高考英语阅读

nullnull高考英语阅读理解技巧 新的高中英语教学大纲明确规定："侧重提高阅读能力"。纵观近几年的高考英语试题，我们不难看出，阅读理解能力是高考考查的重点，自始至终占着主导地位，并且有逐年增加的趋势。可以毫不夸张地说，做好阅读理解题是获得高考英语高分的关键！ null1． 读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。 2． 既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念。 3． 既理解字面的意思，也理解深层的含义，包括作者的态度，意图等。 4． 既理解某句，某段的含义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断。 5．既能根据所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。 阅读理解能力测试的主要要求是:null规律方法: 在分清文体的基础上 议论文: 找主题句(文章的开头/中间/结尾) 说明文: 说明什么道理/原理/事由 夹叙夹议文: 通过叙述说明什么人生哲理高考阅读理解常见题型高考阅读理解常见题型A. Guess the meaning (词 义 猜 测 型) B. Main ideas (主旨大意型） C. Inference & judgment （推 理 判 断 型） D. Details (事实细节型 ) null一 猜测词义题： 单词的猜测能力是阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，历年高考都把这一项作为考生应该掌握的一项阅读技能列入试题，考查对文中关键词语（实词、短语、指代关系等）的理解。而且，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。 null常见问题形式有 1) According to the author, the word “…” means _______. The word “…” most likely means _______. The word “…” in Line ...probably means By the word “…”, the author means_______. In Line ... , the word “…” refers to _______. Which of the following is nearest /closest in meaning to “…” ? 7) In Line …, the word “…” could best be replaced by which of the following? null规律方法: 在通读过程碰到生词时不要着急，耐心地读下去，文章会帮助你猜出生词词义。此外，我们也可以通过构词法知识分析生词词义，或通过上下文,同义词，反义词，生活常识等猜测，尤其是本句话以及前后两句话，给生词假设意思，看是否读的通。还可以联想，即回想已知词汇中是否存在拼写方法与该生词类似的词。null1.根据上下文。 according to the context clues 【例1】 All his attempts to unlock the door was futile, because he was using the wrong key. A. 成功的 B. 徒劳的　 C.有效的　 D. 匆促的 null 【例2】The herdsman , who looks after sheep, earns about 650yuan a year. 2.定义解释法,definition and explanation 定义或释义关系常由定语从句或由means, is, or， that is (to say), in other words， be called，be known as, be defined as等词汇或破折号来表示 【解】 “牧人”null 【例3】Children often try to imitate or copy the behavior that they see on television.　 【解】 “仿效” 　3 同义词,synonymnull 【例4】Twelve-year-old Sally was an active girl. But her sister was quite sedate. A. pretty B. calm C. protective D. energetic4.反义词,antonymnull 【例5】Our maths professor claims that all the problems he gives us are simple ones，however，we feel that they are intricate and hard to solve． 【解】 “复杂的” 5. 比较，对比，Comparison and Contrast null 【例6】With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence. (2003NMET)unconditional: nonjudgmental:无条件的，绝对的没有判断力的6.根据构词法：合成、派生（前缀、后缀）、转化等null postscript prehistoric transnational underwear mislead nonhuman antibody Childhood childish waterproof supergirl interaction miniskirt microphone rewrite subway cooperate friendship troublesome towards careless null方法指导null二 主旨大意题： 这类 试题要求对文章的整体或局部（如段落）进行分析、概括，归纳相关部分的中心大意(Main idea)，选择标题（title），判断作者的写作目的（purpose）等，旨在考查考生加工与浓缩信息的能力。 这一项考查的是文章的灵魂与中心。记叙文、议论文常考文章的主旨大意。一般主旨大意常出现在文章的开头，有时也出现在结尾。当然更重要的是从全文去把握。null1)What does the writer mainly tell us? 2)Which of the following can summar- ize the main idea of this text? 3)Which of the following best expresses the main idea? 4)Which is the subject discussed in the text? 6)What’s the best title for this passage?常见问题形式有 如何做主旨大意题如何做主旨大意题1. 要搞清的是问某一段还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。 2. 如有标题，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。 3.找到中心句。 4. 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。 null How to find the topic sentence?nullExample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they haven't eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast--foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. —————————————————————————nullQ: Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraph? A. Some people like steak and others red meat. B. Vegetables are very healthy for you. C. How food is prepared has a lot to do with how well a person may like it. D. Different people have different tastes in food. （1）主题句在段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。nullExample2 Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. (2)主题句也会出现在段尾 作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论, 即段落的主题。—————— ——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————(3)在短文中间 主题句也可以安排在段中间, 此时前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由其后陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 然后再作进一步的解释, 支持或发展.(3)在短文中间 主题句也可以安排在段中间, 此时前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由其后陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 然后再作进一步的解释, 支持或发展. Example 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out._______________________________________________________________________________三、推理判断题： 三、推理判断题： 技巧：找出作者所陈述的细节、事实以及能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词语，进行符合逻辑的推理。 注意不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点 解推断题最主要的方法是根据词义关系推断具体细节。 null常见问题形式有： (1) It can be inferred from the text that ___. (2) From the text we know that ______. (3) The story implies that ______. (4) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be ______. (5) The writers attitude toward…is ______.null One day a man walked a pet shop and said to the shop assistant，“I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches（蟑螂） and two spiders（蜘蛛）.” “What do you need these things for?” the shop assistant was very surprised. “Well，”replied the man，“I’m moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it.” nullQ： The passage suggests that when the writer moved into the apartment， it was ______. A. very clean B. just cleaned by the landlord C. tidy and comfortable D. dirty and full of insects  null 四、事实细节题: 主要考查学生 对阅读材料中的 某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力,问题主要包括询问人(who)、物(what)、时间(when)、地点(where)、原因(cause)、结果(effect)、文中的数据(data)等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考具体细节。 null1）Which of the following statement is true? 2）Which of the following is not mentioned in the text? 3）The author ( or the passage) states that___. 4）According to the passage, when ( where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.)___? 常见问题形式有：null细节理解应注意的问题： 1）对应性： 2）准确性： 3）区分性： 正确答案应与文中的细节一一对应 此类题更多地倾向于将题目中的信息与原文有关细节信息进行语义上的转换，在转换过程中，做题时易犯的错误是未注意到转换的准确性，常常将细节信息中的范围、程度、语义色彩等改变，从而导致错误。 有时命题人会故意利用一些貌合神离的手段，比如给出与原文中一模一样的字眼来迷惑考生，让考生不加思索地选定答案，而实际上选项中的字眼与文中的相同字眼压根就不是对应同一事情 选择正确答案：选择正确答案：1. The teacher told his students to do the second and the third exercises, but they should leave the first exercise out. How many exercises should the students do ? One. B. Two. C. Three. D. Zero. 2. Jean and Mary asked Della to go out for a walk, but she didn’t want to. Who probably did not go out ? A. Jean. B. Mary. C. Della. D. Jean and Mary.null 其他类型题目： 理解作者的观点和态度题： 既考查学生对字面意思的理解，也考查学生对作者写作目的、态度、观点等的理解。考题主要形式: (1)The writer’s purpose in writing this story is … (2)The text discusses men and women 50,000 years from now in order to show that …规律方法：正确理解作者的写作意图，所持的观点及阐述文章主题时语气或他对所论述的对象的态度。 ---假如你是作者，你为什么要写本文？null小技巧：辨认三种作者使用的表达情感、态度及观点的词汇，以及承接上下文的连接词。表示贬义：disgust, critical, negative, tolerant, disappointment.表示褒义: positive, wonder, support, useful, interesting, enthusiasm, admiring…表示中立: indifferent, impassive, uninterested, ambivalent, neutral, apathetic, humor, disinterested, disinterest.null六 理解文章基本结构１．说明文的基本结构：Descriptive writingDefinition(Introduction)Description(Explanation)ExampleComparisonClassificationConclusionnull议论文的基本结构 (Argumentation)Topic(Opinion)Arguments(Supporting sentences)factsexamplestheoryconclusion论点论据结论null记叙文的基本结构：　（Narrative writings)Story presentationTime cluesInverted time cluesEnding(surprising/humourous way(account)null夹叙夹议文的基本结构：Story presentationconclusionopinionadvicesignificancenull视幅较小：一目一词，甚至逐词逐字，逐个字母地看 过多地回视：每读几句又回过头来看一遍 不好的朗读的习惯 读读停停 其它不良习惯：精力不集中，窜行，用手或笔一个个指着要读的字母，摇头晃脑，腿脚颤动1.不良阅读习惯的表现培养良好的阅读习惯培养良好的阅读习惯1、按意群阅读，扩大视幅。例如： When the Judge had finished/ what he was saying/ Mrs Young opened her handbag she was carrying/ and took out the sewing. Without saying a word/ she chose a needle with a very small eye/ and threaded it at her first try. 2、阅读时少用或不用词典。 3 、了解英语语言国家的文化背景知识null 4、养成默读习惯，使注意力集中在文字符号上，纠正唇读，心读，喉读等做法，以免分散精力，影响阅读速度。 5、克服指读、回视、重读等不良习惯，因为这样容易使理解只停留在某个词或句子上，使获得的信息支离破碎。要善于抓住句子中的核心词，从一个句子快速地扫视到另一个句子，进行连贯性理解。null