乙醇和乙酸的性质（Properties of ethanol and acetic acid）

乙醇和乙酸的性质（Properties of ethanol and acetic acid） 乙醇和乙酸的性质(Properties of ethanol and acetic acid) 1, derivatives of hydrocarbon hydrocarbon derivatives: refers to the hydrocarbon molecules in the hydrogen atoms by other atoms or groups of atoms replaced by generating a series of new organic compounds. 2, functional groups: functional groups refers to the chemical properties of the compound atom or group of atoms. Common functional groups are: halogen atom (X), hydroxyl (- OH) and aldehyde (CHO), carboxyl (COOH), (NO2), nitro sulfonic acid (SO3H) and amino (- NH2) etc.. C = C and C = C are functional groups of alkenes and alkynes. Properties of organic compounds is determined by its functional groups, a substance with several functional groups, it has the properties of several kinds of substances. Therefore, mastering the properties of various substances and hydrocarbon derivatives, is the key to solve multi functional material properties. (a) ethanol The molecular structure of 1, ethanol The molecular formula of the ethanol is C2H6O, the structure is: simple structure type is CH3CH2OH or C2H5OH, it is the functional group - OH (Qiang Ji), and special properties of OH decided to ethanol, ethanol molecule is polar molecule. The physical properties of 2, ethanol Ethanol is colorless and transparent, and has a special flavor of the liquid density than water, the boiling point of 78.5 DEG C, volatile, OH ethanol groups are hydrophilic, energy and water in any ratio immiscible, itself is a good organic solvent, can dissolve a variety of organic and inorganic compounds, because ethanol and the water in any ratio immiscible, dissolved iodine or bromine can be extracted by ethanol. Ethanol containing 99.5% (mass fraction) above alcohol called anhydrous alcohol. Preparation of anhydrous alcohol, usually need to put lime mixed with the new industrial alcohol, heating distillation can be made. 3 chemical properties of ethanol Ethanol in the chemical reaction, the molecule has several chemical bonds can be broken, show different chemical properties. (1) and K, Ca, Na, Mg, Al and other active metal reaction, a cleavage, replacement reaction 2CH3CH2OH+2Na, +H2 = 2CH3CH2ONa This reaction is much more moderate than the sodium and water reaction, the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group that ethanol is less than the active hydrogen atoms in water molecule, ethanol water difficult ionization, ethanol is non electrolyte, water is a weak electrolyte. (2) oxidation reaction The combustion of ethanol combustion give off a lot of heat, is often used as the alcohol lamp and fuel for internal combustion engines. The amount of combustion of oxygen consumption with the same amount of ethylene, combustion, carbon dioxide and water with the same ethane. CH3CH2OH+3O2 2CO2+3H2O The catalytic oxidation, catalytic oxidation of ethanol, the commonly used catalyst is silver or copper. If the bright copper wire is heated in the alcohol lamp flame, and then into the hot ethanol, will find the copper purple red to black, into ethanol, and becomes purple, and acetaldehyde in ethanol, acetaldehyde can smell the pungent smell. If not connected with the hydroxyl hydrogen atom on the carbon atom can not produce catalytic oxidation. Such as 3COH (CH3), it will not have the catalytic oxidation reaction, and CH3OH catalytic oxidation reaction can occur. The ethanol can be produced as Potassium Permanganate acid solution or acid potassium dichromate oxidation and acetic acid, the solution. * (3) dehydration reaction The intramolecular dehydration (elimination reaction): There is alcohol elimination reaction, hydroxyl and carbon atoms of adjacent carbon atoms and hydroxyl hydrogen atoms together to remove water, if the carbon atom adjacent carbon atom and hydroxyl free hydrogen atoms, can not produce elimination reaction. The intramolecular dehydration (substitution): This reaction, each of the two ethanol molecules from a water molecule, forming the compound is still saturated, so the reaction is a substitution reaction rather than elimination reaction. [summary] the relationship between molecular structure and chemical properties of ethanol 4, the preparation of ethanol (1) ethylene hydration method: (2): starch, glucose fermentation, ethanol 5, the main use of ethanol Ethanol has been widely used, is an important organic chemical raw materials, It can be used for preparing acetic acid and ether. Ethanol can be used as fuel, beverage and flavor. It is a kind of organic solvent used to dissolve resin, making dyes. In the medical 75% (volume fraction) of alcohol as a disinfectant. (two) acetic acid The molecular structure of acetic acid, 1 The molecular formula of acetic acid is C2H4O2, simple structure type is CH3COOH, carboxyl groups (- COOH). Look from the structure, acetic acid is a carboxyl methyl (- COOH) and connected into. Because of the mutual influence of carbonyl and hydroxyl acetic acid molecules, the hydroxyl hydrogen is more active, partially ionized hydrogen ions in aqueous solution, acetic acid is a typical organic weak acid; hydroxyl groups have also carbonyl addition reaction is difficult, difficult with hydrogen addition reaction. 2 physical properties and acetic acid Acetic acid is a colorless liquid with a strong pungent odor, acetic acid at a temperature below its melting point (16.6 C) will be turned into ice crystals, so called anhydrous acetic acid acetic acid. Ethanol soluble in water and organic solvents. 3 chemical properties and acetic acid (1): CH3COOH acid in aqueous solution in partially ionized H+, thereby perforating with acid acetic acid. The acetic acid can make the purple litmus Red: CH3COOHCH3COO+H+ The acetic acid reacting with active metal hydrogen: Zn+2CH3COOH = +H2 = 2Zn (CH3COO) The alkali neutralization reaction: Cu (OH) = 2+2CH3COOH (CH3COO) 2Cu +2H2O The reaction with alkaline oxides: CuO+2CH3COOH = 2Cu + H2O (CH3COO) The reaction with some salt (CH3COO): CaCO3+2CH3COOH = 2Ca +CO2 = H2O + the reaction that acetic acid is stronger than carbonate, acidity order of several common substances as: >HCO3 > > ethyl carbonate phenol (2): esterification of alcohols and acids interact to form ester and water called esterification reaction. The esterification is substitution reaction, esterification reaction mechanism is the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group with water molecules in the formation of carboxyl hydroxyl carboxylic acid with alcohol molecules, other parts are combined into ester. Research on the process of organic reactions usually by isotope tracer method. The saturated Na2CO3 solution on the surface have a transparent oily liquid insoluble in water, and can smell the sweet smelling liquid, called ethyl acetate. The products of esterification ester, generally by organic acid and alcohol dehydration and. The adding order of reagents: before adding ethanol, after adding acetic acid, and concentrated H2SO4. The long catheter reflux effect level catheter port can not be inserted into the saturated Na2CO3 solution, prevent the breath. The effect of saturated Na2CO3 solution: absorption of volatile acid; dissolved volatile alcohol; reduce the solubility of ethyl acetate. The concentrated H2SO4: role of catalyst and water absorbing agent. 4, the use of acetic acid Acetic acid is an important organic chemical raw material, is widely used, can be used in the production of acetate fiber, synthetic fiber (such as vinylon), paint solvents, spices, dyes, medicine and pesticide etc.. (three) ester 1, structure: (of which two alkyl R and R, but not the same, the alkyl groups can also be H) 2, physical properties: low ester with aromatic liquid, the density is smaller than water, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents. 3, ester hydrolysis: [compare] induction esterification and hydrolysis reaction: esterification hydrolysis Response relationship esterification hydrolysis RCOOH+ROHRCOOR+H2O Catalyzer concentrated sulfuric acid Dilute sulfuric acid or NaOH solution Catalyst Other effects Water absorption, improve the conversion rate of C2H5OH and CH3COOH NaOH and ester hydrolysis generated CH3COOH, improve the rate of hydrolysis of the esters Heating mode Direct heating Hot water bath heating The type of reaction Esterification reaction, substitution reaction The hydrolysis reaction, substitution reaction [summary] organic formula writing (1) organic compounds with simple structure type (reason: organic matter the same molecular formula is not necessarily the same substance). (2) the reaction conditions must be marked (reason: organic reactions can occur; only under certain conditions in different reaction conditions, reaction products and reaction types may have different). (3) to trim, do not leak write other resultants (reason: follow the law of conservation of mass). (4) the reactants and products connected with "," (reason: organic reactions and side reactions). [examples] In 1. cases (2006 in Shanghai, 9) two glycol used as solvent, textile auxiliaries, once in the body can cause acute renal failure, endanger life. Two simple structure of diethylene glycol is HO - CH2CH2 - O - CH2CH2 - OH. Which of the following statements about the right is two DEG A. does not occur B. elimination reaction can replace reaction C. can be dissolved in water, insoluble in ethanol with D. formula CnH2nO3 Analysis: by simple structure two glycol type can be seen that the molecule containing 2 alcohol, with alcohol properties, can replace reaction and elimination reaction, according to the "compatible" principle, it should be soluble in water and ethanol, which obviously does not conform to CnH2nO3, then B c.. Answer: B Is the correct statement about the following 2. cases (in) acetic acid A. acid is pungent liquid Containing 4 atoms of hydrogen molecules in B. acetic acid, it is not a dicarboxylic acid C. acetic acid esterification reaction at room temperature D. acetic acid is weak, cannot make litmus red Analysis: acetic acid is a colorless liquid with a strong pungent odor, although its molecule contains 4 hydrogen atoms, hydrogen atoms in the water but only can occur in partially ionized carboxyl, therefore is monobasic acid acetic acid. Weak acid acetic acid, but strong acid, it can make the litmus red, acid heating in the presence of concentrated H2SO4, can be esterified with alcohols, acetic acid esterification reaction can occur at room temperature, so the answer to this question A. Answer: A 3. cases of liquor, vinegar, sugar, starch and other substances are commonly used in family kitchens, the use of these substances can finish the experiment (is) Whether the test of chlorine ion in tap water and baking soda and salt the differential shell can dissolve in acid liquor containing methanol is 4 The B. C. A. D. 3 4 3 2 Analysis: to test whether tap water containing chlorine ion to silver nitrate solution and dilute nitric acid. Identification of salt and soda can use NaHCO3 can react with the acid gas and not salt. Eggshells are carbonate, soluble in acid and gas. Can be used to test for formaldehyde oxidation of methanol. The substance, vinegar is acid, can be used to test the. ] Answer: C 4. cases of known halogenated hydrocarbons under certain conditions can be hydrolyzed, and can occur by elimination reaction, 2- bromide as the main raw material, the preparation of 1,2- propylene glycol, need to go through the reaction (is) A. addition - elimination - addition - elimination B. replace replace C. substituted - adduct D. substituted - elimination - addition elimination Analysis: according to the problem analysis, halohydrocarbon hydrolysis occurs under certain conditions, it can introduce hydroxyl groups on the adjacent carbon atoms are introducing a hydroxyl requires first of all in the adjacent carbon atoms were introduced into a halogen atom, which requires olefins, halogenated hydrocarbon occurrence elimination reaction can get olefin: Answer: B 5. cases of the following statement is correct () A. can make certain substances can fade bromine and bromine addition reaction B. alcohol and acid, ester and water generation reaction called esterification C. Dehydration of ethanol ether, ester hydrolysis and nitration of benzene, saponification essentially substitution reaction All D. alcohols can be oxidized to hydrogen corresponding aldehydes or ketones Analysis: A no, the bromine and bromine phenol fade is a substitution reaction to generate the B option if it is alcohol precipitation; and deoxygenated (such as halogen acid) reaction is not D esterification; not all alcohols can be hydrogen oxidation of primary alcohols by catalytic dehydrogenation oxidation of aldehydes and alcohols is to generate the corresponding catalytic hydrogen oxidation of ketones, and tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized. Answer: C 6. cases of known laboratory using ethanol as raw materials to prepare ethyl acetate, has experienced the following three steps of reaction, reaction, the reaction conversion is known, the reaction rates were a, B, C. The system of ethyl acetate ethanol total conversion rate A. B. ABC C. D. 2abc Analysis: understanding and application of the test on the conversion of the concept. For the product by the conversion rate, required to pay attention to the reaction of acid from alcohol, therefore, in the calculation of alcohol into the total conversion rate should be considered when the ester alcohol consumption. A xmol can produce xamol ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid and xabmol, another xabmol xabmol into ethanol and acetic ester, acetic acid and xabmol have xabcmol into ester, from the source said, the acid is also a step by step to the oxidation of alcohol. So when (x+xab) mol ethanol into ethyl acetate, occurred in a total conversion of 2xabc ethanol, the conversion rate is =. Answer: C 7. cases of simple structure of vitamin C is about it this error is A. is a cyclic esters of B. to oxidation and addition reaction C. can be dissolved in water D. in alkaline solution can exist stably Analysis: from the simple structure of vitamin C type can be seen in the molecular ring structure, and, should belong to a cyclic ester compound, can be hydrolyzed in alkaline solution; its molecular formula with C==C double bond addition reaction and oxidation reaction easily; there are a number of OH in the molecule, can be dissolved in water. Answer: D 8. cases of malic acid is an organic acid in common, the structure is simple: (1) functional groups containing malic acid in the (name): ____________, _______________. (2) using equation two characteristics showed that OH reaction of malic acid: (other groups unchanged), and pointed out that the reaction type: _________, reaction type: _________; the ___________, reaction types: ___________. Analysis: by simple structure formula of malic acid, containing hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in the molecule two. Alcohol with acetic acid and concentrated sulfuric acid esterification; heat elimination reaction can occur, generation of maleic acid (HOOC - CH==CH - COOH). Answer: (1) hydroxyl and carboxyl group (2) HOOC - CH==CH - COOH+H2O elimination reaction 2 esterification [test] Is not the correct application of the physical properties of 1. ethanol (in) A. due to ethanol density than water, so the water can pass through ethanol liquid removing method B. due to ethanol can dissolve in many organic and inorganic compounds, so the effective components of the herbal medicine available in ethanol extraction C. due to ethanol can be dissolved in water in any ratio, so the winery can blending various concentrations of wine D. due to ethanol volatile, so just saying "good wine is not afraid of deep alley" The following 2. changes related to chemical process, and belongs to the redox reaction is () The A. family often use vinegar soak scale kettle B. water glycerin for skin care agent C. cooking fish, adding a small amount of wine and vinegar can reduce the flavor, add flavor D. By the traffic police to check whether the driver is drunk or acidic potassium dichromate The following 3. esterified compounds, and acidic (is) A. CH2 = CH - CH2OH B. HO - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - COOH C. HNO3 D. ethanol 4. of the organic CH2OH (CHOH) 4CH3 2 CH3CH2CH2OH 3 CH2=CH - CH2OH CH2=CH - COOCH3 CH2=CH - COOH, which can occur in addition reaction, esterification, and oxidation (is) A. 3. B. 4 C. 3 5 D. 1 2 3 1. 5. scientists are studying the development of new energy. The "green energy" is one of the new energy, sorghum and maize seeds and other green plants can be a kind of "green energy by fermentation, distillation". This material is () A. B. C. D. methane hydrogen alcohol charcoal 6. (C6H5COOH) benzoic acid and sorbic acid (CH3 - CH = CH - CH = CH - COOH) is a commonly used food preservative. The following materials with only one acid reaction is () A. B. C. D. sodium hydroxide water ethanol 7. the synthetic detergent narrative error is () A. in detergent sodium, the number of alkyl carbon atoms from 12 to 18 is appropriate B. in detergent sulfonate, alkyl with branched chain should be appropriate C. addition of enzyme preparation could improve the washing effect in synthetic detergents D. should be no phosphorus detergent additives in synthetic detergents instead of phosphorus The dilute solution of the following substances concentration of 8. of the same substance in the pH is the smallest () A. B. C. D. sodium chloride ethanol ethyl carbonate The following 9. compounds in both acidic and the addition reaction is () A. CH2=CH - CH2OH B. CH3COOH C. CH2=CH - COOC2H5 D. CH2=CH - COOH 10. under normal temperature and pressure, take the following four kinds of organic compounds by 1mol, were burning in sufficient amounts of oxygen, oxygen consumption is the largest () A. C2H5OH B. CH4 C. C2H4O D. C3H8O2 11. the following substances can make acid solution. Potassium Permanganate is () A. SO2 B. C. D. benzene vinyl alcohol 12. of the following statement is true of organic compounds () A. ethanol and acetic acid are the carbon oxygen double bond B. methane and ethylene can reacts with chlorine Potassium Permanganate C. can oxidize benzene and methane D. can react with ethylene and hydrogen, benzene and hydrogen addition can The following 13. methods of removing impurities is correct () The removal of a small amount of ethylene oxide in light conditions into Cl2, gas-liquid separation; The removal of a small amount of acetic acid ethyl acetate: saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, washing, drying, distillation and liquid; The removal of a small amount of CO2 SO2 in gas by containing saturated sodium carbonate solution to wash the bottle; The removal of a small amount of ethanol: acetic acid with enough lime, distillation. A. B., the C. and the D. 2 3 4 Fourteen From the orange aromatic oil can be separated from the compound structure are as follows: Now the reagent: KMnO4 acid solution; H2/Ni; Ag (NH3) 2OH; the new system Cu (OH) 2, and all the compounds were reagent groups react with () A. B. C. II. The 3 4 D. 4 15. ofloxacin is commonly used antibiotics, the structure of simple type as shown in the figure, the following error is described to ofloxacin () A. addition, substitution reaction can occur B. reduction, esterification A total of 19 hydrogen atoms in a D. molecule coplanar with more than 6 carbon atoms in a C. molecule 16. through the food fermentation can obtain a oxygen-containing organic compound X, its molecular weight was 46, the mass fraction of 52.2% carbon hydrogen mass fraction is 13%. (1) the formula X is ________________; (2) X with sodium hydrogen reaction, chemical reaction equation is _____________________________ (with simple structure type expression of organic matter); (3) to generate the Y reaction of X with oxygen in the air in the copper or silver catalyst, simple structure of Y type is _______________; (4) X and Potassium Permanganate acid solution can generate Z reaction. In the heating and concentrated sulfuric acid, X reacts with Z to generate a fragrance material W, 184 X and 120 G if G Z reaction can generate 106 g W, the calculation of the yield of the reaction. (required to write the calculation process) 17. according to the answers to the following questions: (1) A, E, write a simple structure of G type: A_________, E__________, G____________; (2) the chemical equation of reaction (including reaction conditions) is ____________________________________; chemical reaction equation (including reaction conditions) is ___________________________________________; (3) write the reaction type, the ________________, __________________. A small amount of ethyl acetate 18. available here (device for preparing alcohol lamp in the diagram have been omitted). Please fill in the blanks: (1) a tube should be added to the concentrated sulfuric acid, acetic acid and ethanol by 2mL, in order to join the operation is correct. (2) to prevent a in liquid bumping occurred in the experiment, should be taken before heating measures. (3) in the experiment of heating tube a is: 1; 2. (4) B tube with saturated Na2CO3 solution, its role is to. (5) after the reaction, the oscillation tube B, static. The observed phenomena are. The 3 elements of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen 19. composed of organic A, relative molecular mass of 102, the mass fraction of hydrogen containing 9.8% hydrogen atoms in the molecule, the number is 5 times of oxygen. (1) molecular formula is A. (2) A has 2 different oxygen-containing functional groups, its name is. (3) under certain conditions, the reaction of A and hydrogen generation B, the molecular structure of B can be regarded as the connection of 2 methyl and 2 other structures of the same group of 1 carbon atoms. The A type is simple structure. The A reaction is not (fill in the number of letters). A. B. substitution elimination reaction of esterification reaction of C. D. reduction reaction (4) write two simple structure and A have the same functional groups, isomers and with branched chain type:. (5) A there is another kind of ester isomers, the isomer hydrolyzed under acidic conditions, generating two kinds of relative molecular mass of the same compound, Which a molecule in 2 methyl, chemical formula of this reaction is. (6) known epichlorohydrin can occur following polymerization reaction with ethylene glycol: NnOHCH2CH2OHnHCl B can also have similar reaction with epichlorohydrin polymer, the polymer is simple in structure. Answer questions [] 1. A 2. D 3. BC 4. A 5. C 6. C 7. B 8. B 9. D 10. D 11. B 12. B 13. B 14. A 15. C 16. (1) C2H6O. (2) 2CH3CH2OH2Na2CH3CH2ONaH2 hav'e. (3) CH3CHO. (4) generation of aromatic W ester, namely: Z CH3COOH, W CH3COOC2H5, so there are the following reaction. CH3CH2OH can be used to determine the excessive cross method. The reaction yield is a, so: CH3CH2OHCH3COOHCH3COOC2H5H2O = solution a = 60.2% 17. (1) CH2=CH2, HOOC (CH2) 4COOH. (2) ClCH2CH2ClNaOHCH2=CHClNaClH2O; ClCH2CH2Cl2NaOH (AQ) HOCH2CH2OH2NaCl. (3) the addition reaction of the polycondensation reaction. 18. (1) first and then adding ethanol, while shaking the tube while slowly adding concentrated sulfuric acid, then adding acetic acid (such as in vitro a first concentrated sulfuric acid is added, the 0 points) (2) in several zeolite a tube (or porcelain) (3) the reaction rate increases the timely product ethyl acetate extracted. In order to balance the production of ethyl acetate to mobile direction (4) absorption with ethyl acetate distilled a small amount of acid and ethanol (5) the liquid layer in B, the upper layer is transparent oily liquid 19. (1) C5H10O2 (2), hydroxy aldehyde (3) the B (4), (including any two) (5) CH3COOCH (CH3) 2 + H2OCH3COOH + HOCH (CH3) 2 (6)