英吉利海峡隧道

英吉利海峡隧道 目录[隐藏] 隧道概况 成熟的先进技术 充分的地质工作和正确的判断 精心、合理的安全设计 较好地解决了某些特殊的工程技术问 掘进机发挥重要作用 欧洲一体化进程的产物和推动力 项目的特点和成败的关键 隧道概况 成熟的先进技术 充分的地质工作和正确的判断 精心、合理的安全设计 较好地解决了某些特殊的工程技术问题 掘进机发挥重要作用 欧洲一体化进程的产物和推动力 项目的特点和成败的关键 , 英法海峡隧道条约(法英坎特伯雷条约) , 运营企业 [编辑本段] 隧道概况 英语称:The (English) Channel Tunnel 昵称:Chunnel(?chunnel) 法语称:le tunnel sous la Manche(拉芒什海峡隧道) 又称:海峡隧道、英法海底隧道、欧洲隧道(Eurotunnel) 英吉利海峡隧道(The Channel Tunnel)又称英法海底隧道或欧洲隧道(Eurotunn el)，是一条把英国英伦三岛连接往欧洲法国的铁路隧道，于1994年5月6日开通。 and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 它由三条长51km的平行隧洞组成，总长度153km，其中海底段的隧洞长度为3×38km，是目前世界上最长的海底隧道。两条铁路洞衬砌后的直径为7.6m,开挖洞径为8.36~8.78m;中间一条后勤服务洞衬砌后的直径为4.8m，开挖洞径为5.38~5.77m。从1986年2月12日法、英两国签订关于隧道连接的坎特布利条约(Treaty of Canterbury)到1994年5月7日正式通车，历时8年多，耗资约100亿英镑(约150亿美元)，也是世界上规模最大的利用私人资本建造的工程项目。 隧道横跨英吉利海峡，使由欧洲往返英国的时间大大缩短。隧道长度50千米，仅次于日本青函隧道。海底长度39千米。单程需35分钟。通过隧道的火车有长途火车、专载公路货车的区间火车、载运其他公路车辆(像是大客车、一般汽车、摩托车、自行车)的区间火车。隧道由欧洲隧道技术公司经营，但因为隧道建造费用极高，所以债务沉重。 1994年5月6日，是英国与法国乃至欧洲大陆关系史上一个十分重要的日子。1.1万名工程技术人员用近七年之久的辛勤劳动，终于把自拿破仑?波拿巴以来将近二百年的梦想变成了现实:滔滔沧海变通途，一条海底隧道把孤悬在大西洋中的英伦三岛与欧洲大陆紧密地连接起来，为欧洲交通史写下了重要的一笔。 欧洲隧道是指横贯英法之间多佛海峡的海底铁路隧道，又称海峡隧道。它西起英国的福克斯通，东到法国的加来，全长50公里，水下长度38公里，为世界最长的海底隧道。 这项工程由三条隧道和两个终点站组成。三条隧道由北向南平行排列，南北两隧道相距30米，是单线单向的铁路隧道，隧道直径为7.6米;中间隧道为辅助隧道，用于上述两隧道的维修和救援工作，直径为4.8米。在辅助隧道的1/3和2/3处，分别为两运营隧道修建了横向联接隧道。当铁路出现故障时，可把在一侧隧道内运行的列车转入另一隧道继续运行，而不中断整个隧道的运营业务。在辅助隧道线上，每隔375米，都有通道与两主隧道相连，以便维修人员工作和在紧急情况下疏散人员。 隧道启用后，把伦敦至巴黎的陆上旅行时间缩短了一半，3小时即可到达。从伦敦飞到巴黎，航程一般需要3小时左右。而事先还要订票，经隧道乘火车，时间一样，却省去不少麻烦。据英国铁路当局估算，每年通过隧道的旅客人数可达1800万人，货运可达800万吨。 欧洲隧道于1987年12月1日正式开工，造价150亿美元，原1993年通车，后延迟一年。修建资金主要来源于国际银行贷款和出售股票，由英法财团承建。欧洲隧道使用的客货列车，均由2台机车牵引，每台机车功率为7600马力，平均最高时速为140公里。 在1994年5月6日欧洲隧道的通车典礼上，当时的法国总统密特朗和英国女王伊丽莎白二世在隧道两端——法国的加来和英国的福克斯通共同主持了盛大的通车剪彩仪式。两国元首在剪彩典礼上发表了讲话。密特朗说，两个多世纪的理想实现了，他本人和法国人民都为这一工程的实现而感到高兴。这一工程将促进欧洲统一建设，英法两国之间所做的事不会使欧洲其他地方感到无动于衷。伊丽莎白二世女王说，这and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 是第一次英法两国元首不是乘船，也不是乘飞机来会面的。她希望海底隧道能增加两国人民间的相互吸引力，希望两国继续进行共同的事业。 隧道的开通填补了欧洲铁路网中短缺的一环，大大方便了欧洲各大城市之间的来往。英、法、比利时三国铁路部门联营的‘欧洲之星’(Eurostar)列车车速达300km/h;平均旅行时间，在伦敦与巴黎之间为3个小时，在伦敦和布鲁塞尔之间为3小时10分。如果把从市区到机场的时间算在内，乘飞机还不如乘‘欧洲之星’快。欧洲隧道还专门设计了一种运送公路车辆的区间列车，称‘乐谢拖’(‘Le Shuttle’)。各种大小汽车都可以全天候地通过英吉利海峡，从而使欧洲公路网也连成了一体。人们称誉这项工程，‘一梦200年海峡变通途。’ [编辑本段] 成熟的先进技术 西方传媒和学术著作都称欧洲隧道为人类工程史上的一个伟业。这不仅因为它总长踞世界之冠，为它投入了巨额资金，而且工程量宏大，从欧洲隧道中挖出的土石方计750多万立方米，相当3座埃及大金字塔的体积;隧道衬砌中用的钢材，仅法国一边就相当于3座埃弗尔铁塔，更重要的是它成功地解决了许多工程技术上的难题。它在技术上的方针是要求可靠、先进。可靠与先进之间不总是统一的，所以它几乎‘排除了为隧道工程进行专门的创新设计的可能性’，而是‘采取经过试验的成熟技术’，‘在各个部分精心选取欧美不同国家的设计，以确保其高质量和可靠性’。将成熟的先进技术在复杂的工程中成功地加以综合应用，本身就是一种创造，这样做大大减小了工程风险。这种技术方针和观念，在我国对高、新技术的呼声十分高涨和普遍的情况下是有借鉴意义的。如何在权衡技术的先进性与可靠性以及资金、时间的限制之间，找到一个合适的‘度’，是各种项目决策中值得认真研究的。 [编辑本段] 充分的地质工作和正确的判断 地质钻探工作从58年做到87年，重要的钻孔达94个。浅层勘探在海底以下150m之内，考虑隧道布置的范围;深层勘探在海底以下800m之内，主要为评价地震风险提供数据。海底钻探曾采用大型北海石油钻机，每个钻孔平均费用约为50万英镑。勘探发现海底有一层泥灰质白垩岩(Chalk Marl)，厚度约30m，饱和容重约23KN/m3，抗压强度6~9MPa，变形模量800~1600MPa，蠕变系数φ=1.5，渗透系数(1~2)×10-7m/s。该岩层抗渗性好，硬度不大，裂隙也较少，易于掘进，隧道线路就布置在它的下部，距海底25~40m。由于岩层的起伏，而隧道要求一定的运行坡度，所以隧道轴线在平面和立面上均呈平坦的W形。工程专家们认为，充分的地质资料和正确的判断，使欧洲隧道找到了理想的岩层。 [编辑本段] 精心、合理的安全设计 and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 海底隧道的规划设计把施工和运行安全放在极重要的地位。之所以不采用一条大跨度双线铁路共用隧洞，是为了减小海底施工的风险和提高运行、维护的可靠性。在两条单线铁路洞之间是后勤服务洞，每间距375m设置直径为3.3m的横向通道与两个主洞连接，连接处有防火撤离门。后勤服务洞的主要功能是在隧道全长范围内提供正常维护和紧急撤离的通道。在接到命令后，它可在90分钟内将全部人员从隧道和列车中撤到地面。它还是向主洞提供新鲜空气的通道，并保持其气压始终高于主洞，使主洞中的烟气在任何情况下都不能侵入后勤服务洞。后勤服务洞在施工期是领先掘进的，这为主洞的掘进提供了详尽的地质资料，对保证安全施工有重要意义。此外，隧道的运输、供电、照明、供水、冷却、排水、通风、通讯、防火等系统都充分考虑了紧急备用的要求。 [编辑本段] 较好地解决了某些特殊的工程技术问题 列车在很长的隧洞中高速行驶时会产生压差和空气动力阻抗。特别是欧洲隧道列车的阻塞比(列车与隧道断面之比)很高，如果没有卸压管，列车的驱动力需要增加很多。为此隧道沿线每250m设一个2m直径的卸压管，从后勤服务洞的顶上跨过，把两个铁路主洞连接起来。在设计阶段对卸压管的作用做了许多模型研究，使其有较好的空气动力效应，并避免在管中产生气流冲击。 铁路隧道和列车要承受车辆震动的长期反复荷载。为此铁道路轨采用了一种称作‘松那飞’(Sonneville)的系统。一系列连续焊接的铁轨下面设弹性减振装置，使车辆在轨道上行驶非常平稳。该系统的部件要经过多种性能测试，包括经历1000万次荷载周期的疲劳试验，以确保系统的可靠性。 该隧道还采用一种由铁路控制中心操纵的‘司机台信号系统’(Cab Signal)。这种信号不是在机车外面或轨道旁边，而是显示在司机台的屏幕上。一旦司机对信号没有作出反应，自动列车保护装置就会使列车减速，直到停止，保证列车安全行驶。 长隧洞掘进时的通风往往是施工中的一个难题。欧洲隧道对空气循环的途径和风机的布置都作了详细的规划和研究。不仅设置通风管，而且也利用隧洞本身作为通风通道，使开挖面的风量达到13.5m3/s，符合社会保障与安全组织和地下工程协会规定的通风标准。 [编辑本段] 掘进机发挥重要作用 隧道施工的主要设备是隧道掘进机(Tunnel Boring Machines)，具有不同的型号、尺寸和性能，出自欧洲、北美和日本的不同厂家。它们从英国海岸的莎士比亚崖和法国海岸的桑洁滩两个掘进基地开始，分别沿三条隧洞的两个方向开挖，共有12个开挖面，其中6个面向陆地方向掘进，另6个面向海峡方向掘进。开敞式掘进机适用于透水性较小的地层;封闭式掘进机适用于透水性较强的地层，其掘进头能承受11bar(1巴=0.9869标准大气压)的静水压力。最大的一台掘进机直径8.78m，全长约250m，重达1200T，(运行寿命2万小时)，价值超过1000万英镑。它能完成掘and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 进、钢筋砼衬砌块的安装、灌浆以及施工轨道敷设等一连串工序，实际就象一条自动化作业线。最高掘进纪录为428m/周，英国一边的6台掘进机平均掘进速度为150m/周。整个掘进工作按计划完成，只用了三年半时间。由于欧洲隧道工程每延误一天工期，仅贷款利息就要支付约200万英镑，因而施工速度至关重要。当工期对经济效益有重大影响而掘进工作面又受限制的情况下，采用隧道掘进机能发挥很好的作用。 [编辑本段] 欧洲一体化进程的产物和推动力 在英、法两国之间穿过海峡建立固定通道的想法，可以追溯到19世纪初的拿破仑一世时代。今天欧洲隧道竣工，尽管在工程技术上取得了重大的成功，然而‘200年来对是否建造英吉利海峡隧道的决策始终不是取决于科技方面，而是取决于围绕这个计划的政治环境’。长期以来英国方面反对建设海峡隧道的主要原因是考虑到军事上的风险，他们希望利用海峡作为抵御来自欧洲大陆军事入侵的天然屏障。随着国际局势的变化，上述顾虑逐渐消退。后来，英国加入了欧洲共同体，预期会有一个统一的欧洲市场，因而在英国和欧洲大陆之间建立更为方便、快捷的通道成了显而易见的需求。在1972-1992年的20年间，跨越英吉利海峡的客、货运交通量实际上增长了1倍。1992年英国与欧洲大陆的贸易占全部对外贸易的60%。 本世纪70年代以来，建设英吉利海峡隧道的决策主要受到欧洲一体化进程的影响。1987年12月隧道工程得以破土动工，是由于当时英、法两国政府对欧洲一体化都持比较积极的态度。英国首相、保守党领袖撒切尔夫人，支持把1975年曾被工党政府下令停止的隧道工程重新提上议事日程。‘法国总统密特朗则把这项工程视为国家强大的象征’。这次欧洲隧道得以竣工建成，两国首脑的推动，排除各种障碍，起了至关重要的作用。也就在欧洲隧道举行正式通车仪式的前一年(1993年秋)，包括英、法在内的欧共体十二国签订了马斯切克条 约，并将欧共体改名为欧洲联盟(European Union)。 从欧盟有关国家政府的观点来看，还有两个因素与隧道建设有关:一是运输政策，即通过建设高速铁路网，以利于节约能源和保护环境。这将大大扩展海峡隧道的影响范围和增加它的长期效益。二是地区政策，英、法两国希望通过隧道带动海峡两岸地区的繁荣。现在隧道连接地区(Transmanch Region)已成为一个专门名称，包括英国的Kent和法国的Nord-Pas de Calais地区;后来把比利时的一些地区也包括进来，称作欧洲专区(Euroregion)。通过地区性的合作，一个称作TDP(Transfrontier Devel opment Program)的金融发展计划已经起动。这些‘从政治角度看显然有重大意义，对欧盟的发展，欧洲单一市场的形成和国际经济、文化合作交流，都会有重大促进。’但近期还不大可能对经济产生直接的重大影响。 实际上近20年来欧洲隧道项目的演变既是欧洲一体化进程的产物，又是它的一个推动力，两者相辅相成，几乎是平行发展的。如果有朝一日我们考虑台湾隧道问题时，则也必然要与祖国和和平统一的大业紧密联系再一起。 [编辑本段] and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 项目的特点和成败的关键 1(高度重视环境影响 在建造英吉利海峡铁路隧道的决策中有一个举足轻重的影响因素，就是‘欧洲委员会制订了一个长期的运输战略’，即发展电气化铁路网以减小汽车对环境的污染。‘欧洲铁路委员会还提出了2000年欧洲高速铁路系统的建议’，在这个计划中欧洲隧道的一端连接英国的各大城市，另一端连接包括法国、比利时、瑞士、荷兰、西班牙、意大利等国在内的大陆铁路网。这样欧洲隧道的影响和效应就大大超出了英吉利海峡两岸地区的范围。尽管人们对欧洲高速铁路系统的计划能否在2000年实现还存有疑虑，不过这至少欧洲的老牌工业化国家在大型基础设施的规划和决策中，已把汽车对环境的污染问题放到了一个十分重要的地位。对于刚刚起步准备大力发展汽车工业的中国，在研究决策汽车工业和建设铁路网的优先次序和投资比例时，也应把环境影响作为一个重要因素考虑进去? 欧洲隧道在建设过程中，终端车站施工尽量避免因开挖附近的土地而影响当地环境。铁路经过村庄的地段都做了遮档视线和隔音的屏障，以保护居民生活。车站以及周围进行了绿化，种上草皮。施工期间有专人对环境进行监测，并由公共关系部门和环保部门共同处理环境问题的投诉，如道路泥泞、尘土、噪音等。车站的建筑高度都不超过四层，创造与环境协调的建筑风格。英国国家环境研究院甚至还在施工之前对车站附近蝴蝶的数量进行了统计调查，结果证明施工没有对其数量产生影响。 2(利用私人资本建设大型基础设施的尝试 建造英吉利海峡通道，财务问题成了实施的关键。1981年9月11日英国首相撒切尔和法国总统密特朗在伦敦举行首脑会读后宣布，这个通道必须由私人部门来出资建设和经营。1985年3月2日法、英两国政府发出对海峡通道工程出资、建设和经营的招标邀请。此后收到过四种不同方案的投标。1986年1月两国政府宣布选中CTG-FM(Channel Tunnel Group-France Manche S.A.)提出的双洞铁路隧道方案。CTG-FM是一个由两国建筑公司、金融机构、运输企业、工程公司和其它专业机构联合的商业集团。它在1985年已分为两个组成部分，一个是TML(Transmanche Link) 联营体，负责施工、安装、测试和移交运行，作为总承包商;另一个是欧洲隧道公司(Eurotunnel)，负责运行和经营，作为业主。1986年3月英、法政府与欧洲隧道公司正式签订协议，授权该公司建设和经营欧洲隧道55年，后来延长到65年，从1987年算起。到期后，该隧道归还两国政府的联合业主。协议还规定两国政府将为欧洲隧道公司提供必要的基础设施，并且该公司有权执行自己的商业政策，包括收费定价。 1994年5月6日英、法两国首脑参加了欧洲隧道正式开通仪式。撒切尔首相把它‘看作私人部门有能力建设这样大规模工程的标志’，认为是政府‘树立的一个样板项目，来引导私人企业投资基础设施建设’;担人们对这一点是有疑议的。某些著作中的基调观点，是整体上肯定，也指出它存在的问题，认为“这个工程比任何其它工程都明显地表现了‘自由市场’投资于交通基础设施项目的成功。主要是私人企业按市场方式运作和政府部门的行政管理难以协调。 and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 对这个‘样板’项目持否定态度的也大有人在。由于这个工程的预算从1987年估计的48亿英镑，上升到建成时的106亿英镑;全面营运的时间从原来计划的1993年初，推迟到1995年，使欧洲隧道公司的财务状况极端困难，自然大大损害了这个‘样板’的形象。有专家估计隧道公司至少每年要亏损2亿英镑，资金流肯定会出现负值，公司将不得不寻求新的贷款，然而谁会愿意再贷款呢? 据该公司的一位高层经理透露，1995年该公司的营业收入约3亿英镑。仅为预测值的60%。不过这位经理解释说，这是因为95年隧道还没有正常运行，平均每月隧道的客运量仅100万人次，预期今后每年有5%的增长。这位经理本人也是隧道公司的一个股东，他说他是在为儿孙们投资。 从政府角度看，利用私人资本建设欧洲隧道的尝试是基本成功的。英国政府已计划就连接欧洲隧道终端与伦敦之间的铁路，与私人公司签订一个新的期限为999年的建造和经营特许合同。然而，从私人资本的角度如何评价，最终将取决于欧洲隧道公司能否在今后几年内渡过它的财务危机。 3(项目管理——以合作和协调克服分歧和对抗 隧道公司高层管理人员认为，‘工程技术问题相对来说解决得比较顺利，主要教训来自组织机构、合同和财务方面’。该项目涉及众多的‘干系人’(stake holders)和‘当事人’(parties)，包括英、法两国和当地政府的有关部门，欧、美、日本等220家贷款银行，70多万个股东，许多建筑公司和供货厂商，管理的复杂性给合作和协调带来了困难。 合同是合作的基础。掘进工程采用的目标费用合同(target cost contract)是比较合理的，因而掘进工程基本上按计划完成。隧道列车的采购采用成本加酬金合同(cost plus fee contract)，由于无激励因素带来较多延误和超支。固定设备工程采用总价合同(lump sum contract)并不是一个好办法。由于欧洲隧道是以设计、施工总包方式和快速推进(fast-track)方法建设的，在签订合同时还没有详细的设计，这就在合同执行过程中潜伏了分歧、争议和索赔。因而，总价合同决不意味着固定价! 合同各方的对抗曾经引起欧洲隧道的多次危机。例如，1989年总承包商(TML)的费用增加，导致了90年初业主(欧洲隧道公司)的资金告罄。于是银行财团、业主合成包商各方产生了尖锐的矛盾，几乎到了项目吹台的边缘，经过艰难的谈判，各方才接受了一个拆衷办法，英、法两国以政府机构名义参与贷款来代替政府的直接支持，从而暂时渡过了这次危机。 如果中国要想建造台湾海峡隧道，也必然会面临海峡两岸、国内、国际等多方面的复杂关系。认真研究，签好协议，建立并保持良好的合作关系，将是至关重要的。 4(项目‘孵化’是项目成败的一个关键 项目孵化是指从提出项目设想到论证、立项和组建主办机构的过程。欧洲隧道经历和面临的危机，其原因可追溯到它的孵化期。 项目在论证阶段曾聘请多方面的独立咨询的交通专家进行预测。普遍认为92年之后的15-20年内跨海峡的交通需求可能会翻一番。91年英、法、比利时之间的跨海峡旅客市场已达到3130万人次(包括飞机、水路和火车轮渡)。预测2003年会达到and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 5830万人次，其中3930万将通过隧道旅行。单实际情况表明当初对效益的预测偏于乐观。 欧洲隧道在组织结构上有明显缺陷。参加过隧道建设的人也认为:如果现在开始干的话，不能让发起人(指英法隧道集团CTG-FM)又作为建设方，允许自己的合作伙伴(指总承包商TML和牵头银行)与他们自己(指欧洲隧道公司)签订合同。隧道公司财务主说:‘财务上最致命的教训是必须有一个强硬的、独立的业主，来对建设和贷款问题进行谈判。’ 承包商TML是一个庞大的集团，一家总包，削弱了投标的竞争性，也是导致造价高昂的一个因素。 捕捉立项时机是项目孵化的核心内容。欧洲隧道立项再过去至少被放弃或中断了26次，这次是不是最佳的时机呢?有人说:如果70年代隧道工程不中断，造价不会象现在那样高昂，财务上的困难会小得多。这种说法有待推敲。不过欧洲隧道几起几伏的演变至少说明重要项目的论证不能只进行一次;昨天不可行的，今天也许变成可行，错过机遇，明天又可能成为不可行;这需要保持一个小组，进行长期的可行性预测和跟踪，捕捉立项的最佳时机。 尽管欧洲隧道在孵化期带来某些先天不足，目前项目业主又负债累累，但它的银行财团负责人摩登仍宣称‘这个赌注的结果要看本世纪末欧洲隧道的所有权掌握在谁的手里。’他认为能够在下世纪初度过平衡点(break even point)，开始盈利。 对英吉利海峡隧道工程做全面评价，目前还为时过早。不过回顾一下世界上以往一些大型土木工程的建造历史，也许不无好处。‘苏彝士和巴拿马运河的实际费用都超过预算50倍以上。再近一点，连接日本本土和北部岛屿北海道的Seikan单洞铁路隧道24年才建成，比原计划整整超过了14年。相比之下欧洲隧道的命运就算不错的了。无论如何这些伟大的工程都在地球上发挥着重大的作用。 [编辑本段] 英法海峡隧道条约(法英坎特伯雷条约) 1986年2月12日英国首相撒切尔夫人和法国总统密特朗在英国东南部的坎特伯雷大教堂参加了英法两国海峡隧道条约的签字仪式，从而正式确认了两国政府对于建造海峡隧道工程的承诺。 因法国宪法规定总统不能签署对外条约，当天在条约上签字的是英国外交大臣杰弗里?豪和法国对外关系部长罗朗?迪马。 在签字仪式上，撒切尔夫人说，这项条约为英法两国的工业合作写下了新的篇章，并且对整个欧洲来说也是一个重要的事件。密特朗总统指出，这项条约是两国人民关系史上的一个重要里程碑。 英国同欧洲大陆的联系自古以来主要是通过英吉利海峡进行摆渡。海峡间的运输极为频繁。以1984年为例，往返运输客运为两千万人次，货运达两千万吨。这样繁忙的往来，使人越来越感到解决海峡运输问题是势在必行了。 早在1751年，法国学者尼克拉?德马雷曾写过一篇《古代英法接壤论》，阐明上古时代英法两国的国土是连接在一起的。1802年法国工程师马悌厄曾向拿破仑一世and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 建议修筑一条海底隧道直通英国，但被否决了。以后，许多人又接连提出过各种开凿英法海峡隧道的建议。现代欧洲经济的发展再次把这一隧道工程迫切地提到人们面前。 1973年11月，英法两国政府签订了关于修建海底隧道的条约，并提出了具体方案。1978年，两国国营铁路公司恢复了对开凿隧道计划的研究。1984年11月，英国首相撒切尔夫人与法国总统密特朗达成基本协议。1985年5月，两国政府又邀请各国主要工程公司和银行财团提出工程计划草案。 法英领导人选定的方案是英法海峡隧道财团提出的。按照该方案的初步设计，在海峡最窄处的多佛尔—加来之间，于海底40米深处的白垩岩中，开凿两条长50余公里、直径7.3米的铁路隧道，其中37公里在海底。一条供巴黎—伦敦的火车通行，另一条供穿梭列车营运，专门载运乘汽车穿越海峡的人员及其车辆。在这两条主隧道的中轴线当中，再开一条直径4.5米的服务隧道，每隔375米与主隧道贯通，解决通风和维修等问题。该工程总耗资预计约530亿法郎。两国政府均不提供公共资金，全部利用私人资本建设。 两国政府同时责成英法海峡财团在15年内提出另修一条固定公路通道的方案。英法海峡财团是由两国15家公司和银行组成的。 1993年海峡隧道完工后，高速火车通过海峡只需26分钟。全天营运，高峰时间可每3分钟开出一列火车，每小时可向两岸各运载四千辆汽车。两条隧道每年的客运量为4000万人次，货运量1300万吨。 据统计，1983年海峡的客运量为2400万人次，货运量2600万吨。 编辑本段] [ 运营企业 欧洲隧道集团 Groupe Eurotunnel SA (GET SA) 欧洲隧道集团是经过原欧洲隧道公司(英国Eurotunnel P.L.C./法国Eurotunnel S.A.)通过公开换股计划重新组建的企业，它代替欧洲隧道公司经营英法海底隧道。由于经营不善、债务繁重，欧洲隧道公司不得不实施破产保护计划。2007年7月2日，欧洲隧道集团股票在伦敦和巴黎同步上市。 and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic