鸦胆子研究信息

鸦胆子研究信息 鸦胆子 鸦胆子是苦木科常绿灌木或小乔木鸦胆子Brucea javanica(L.)Merr.的干燥成熟果实。主产于我国南方的海南、广东、广西及云南等地。秋季果实成熟时采收，除去杂质后晒干，去壳取仁用。鸦胆子味苦，性寒，有小毒。归大肠、肝经。 一、主要成分 鸦胆子的主要成分为:鸦胆子苦素A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H、I，鸦胆子甙A和B;鸦胆子碱，鸦胆宁和糖甙鸦胆灵;鸦胆子苦醇，鸦胆子素，鸦胆子内酯D;尚分离出槲皮素-3-O-β-D-半乳糖，木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖甙等黄酮类成分以及香草酸，鸦胆子甲素;酚性成分鸦胆子酚和羟基羧酸称为鸦胆子酸等。 鸦胆子仁含脂肪油(鸦胆子油)，含油率为20%左右，含仁率为36%，种仁含油约56.23%。油中不皂化物内含少量挥发油;皂化物内含油酸81.87%、亚油酸3.37%、硬脂酸2.65%、棕榈酸6.62%，还有熔点为152?的绢丝状结晶体4.59%。 二、药理作用 1、抗肿瘤作用 鸦胆子油的水包油静脉乳液在体外能抑制小鼠艾氏腹水癌细胞及腹水型肝癌细胞;整体试验水包油静脉乳液对小鼠艾氏腹水癌有较好抗癌效果，对肉瘤局部给药也有一定疗效。鸦胆子水针剂(9mg/只睾丸)和水包油静脉乳酸(3mg只睾丸)对小鼠精原细胞有丝分裂有明显仰制作用。鸦胆子乳剂腹腔注射对小鼠实体型和腹水型肝癌及大鼠肉瘤均有抑制作用，对小鼠肉瘤，艾氏腹水瘤和子宫颈癌则未见抑制作用，与环磷酰胺合用可消除环磷酰胺引起的白细胞减少。5%鸦胆子乳剂与小鼠艾氏腹水癌细胞接触后，1h细胞杀伤率为80%，4h达100%。鸦胆子不能明显提高小鼠肝癌细胞内的cAMP含量，表明它不是通过提高cAMP含量以抑制癌细胞增殖的途径发挥抗癌作用的。鸦胆子乳剂、油酸乳剂在体外对小鼠艾氏腹水癌细胞结构有明显破坏作用，主要为生物膜结构的破坏。轻者，细胞膜完整，细胞核结构存在，仅见该周围间隙增宽，线粒体肿胀、空化，粗面内质网扩张从局部脱粒，重者，细胞膜缺损、线粒体严重空化及部分细胞充全崩解。鸦胆子油乳剂和油中所含油酸在体外均能仰制H-TDR掺入小鼠艾氏腹水癌细胞DNA，表明其能抑制癌细胞DNA的合成，其作用随浓application; infection and antibacterial drug of clinical application; transfusion refers to levy; nutrition support of adapted card and clinical application; common life support technology (as cycle breathing support, and nutrition support,) and emergency technology of application; common guardianship instrument using. Look: shock, cardiac respiratory arrest and acute organ failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and severe infection and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), severe disturbance of body fluid environment such as critical theory and progress of the illness. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: severe pneumonia in disease-disease myocardial infarction ... 3. high requirements (1) learning disease species: disease species disease species image radiation: rheumatic heart congenital heart intestinal Crohn's (Crohn) disease intestinal tuberculosis bile duct cancer chronic pancreatic inflammatory urinary system stone urinary system tumor adrenal disease thyroid disease cranial within infection nervous system tumor nuclear medical: Digest road bleeding explicit like brain blood flow perfusion explicit like testicular blood pool explicit like salivary glands explicit like (2) clinical knowledge, and skills requirements: understand various image check 度增加而加强，除去药物后仍保留一定的后作用。鸦胆子水浸剂和水浸剂的氯仿提取物在体外对来自鼻咽癌的KB细胞有抑制作用。用甲基胆蒽醋酮诱发的小鼠皮肤癌和乳头状瘤，用鸦胆子仁糊剂，水剂或鸦胆子油局部治疗，能使瘤细胞退行性变和坏处，糊剂最好，水剂和油较差。但对正常皮肤也有类似的作用。 2、对免疫功能的影响 鸦胆子油对鼠脾重、溶血空斑数、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能及60Co照射后的骨髓造血干细胞的增殖均有促进作用。鸦胆子乳剂静脉滴注治疗食管癌、胃癌、直肠癌和乳腺癌患者，对T细胞脂酶染包无明显影响，担示及对细胞免疫功能无抑制作用，对体液免疫显示，IgG、IgM波动在正常范围，而IgA则高于正常值，可能对提高晚期肿瘤患者抗感染能力有一定意义。在体外，1:120稀释的鸦胆子乳剂并不能增强E玫瑰花环的形成，也未能促进淋巴细胞的转化，表明鸦胆子在体内与体外的作用可能是不一致的。另有报道，鸦胆子油乳剂对小鼠网状内皮系统没有促进吞噬的作用。 3、抗疟作用 鸡疟试验证明，鸦胆子仁口服或以其粗提物肌内注射都有显著的抗疟作用，使血中疟原虫减少乃至转阴。鸦胆子仁煎剂肌内注射有显著抗鸡疟作用，最小有效量为0.02g生药/kg，浸膏最小有效量为0.0025g/kg。口服较大剂量也同样有效。结果提示，其抗疟有效成分易溶于水、耐热鸦胆子叶也有抗疟作用。 4、阿米巴作用 去油鸦胆子水浸液和乙醚浸膏加入感染粪便，能杀灭阿米巴原虫，鸦胆子油无作用。鸦胆子仁水浸液(1%)在体外15,20min内可杀死阿米巴原虫，1:1000水溶液可抑制其生长，鸦胆子仁口服或浸剂灌肠对阿米巴痢疾有良好效果。在体外，鸦胆子丁醇提取物、苦木素、鸦胆子苦素C和鸦胆亭均有明显抑制溶组织内阿米巴原虫的作用。 5、其他作用 鸦胆子粗提取物能驱除犬肠道线虫和绦虫。在治疗阿米巴痢疾过程中，也曾观察到鸦胆子对鞭虫和蛔虫有驱除作用。5%一10%鸦胆子冷浸液可杀灭蚊幼虫，其茎，叶放入积水缸内亦有效。鸦胆子甙A、C、F和G具抗病毒作用。 三、药代动力学 alivary glands explicit like (2) clinical knowledge, and skills requirements: understand various image checkar medical: Digest road bleeding explicit like brain blood flow perfusion explicit like testicular blood pool explicit like snucle atory urinary system stone urinary system tumor adrenal disease thyroid disease cranial within infection nervous system tumorheart congenital heart intestinal Crohn's (Crohn) disease intestinal tuberculosis bile duct cancer chronic pancreatic inflammdiation: rheumatic disease myocardial infarction ... 3. high requirements (1) learning disease species: disease species disease species image ra-of the illness. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: severe pneumonia in disease ressand multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), severe disturbance of body fluid environment such as critical theory and prog Look: shock, cardiac respiratory arrest and acute organ failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and severe infection using.(as cycle breathing support, and nutrition support,) and emergency technology of application; common guardianship instrument tion; transfusion refers to levy; nutrition support of adapted card and clinical application; common life support technology application; infection and antibacterial drug of clinical applica2 利用氟标记油酸研究油酸静脉乳在动物体内的药物代谢动力学，静脉注射后在小鼠和家兔药代动力学变化均表现为两室开放模型。家兔静脉注射后分布相半衰期为0.4h，消除相半衰期为12.6h。在小鼠体内的分布以脾脏为最高，其次为肝、肺、肾，心等，脑内药物浓度亦较高，说明油酸可通过血脑屏障。药物经粪、尿排出，24h排出总量为46.46%，说明消除比较缓慢。 四、毒理学 小鸡肌内注射鸦胆子子仁煎剂的LD为0.25g/kg，口服则为0.4g/kg，鸦胆子连50 壳煎剂肌内注射的LD则为0.788g/kg。小鼠尾静脉注射鸦胆子水针剂LD为50502.16g/kg，鸦胆子油静脉乳则为6.25g/kg。小鼠灌服鸦胆子煎剂LD50为2.4g/kg，氯仿提取物则为54mg/kg。亚急性毒性实验表明，家兔静脉注射鸦胆子油静脉乳每日10g/kg，连续7d或18d，对体重、转氨酶、尿素氮及血象等都无明显变化。鸦胆子挥发油对皮肤粘膜有刺激作用，其毒性成分溶于水、具有苦味。肿瘤患者每星期静脉滴入鸦胆亭1.6,6mg/ml连续4星期为1疗程，休息2星期可进行下一疗程，毒性反应有恶心、呕吐，肝功能不良者更为严重，其他偶见毒性反应有发热、脱发低血压，造血系统毒性很小。 五、临床应用 1、治疗肺癌脑转移:用10,鸦胆子油静脉乳剂10,40ml加5,葡萄糖500ml静脉滴注，日1次，或口服10,鸦胆子油静脉乳剂10,20ml/日，分2,3次服，30日为1疗程。颅内压明显增高者，静脉注射本品20ml加25,葡萄糖液或生理盐水40ml，首次用半量。用药时间1,19个月，总剂量为70,740g。除对颅内高压症状者加用脱水剂降颅内压外，不用其它西药。结果:观察到患者脑症状明显改善，颅内高压有所缓解，瘫痪肢体功能有不同程度恢复，生存期延长。共治疗16例，其中4例的病后生存期达到17,20个月。连续应用本品之总剂量达740g均未见有毒性，副作用小，仅3例的注射部位发生静脉炎及血栓形成。本品抗癌作用不如化疗，停药后病情易恶化，对血管有一定刺激作用，有待改进。 2、治疗赘瘤:用鸦胆子油涂搽患部，对于外耳道乳头状瘤、喉乳头状瘤，及寻常疣、扁平疣等均有治疗效果。外耳道乳头状瘤用鸦胆子油滴入，每日l-2次，3-7天即可脱落。单发性的喉乳头状瘤，可先将瘤体摘除，然后用鸦胆子油在基底部擦 se cranial within infection nervous system tumor nuclear medical: Digest road bleeding explicit like brain blood flow perfusidisea berculosis bile duct cancer chronic pancreatic inflammatory urinary system stone urinary system tumor adrenal disease thyroidse species disease species image radiation: rheumatic heart congenital heart intestinal Crohn's (Crohn) disease intestinal tudisease myocardial infarction ... 3. high requirements (1) learning disease species: disea-equirements: severe pneumonia in diseasefluid environment such as critical theory and progress of the illness. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study rbody ic inflammatory response syndrome and severe infection and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), severe disturbance of of application; common guardianship instrument using. Look: shock, cardiac respiratory arrest and acute organ failure, system ologyclinical application; common life support technology (as cycle breathing support, and nutrition support,) and emergency techn ; infection and antibacterial drug of clinical application; transfusion refers to levy; nutrition support of adapted card andapplicationunderstand various image check ments:on explicit like testicular blood pool explicit like salivary glands explicit like (2) clinical knowledge, and skills require3 拭;多发性的先将易摘除的瘤体摘除，再用鸦胆子油在瘤体表面涂拭。小儿在直接喉镜下涂拭，成人在间接喉镜下涂拭，每周l-3次。一般施用5-6次后肿物即可消失，但最多有用至30次的。鸦胆子油对喉部无不良副作用，涂后局部无红肿或溃疡发现，乳头状瘤处形成瘢痕，对正常粘膜无破坏作用。经鸦胆子油治疗的病例未见复发。对于寻常疣、扁平疣等，可先用小刀将疣体表皮轻轻刮破(不宜刮得过深及损伤周围皮肤)，将鸦胆子劈开直接在患部摩擦，或蘸少量鸦胆子油滴于疣上，每4-7天1次，10次为一疗程。涂油后5-6小时内切勿用水或毛巾洗擦，以免拭去药油或波及周围皮肤;面部用药须防止进入眼内;再次用药如遇皮损结有痂膜时，须先将痂膜轻轻刮除再涂药油。用上法治疗扁平疣47例，治愈39例，大多在5次以内治愈。多数病人用药后皮损及健康皮肤出现红肿、瘙痒及灼热感等炎症现象，但对治疗无效病例则此现象很少出现。炎症反应出现后，继续涂擦，原来发炎之处逐渐变为棕黑色，数日后痂膜脱落而疣即消失。用鸦胆子油较鸦胆子仁效果迅速，但局部发炎也较剧烈。也可将鸦胆子捣成细末，加水调成糊状，涂于疣上，每日早晚各1次，涂至结痂为止。一般2周左右即可结痂而愈。鸦胆子油对于软而作线状之乳头状瘤较寻常疣、扁平疣作用迅速，其治疗作用可能是由于它的毒性作用使细胞发生退行性变，细胞核固缩，最后坏死而脱落。 3、治疗阿米巴痢疾:据50例和65例的观察，近期治愈率分别为72%和94%。其中50例组的复发率为6%。治愈病例大都在2-7天内症状消失，大便镜检多数在3-5天转为阴性。从大便转阴时间的长短看，鸦胆子对滋养体作用似较包囊为佳。或认为鸦胆子对急、慢性病例均有效果。副作用有恶心、呕吐、头晕、腹痛、腹泻等，其中以腹泻较多见，但不影响治疗。 4、治疗疟疾:对间日疟、三日疟、恶性疟均有效果，多数病例服药后可控制发作。 5、治疗滴虫性及阿米巴原虫性阴道炎:用鸦胆子仁20粒加水100ml，煎成20ml，以注射器套导尿管注入阴道内，每日1次。治疗6例滴虫性阴道炎，经2-3次用药即获痊愈，随访年余未见复发。另一用鸦胆子仁40粒打碎后加水400ml，煎成40ml，行阴道灌洗，每日1次，治疗l例阿米巴原虫性阴道炎，经7天后亦获痊愈。 6、治脚鸡跟:鸦胆子二十个，砸开取仁，用针尖戳住，放灯头以上少烤，烤至 alivary glands explicit like (2) clinical knowledge, and skills requirements: understand various image checkar medical: Digest road bleeding explicit like brain blood flow perfusion explicit like testicular blood pool explicit like snucle atory urinary system stone urinary system tumor adrenal disease thyroid disease cranial within infection nervous system tumorheart congenital heart intestinal Crohn's (Crohn) disease intestinal tuberculosis bile duct cancer chronic pancreatic inflammdiation: rheumatic disease myocardial infarction ... 3. high requirements (1) learning disease species: disease species disease species image ra-of the illness. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: severe pneumonia in disease ressand multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), severe disturbance of body fluid environment such as critical theory and prog Look: shock, cardiac respiratory arrest and acute organ failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and severe infection using.(as cycle breathing support, and nutrition support,) and emergency technology of application; common guardianship instrument tion; transfusion refers to levy; nutrition support of adapted card and clinical application; common life support technology application; infection and antibacterial drug of clinical applica4 黄色，再放一小块胶布上，用刀将该药按成片，粘于患处(在粘前用开水将患处洗净，用刀将厚皮割去)，每日换一次，二十天左右即痊愈。 7、用鸦胆子仁内服，对于肛门裂和内痔等引起的出血。血吸虫病合并乙状结肠肉芽肿，均有一定的治疗效果。此外，鸦胆子外敷曾引致过敏l例。患者于右足中趾上皮角化处敷药后20分钟突发呼吸困难，旋即进入半昏迷状态，经抢救后始恢复。恢复后以鸦胆子仁浸液作皮肤划痕试验，结果涂药后20秒钟局部发生红润，1分钟时出现直径1.2cm大的丘疹，并觉呼吸有紧迫感，持续12小时之久;同时以健康人用同法作对照，结果阴性。在此以前患者曾两次用鸦胆子仁外敷，亦均在用药后l-2小时左右发生不同程度的过敏症状，如荨麻疹、呼吸迫促、恶心呕吐等。 understand various image check ments:on explicit like testicular blood pool explicit like salivary glands explicit like (2) clinical knowledge, and skills requirese cranial within infection nervous system tumor nuclear medical: Digest road bleeding explicit like brain blood flow perfusidisea berculosis bile duct cancer chronic pancreatic inflammatory urinary system stone urinary system tumor adrenal disease thyroidse species disease species image radiation: rheumatic heart congenital heart intestinal Crohn's (Crohn) disease intestinal tudisease myocardial infarction ... 3. high requirements (1) learning disease species: disea-equirements: severe pneumonia in diseasefluid environment such as critical theory and progress of the illness. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study rbody ic inflammatory response syndrome and severe infection and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), severe disturbance of of application; common guardianship instrument using. Look: shock, cardiac respiratory arrest and acute organ failure, system ologyclinical application; common life support technology (as cycle breathing support, and nutrition support,) and emergency techn ; infection and antibacterial drug of clinical application; transfusion refers to levy; nutrition support of adapted card andapplication5