平舌音与翘舌音

平舌音与翘舌音 如何辨识平舌音与翘舌音 学习普通话时，如何辨识平舌音(z、c、s)与翘舌音(zh、ch、sh)，这是多数方言区,尤其是广东地区会遇到的主要问题。解决这个问题，要靠多听多说，但如果了解一些规律，掌握一些辨识和记忆的窍门，就会收到事半功倍的效果，就能更快地熟练掌握。 1、形声字依声旁推断。常用汉字中，百分之八十以上是形声字。形声字声母是平舌音还是翘舌音，与其声旁是一致的。因此，可以根据声旁的读音来辨识。例如“盅”，其声旁“中”读zhōng，声母为翘舌音，则可推断“盅”声母也是翘舌音，读zhōng。再如“冲”，其声旁“中”与“冲”虽然声母不同，但在平舌音还是翘舌音这一点上是一致的。“中”的声母是翘舌音，“冲”的声母也是翘舌音，所以“冲”读chōng，而不是读cōng。再如“碎”，其声旁“卒”读 zú，声母为平舌音，则“碎”的声母也是平舌音，故“碎”读suì，而不读shuì。这一规律，是广泛适用的。不过也有例外，如“债”字，其声旁“责”读zé，但“债”读zhài。又如“脏”字，其声旁“庄”读zhuàng，但“脏”字读zāng，这种例外情况是极个别的。这样，我们记住有关声旁的声母是平舌音还是翘舌音，就可以推知大量形声字声母的平翘舌音。在声母为平舌音或翘舌音的汉字中，声母为平舌音的字约占百分之三十，声母为翘舌音的字约占百分之七十。我们记住平舌音声旁，就可以推知以它为声旁的字，那么其余的字则可推知为翘舌音了。下面，把平舌音声旁和翘舌音声旁分别列出。声旁字后面方括号内的字示例外情况。 school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 平舌音声旁(声母为z、c、s): 兹 子 则[铡] 责 [债] 奏 曾 宗[崇] 卒 坐 尊 此[柴] 次才[豺] 采 曹 仓[疮创] 从 崔 寸 [衬] 司斯 叟[瘦] 桑 松 孙。 翘舌音声旁(声母为zh、ch、sh): 知 直 执 旨 止 只 至 乍[怎 昨 作] 折 者 召占[钻]贞 真 章 长 丈 争 正 中 重 朱 竹 主 专 叉 查 朝 产 辰 昌 成 呈 出 厨垂 充 春 舂 师 史 式 少 受山 善 申 生 叔 寿 庄[脏赃]。 2、声旁的声母与d、t有关的形声字，声母为翘舌音。 这又分为两种情况。第一种是声旁的声母为d或t的形声字，它的声母为翘舌音。例如“绽税 说 橙 蝉 禅 坠 侈 始 笞瞠 纯”，其声旁的声母为d或t，那么可以推断这几个字的声母都是翘舌音。第二种，一个形声字，如果它的声旁可以与其他形旁组成声母为d或t的字，那么可以推断它的声母为翘舌音。例如“池驰施”，它们的声旁“也”可以与其他形旁组成“地、他”等声母为d或t的字，那么可以推知“池驰施”的声母为翘舌音。“准翟谁”，其声旁“隹”可以与其他形旁组成“堆、推”等声母为d或t的字，那么可以推断“准翟谁”的声母为翘舌音。“峙持诗恃侍”等字，其声旁“寺”可以与其他形旁组成“待、特”等声母为d或t的字，则可推断“峙痔持诗恃侍”等以“寺”为声旁的字声母为翘舌音。依据“敦”的声母为d，可以推断“谆淳醇”的声母为翘舌音，依据“耽”的声母为d，可推断“沈忱枕”的声母为翘舌音。依据“滴”school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 声母为d，可推断“摘谪”的声母为翘舌音。同理，依“读”断“赎”，依“端”断“喘揣踹惴”，依“掇”断“缀啜辍”，依“探”断“深”，依“迪”断“宅”，依“忱”断“轴妯胄宙抽”，依“涂”断“除”，等等。 3、依据声母与韵母拼合时，普通话中没有的音节来推断。 (1)ua、uai、uang的声母只可能是翘舌音，不可能是平舌音。因为普通话中没有这三个复韵母与平舌音声母相拼的音节。这样，可以推知“抓 爪 刷 耍 拽 揣 踹 衰 摔 甩 蟀 帅 率 庄 桩 妆 装 壮 状 撞 幢 创 疮 窗 床 闯 怆 双 霜”等字的声母是翘舌音。 (2)ong可与s拼，不与sh拼，即普通话中有song的音节而无shong的音节。由此可推知“松忪 嵩 竦 怂 耸 宋 诵 讼 颂”等字的声母是平舌音。 4、记少数，推断多数。 (1)在读音为zen或zhen的字中，只有“怎”读zěn,其余的“臻 斟 砧 真 贞 侦 针 珍 枕 诊 鸩 震 振 赈 镇 圳 朕 阵”等字声母为翘舌音，读zhen(声调不同，故末标调号，下同)。 (2)在读cou或chou的字中，只有“凑、辏”读còu，其余的“抽 仇 畴 踌 帱 筹 酬 愁 仇 惆 绸 瞅 丑 臭”等字读chou，声母为翘舌音。 school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification (3)在读cen或chen的字中，只有“参 岑 涔”读cen，其余的“琛 沉 忱 辰 晨 臣 尘 陈 衬 趁 称”等字读chen，的声母为翘舌音。 (4)在读sen或shen的字中，只有“森”读sēn，其余的“莘 深 娠 申 伸 身 参 神 什 沈 审 慎 甚 肾 渗”等字读shen，声母为翘舌音。 (5)在读seng或sheng的字中，只有“僧”读sēng，那么其余的“声 生 牲 升 绳 省 盛 乘 剩 胜 圣”等字读sheng，声母为翘舌音。 偏旁与部首是整体与部分的关系 说说偏旁与部首 在小学语文教学中，分析字形和查字典，经常用到“部首”、“偏旁”或“偏旁部首”这几个词语，使用中往往表现出概念不清的现象。一些教师口中的“偏旁”，和另一些教师口中的“部首”或“偏旁部首”说的是一个意思;在“指出下列各字的偏旁部首”这样的#考#里，不知是让学生指出某字的两个部件(偏旁和部首)还是一个部件，如果是一个部件，是指出表义成分还是表音成分。教学应当讲究概念的准确和术语的，对偏旁与部首的内涵有必要加以辨析。 ?偏旁同部首的联系与区别 “偏旁部首”常常连在一起说，于是有些教师就认为“偏旁”和“部首”是一回事，这是一种误解。偏旁和部首，虽然有某些联系，却是两个不同的概念。 偏旁是合体字的构字部件。古代人把左右结构的合体字的左方称为“偏”，右方称为“旁”，现在合体字各部位的部件统称为偏旁。如“语”字，由“三点水”和“吾”两个偏旁组成;“盆”字由“分”和“皿字底”两个偏旁组成;“问”字由“门字框”和“口”两个偏旁组成。 汉字绝大部分是形声字，由形旁和声旁组成，所以，“偏旁”，主要包含形旁和声旁两类。 在分析字形时，常常提到“部首”这个术语，人民教育出版社编辑出版的小学语文第一册《教师教学用书》“附表”里有《部首名称表》。那么，什么是“部首”呢,一般地说，部首是表义的偏旁。部首也是偏旁，但偏旁不一定是部首，偏旁与部首是整体与部分的关系。在偏旁中，部首的数量很少，常用的不过一百多个，前面提到的《部首名称表》列出的部首是school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 99个。大量的偏旁是表音成分，主要是声旁，常用的有一千多个。声旁中将近90%是独体字，如“偏”、“驾”、“固”等字中的“扁”、“加”、“古”，这类声旁叫做“成字声旁”。在小学语文教学中，把那些构字能力强的成字声旁叫做“基本字”。 把表义的偏旁叫做“部首”，起源于以《说文解字》为代表的古代字典。古代字典给汉字分类采取“据形系联”的方法，把具有共同形旁的字归为一部，以共同的形旁作为标目，置于这部分字的首位，因为处在一部之首，所以称为“部首”。如“妈”、“妹”、“妙”、“姑”等字，具有共同的形旁“女”，“女”就是这部分字的部首。 ?两种部首——识字部首和检字部首 在小学语文教学中,“部首”这个术语因使用场合不同而存在两种含义。识字教学中所说的“部首”，通常是指合体字的表义偏旁，分析字形时常提到的“三点水”(氵)、“提手旁”(扌)“四点底”(灬)等，就是这类部首。这类部首是合体字的构字部件，能够帮助学生了解字义，可以叫做“识字部首”。 《新华字典》和《现代汉语词典》都有“部首检字表”。在教给学生用部首查字法查字典时，也用到“部首”这个词语，在这种情况下所说的部首可以叫做“检字部首”。 识字部首同检字部首大部分是重合的，如“提”字，识字部首是“扌”(称“提手旁”)，检字部首也是“扌”(称“扌部”)。两者虽然都叫“部首”，又大部分重合，却不是同一个概念，可以从以下几方面来区别: 首先是内涵不同。识字部首是表义偏旁、构字部件，检字部首是某一类字字字形上的共同标志。识字部首有“旁”、“头”、“底”、“框”、“心”五种类型，每一类型都有具体名称，如“言字旁(讠)”、“雨字头”(雨)、“马字底”(马)、“同字框(冂)”等，而检字部首统称为“某部”，如“丶部”、“亻部”、“亠部”等。 其次是作用不同。识字部首有利于字形字义的识记，检字部首有利于字的检索。例如“雉”，是一种鸟，按识字来说，只能归入“隹字旁”，但在字典的检字目录里可以归入“矢部”，另如“席”、“堂”、“耀”、“功”、“恙”等字，按识字来说，只能分别归入“巾字底”、“土字底”、“光字旁”、“力字旁”、“心字底”，但在字典的检字目录里却可以归入“广部”、“ 部”、“羽部”、“工部”、“羊部”。 再次是固定程度不同。识字部首是固定的,例如“语”字,不管在哪里都可以说它的部首是“言字旁"(讠);检字部首是临时性的,例如“臻"字和“恭”字，在检字目录里都属“—部"，离开检字目录这个环境，谁也不会说它们的部首是“横部"。 另外,两种部首涉及的范围也不同。识字部首范围小，只有合体字才有识字部首;检字部首范围大，合体字的部件、独体字的笔画、合体字的笔画，都能作为检字部首。例如“和”字，本义是“以声音相呼应”，“口”是形旁，“禾”是声旁，检字部首既归入“口部”，又归入“禾部”;“棠”是木本植物名，“木”是形旁，“尚” 是声旁，检字部首既归入“木部”，又归入“ 部”;再如独体字“果”和“中”，检字部首都是“丨部”，合体字“疑”，检字部首是 “丿部”。 不明确识字部首和检字部首的区别，容易造成混乱。某地区曾经出过这样一道试题:让学生指出“严”字的部首，答案是“—”(横)。学生不明确试题的要求，几乎全答不出来，只有个别学生答了“厂部”。教师在教学中，应当根据使用场合的不同，有区别地使用“部首”这一术语。在指导学生查字典时，应尽量避免使用“部首”这个词，可以说某字在检字目录中归“某部”，如果非用不可，要让学生知道，这里说的是检字部首。像上面那道试题，如果问学生用部首查字法查“严”字查什么部，大概学生不会答不上来。 ?识字部首的作用 识字部首是汉字中很有特色的构字部件:它构字能力强、利用率高，一个“三点水”( 氵)与其他部件组合，可以构成500多个字。识字部首一般都有名称，便于教学中称说;一般都有明显的意义，可以帮助学生了解字义、记忆字形。利用识字部首纠正错别字也会收到很好school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 的效果，例如，学生常把“爬”字的左边写成“瓜”，把“恭”的下边写成“水”字的样子，如果他们明白了“爬”要用“爪”、“恭”是内心的一种感情，就不会把“爪”写成“瓜”、把“ ”(心字底)写成“水”了。 小学低年级写字教学的几点做法 如何指导小学低年级的写字教学，这是我们低年级教师值得研究的问题。因为写字教学是小学教育的基础，是小学语文教学中一项重要的训练。进行写字教学，有利于学生巩固汉字音形义的联系，提高识字水平，还利于培养学生的恒心和毅力。小学低年级的语文教学， 谈一下自己的几点不成熟的做法: 一、加强学生正确写字姿势的习惯养成。 首先，重视双姿的指导。 写字姿势的正确与否直接影响着学生的写字质量。通过观察，我在教学中，发现孩子握笔姿势的错误一般表现在:食指和大拇指握笔太低，距离笔尖位置小于一寸，影响了运笔，挡住视线，造成头歪的毛病;拇指、食指相碰或交叉(一个手指压在另一个手指的上面)，手指阻碍了视线，迫使头部向左倾斜，拉近了眼睛与书本的距离增加了近视的发病机会;笔杆低于虎口食指关节处而落在虎口上。正确的握笔姿势应是:1、右手拇指在笔杆的左侧比食指稍靠后些，食指在前偏右，这两指紧紧夹住笔杆。中指在食指下面，用第一个关节托住笔杆，无名指school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 和小拇指在中指之后自然地弯向掌心。2、笔杆向右后方倾斜紧贴在食指第三关节和虎口之间。3、食指和大拇指捏笔时中间呈椭圆形4、手掌和手臂呈一直线。5、捏笔手指与笔尖的距离接近一寸。6、写字时手的支撑点在豌豆骨上。为此我还和学生一起学习了指导写字时正确姿势的《五指歌》，以便于孩子记忆:“老一老二不打架，老二喜欢弓着背。老三抵在笔杆后，老四老五抱成团。” 孩子在坐姿方面的错误一般有:头距桌面太低，距离不足一尺;歪着头;胸离桌子不足一拳，上身伏在桌子上。因此学生在写字之前，我必先给他们调整好姿势，让孩子背诵《写字姿势歌》:头正身直，臂开足安，一寸一尺一拳头，正确姿势顶呱呱～要求学生坐姿达到:头正、身直、臂开、足安。长此以往，学生自然养成了良好的写字习惯。 其次、培养学生的注意力、观察力。 汉字是一种形体优美的文字，书写时讲究结构、笔势和神韵。实践证明，写字是一项十分精细的活动，它要求写字者神情专注，注意力集中。培养学生的写字注意力，要引导学生“静心、专心、细心”地写字。 静心-----心神平静，即写字时要坐端正，凝神静气，把全部心思都用在写字上。不少学生写字，总是浮躁不安，心神不定，写字时手漂移在纸上，缺乏力量，缺少底气。其原因就是写字时没有“静”下心来。 school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 专心------精力集中，即写字时要心无旁怠，笔无虚发，把所有神情都凝聚于笔端。爱说爱动是小学生的天性，要他们“稳”坐写字，难以做到。这就要求我们教师一方面要采用灵活的方法，激发学生的兴趣和热情，把学生的精力都吸引到写字活动中来，一方面要让学生尽快掌握写字方法，领悟写字规律，在写字过程中不断体验写字成功的快乐。 细心-----用心细密，即写字时要精益求精，一丝不苟，把整个身心都倾注到一笔一画之间。小学生写字最容易出现的毛病就是粗心大意，写字看不细，写不细，点捺不分，横提无别，时常出现多笔少画现象。例如:有些学生初写“刀”字，粗略视之就动笔写，结果把“刀”写成“力”。一开始我没有进一步要求细看细写，而主观作出所谓辨别的指导，向学生反复强调不要把“刀“写成“力”。不强调还好，一强调倒把学生搞糊涂了。实际上，只要让学生养成细看细写的习惯，写错字的现象就会大大减少了。引导学生养成良好的写字注意力，是学生写好字的前提和基础。此外，写字指导还要通过各种方式的训练，培养学生细致敏锐的观察力。 二、加强对学生的书写指导。 1、笔画的书写指导。 从一年级起就应该重视笔画的书写指导，他们开始是写拼音字母，拼音字母多带弧形，由此从拼音字母书写过渡到汉字的书写时一定要注意笔画的书写指导。如:“女”字第一笔是“撇点”而学生写成“竖school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 弯”，“山”字第二笔是“竖折”，学生写成“竖弯”，“口”字由“竖、横折、横”组成，学生写成“竖折、横折”组成，在书写指导时要及时矫正。 2、偏旁部首的书写指导。 汉字是中华民族文化的重要组成部分，是中华民族祖先智慧的结晶。它越来越不可代替地成为中华民族的象征。植根于写字基础上的书法有着出神入化的线条和千变万化的空间组合，生动地表现了我们民族的智慧、性情、态势和精神。富于变化的汉字多由不同的偏旁部首进行空间组合的，这些偏旁部首大多由独体字演变而来，在写字教学中不仅要指导学生写好独体字，更要注重这些由独体字演变而来的偏旁部首，如:“好”字偏旁是“女”字旁，书写时应将“横”变为“提”，学生则易写成“女子? ”。 3、写好字，笔顺规则不可忽视。 在一年级的课本中已经学习了先横后竖、先撇后捺、从上到下、从左到右、先中间后两边、先里头后封口的写字规则。这也是初学写汉字的一个难点，要指导学生有规律地去把握，一个笔画较多的字，不仅仅是一种书写规则的指导，也要加强汉字书写的综合指导。 4、田字格的书写指导。 school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 小学生初学写字，不知从哪里下笔，掌握不了字的间架结构。田字格是小学生练好铅笔字的凭借，它便于让学生执照一定比例，安排字的间架结构，把字写正确，写端正。在写字前，我先教会田字格的各部分名称和使用方法，再挑部分笔画和字范写，让学生细心观察，一笔一笔带着他们写，整个字写完了，再让他们独立写一个。教师巡视指导，帮助他们找到每一笔起笔和收笔的位置。这样通过一学期的指导、训练，学生写的字都很正确，有少部分学生已基本形成体形，得到家长的好评。 三、提高学生的写字兴趣 学生对写字感兴趣是写好字的前提，因此教师应当多鼓励学生，让他们感到写字是件很快乐的事情，这样学生才会以认真的态度去写好字。怎样采取行之有效的鼓励方法呢,我的具体做法是:1、课堂展示:在每节习字课结束以后，我都会让写的认真、规范的同学带着自己写的字，到前面来进行展示，并在班内开展了展示专栏。2、画字表扬:这是一种教师无语言的表扬方法，在学生写的好的字，或者有进步的字下面画上红色的波浪线。这种方法可以不断激励学生，使学生在不断的肯定中渐渐进步。3、实物累计奖励法:要把对学生的鼓励和表扬化为实物，让学生看得见到摸得着。比如，习字练习本上连续得三个“优”的同学可以画一面小红旗，有三面小红旗的同学可以换一朵花，学期结束时比比谁的花最多，评出写字小能手，写字进步最快者。这样既大大提高了学生的写字兴趣，同时在给学生实物奖励的同时，让学生把这些实物累积起来，在累积的过程中也让学生懂得写字要天天都认school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 真，也培养了学生的良好的写字习惯。除此之外，还有进行写字比赛，写喜报给家长等行之有效的方法对学生进行鼓励。 写字教学是一件需要常抓不懈的工作，只有常抓不懈才能使学生形成能力，写出一手好字。学生的字是否写的规范、认真往往也取决于教师的重视程度，因此，我觉得作为一名语文教师必须重视学生的书写习惯及能力的培养。 要让学生认识每一笔的特色和书写方法。要求学生做到横平、竖直、撇尖、捺有力。 school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification