题目给的信息) 除气体杂质的原则:用某物质吸收杂质或跟杂质反应，但不能吸收或跟有效成份反应，或 者生成新的杂质。 (二)、实验注意的地方: ?防爆炸:点燃可燃性气体(如H、CO、CH)或用CO、H还原CuO、FeO之前，要检24223 验气体纯度。 ?防暴沸:稀释浓硫酸时，将浓硫酸倒入水中，不能把水倒入浓硫酸中。 ?防中毒:进行有关有毒气体(如:CO、SO、NO)的性质实验时，在 22 通风厨中进行;并要注意尾气的处理:CO点燃烧掉; SO、NO用碱液吸收。 22 ?防倒吸:加热法制取并用排水法收集气体，要注意熄灯顺序。 (三)、常见意外事故的处理: 浓硫酸沾到皮肤或衣物上:先用水冲洗，再用3 - 5% NaHCO冲洗; 3 氢氧化钠固体沾到皮肤或衣物上:用水冲洗，再涂上硼酸; (四)、实验室制取三大气体中常见的要除的杂质: 1、制O要除的杂质:水蒸气(HO) 22 2、用盐酸和锌粒制H要除的杂质:水蒸气(HO)、氯化氢气体(HCl，盐酸酸雾)(用22 稀硫酸没此杂质) 3、制CO要除的杂质:水蒸气(HO)、氯化氢气体(HCl) 22 (五)、常用实验方法来验证混合气体里含有某种气体 1、有CO的验证方法:(先验证混合气体中是否有CO，有则先除掉) 2 将混合气体通入灼热的CuO，再将经过灼热的CuO的混合气体通 入澄清石灰水。现象:黑色CuO变成红色，且澄清石灰水要变浑 浊。 ort measures, through helping ' income, annual revenue. From now on, protection officers working households, householdsupp regard, you can design a form, indicating the poor basic causes, current income, poverty, support measures, implementation ofleading cadres implement monitoring systems for poverty alleviation, each poor households identified a package cost. In this age ofnt the grid management model, integrating poverty alleviation into grid management, and "make a heart" activity combined packor poverty eradication. Therefore, the County Office for poverty alleviation to evaluation efforts in this regard. To implemeents fchievements have been recognized by the poor for poverty alleviation through acceptance, which we put forward higher requiremplementation. After acceptance, also through spot checks, visits, telephone surveys looking activities. This means that our auseIm2015 standards is ... ... Yuan, higher standards is poverty. Superior acceptance to entrust a third party institution from Ho rection, more easily by a superior examination. Poverty assessment is to look at the per capita net income of the poor end ofnts are very straightforward, specific standards, also has a clear diculture and entertainment venues, fitness centers, has a good ecological environment, job security measures), these requireme7school education,-n "the hanlaobaoshou fields, rich projects, Office kitchen, health services, sanitation system, preway" path, power, through water, through radio, television, information; " Te-ten" ("five-level evaluation is very clear, that is, "five-manner, analyses relevant departments strive for. (E) to implement the poverty assessment responsibilities. Of village imelyto increase over the previous year ... and ... respectively. In this regard, the financial Department to dispatch in a tless autonomy, pursuing the deregulation of work. This year on the amount of funds on fighting for the departments concerned related funds, aims to concentrate financial resources for big undertakings. Authorities do not think that has-t bundle integrationg duplication of inputs and waste of resources, effective integration of poverty relief funds ... Here to remind everyone thaof project planning, funding and manpower arrangements, avoidin compensationaccording to project needs, in accordance with the "channel, use the same, and use" principle, the implementation-ental work, atmospheric index ranked 4th in the city to obtain ecovironmsidential and business suitable for swimming and raising living and working environment. Last year, we got good grades the ention. Do well environmental protection work, we keep the side of the mountains, nor to the masses to create a suitable for reprotecposed to build "green mountains and beautiful, happy and harmonious" new ... ... Target, which is the basis of environmental ronmental protection in construction of ecological civilization is the focus on one of the six battle this year. Xian Wei pro, on enviplace. When the examination, which the poor don't have time to get out of poverty, and holding people accountable. Third-by- 2、有H的验证方法:(先验证混合气体中是否有水份，有则先除掉) 2 将混合气体通入灼热的CuO，再将经过灼热的CuO的混合气体通入 盛有浓硫酸中。现象:黑色CuO变成红色，浓硫酸质量增加。 3、有CO的验证方法:将混合气体通入澄清石灰水。现象:澄清石灰水变浑浊。 2 (六)、自实验 1、 试设计一个实验证明蜡烛中含有碳氢两种元素。 实验步骤 实验现象 结论 ?将蜡烛点燃，在火焰上方罩一烧杯内壁有小水证明蜡烛 个干燥洁净的烧杯 珠生成 有氢元素 ?在蜡烛火焰上方罩一个蘸有澄清石灰水变浑证明蜡烛 澄清石灰水的烧杯 浊 有碳元素 2、试设计一个实验来证明CO具有不支持燃烧和密度比空气大的性质。 2 实验步骤 实验现象 结论 图 把两支蜡烛放到具有具 证明CO2 阶梯的架上，把此架放阶梯下层的有不支持 在烧杯里(如图)，点燃烧和密蜡烛先灭，上 燃蜡烛，再沿烧杯壁倾度比空气层的后灭。 倒CO 大的性质 2 三、解计算题: 计算题的类型有:?有关质量分数(元素和溶质)的计算 ?根据化学方程式进行计算 ?由?和?两种类型混合在一起计算 (一)、溶液中溶质质量分数的计算 溶质质量 溶质质量分数 = ? 100% 溶液质量 (二)、化合物(纯净物)中某元素质量分数的计算 某元素相对原子质量?原子个数 某元素质量分数= ? 100% 化合物的相对分子质量 (三)、混合物中某化合物的质量分数计算 化合物质量 化合物的质量分数= ? 100% 混合物质量 (四)、混合物中某元素质量分数的计算 元素质量 某元素质量分数= ? 100% 混合物质量 或:某元素质量分数= 化合物的质量分数 ? 该元素在化合物中的质量分数 (五)、解题技巧 1、审题:看清题目的要求，已知什么，求什么，有化学方程式的先写出化学方程式。找 出解此题的有关公式。 2、根据化学方程式计算的解题步骤: ?设未知量 e mountains, nor to the masses to create a suitable for residential and business suitable for swimming and raising living andof th " new ... ... Target, which is the basis of environmental protection. Do well environmental protection work, we keep the sidethe focus on one of the six battle this year. Xian Wei proposed to build "green mountains and beautiful, happy and harmonious, on environmental protection in construction of ecological civilization is place. When the examination, which the poor don't have time to get out of poverty, and holding people accountable. Third-by-, protection officers working households, householdnow onurrent income, poverty, support measures, implementation of support measures, through helping ' income, annual revenue. From n, each poor households identified a package cost. In this regard, you can design a form, indicating the poor basic causes, cviatiogrid management, and "make a heart" activity combined package of leading cadres implement monitoring systems for poverty alleleviation to evaluation efforts in this regard. To implement the grid management model, integrating poverty alleviation into rty aln through acceptance, which we put forward higher requirements for poverty eradication. Therefore, the County Office for poveelephone surveys looking activities. This means that our achievements have been recognized by the poor for poverty alleviatioits, tior acceptance to entrust a third party institution from HouseImplementation. After acceptance, also through spot checks, visis to look at the per capita net income of the poor end of 2015 standards is ... ... Yuan, higher standards is poverty. Supersment re very straightforward, specific standards, also has a clear direction, more easily by a superior examination. Poverty assesre and entertainment venues, fitness centers, has a good ecological environment, job security measures), these requirements acultu8school education,-services, sanitation system, prece kitchen, health way" path, power, through water, through radio, television, information; " Ten "the hanlaobaoshou fields, rich projects, Offi-ten" ("five-level evaluation is very clear, that is, "five-the poverty assessment responsibilities. Of village ementn this regard, the financial Department to dispatch in a timely manner, analyses relevant departments strive for. (E) to implamount of funds on fighting for the departments concerned to increase over the previous year ... and ... respectively. I pursuing the deregulation of work. This year on the related funds, aims to concentrate financial resources for big undertakings. Authorities do not think that has less autonomy,-on of poverty relief funds ... Here to remind everyone that bundle integrationgratiof project planning, funding and manpower arrangements, avoiding duplication of inputs and waste of resources, effective inte compensationaccording to project needs, in accordance with the "channel, use the same, and use" principle, the implementation-eco working environment. Last year, we got good grades the environmental work, atmospheric index ranked 4th in the city to obtain ?书写出正确的化学方程式 ?写出有关物质的相对分子质量、已知量、未知量 ?列出比例式，求解 ?答。 regard, you can design a form, indicating the poor basic causes, current income, poverty, support measures, implementation ofleading cadres implement monitoring systems for poverty alleviation, each poor households identified a package cost. In this age ofnt the grid management model, integrating poverty alleviation into grid management, and "make a heart" activity combined packor poverty eradication. Therefore, the County Office for poverty alleviation to evaluation efforts in this regard. To implemeents fchievements have been recognized by the poor for poverty alleviation through acceptance, which we put forward higher requiremplementation. After acceptance, also through spot checks, visits, telephone surveys looking activities. This means that our auseIm2015 standards is ... ... Yuan, higher standards is poverty. Superior acceptance to entrust a third party institution from Ho rection, more easily by a superior examination. Poverty assessment is to look at the per capita net income of the poor end ofnts are very straightforward, specific standards, also has a clear diculture and entertainment venues, fitness centers, has a good ecological environment, job security measures), these requireme9school education,-n "the hanlaobaoshou fields, rich projects, Office kitchen, health services, sanitation system, preway" path, power, through water, through radio, television, information; " Te-ten" ("five-level evaluation is very clear, that is, "five-manner, analyses relevant departments strive for. (E) to implement the poverty assessment responsibilities. Of village imelyto increase over the previous year ... and ... respectively. In this regard, the financial Department to dispatch in a tless autonomy, pursuing the deregulation of work. This year on the amount of funds on fighting for the departments concerned related funds, aims to concentrate financial resources for big undertakings. Authorities do not think that has-t bundle integrationg duplication of inputs and waste of resources, effective integration of poverty relief funds ... Here to remind everyone thaof project planning, funding and manpower arrangements, avoidin compensationaccording to project needs, in accordance with the "channel, use the same, and use" principle, the implementation-ental work, atmospheric index ranked 4th in the city to obtain ecovironmsidential and business suitable for swimming and raising living and working environment. Last year, we got good grades the ention. Do well environmental protection work, we keep the side of the mountains, nor to the masses to create a suitable for reprotecposed to build "green mountains and beautiful, happy and harmonious" new ... ... Target, which is the basis of environmental ronmental protection in construction of ecological civilization is the focus on one of the six battle this year. Xian Wei pro, on enviplace. When the examination, which the poor don't have time to get out of poverty, and holding people accountable. Third-by-ort measures, through helping ' income, annual revenue. From now on, protection officers working households, householdsupp