考研英语阅读真题及详细解析1998

1998 Passage 1 论坛相关讨论帖地址：http://cnc.hjbbs.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=20&ID=382191 　　Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good. 　　The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey's bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam. 　　But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left — all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity. 　　And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself. 　　Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed. 　　Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don't need a dam to be saved. 51. The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that ________. 　　[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality 　　[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted 　　[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things 　　[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight 52. In paragraph 5, "the powerless" probably refers to ________. 　　[A] areas short of electricity 　　[B] dams without power stations 　　[C] poor countries around India 　　[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area 53. What is the myth concerning giant dams? 　　[A] They bring in more fertile soil. 　　[B] They help defend the country. 　　[C] They strengthen international ties. 　　[D] They have universal control of the waters. 54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________. 　　[A] "It's no use crying over spilt milk" 　　[B] "More haste, less speed" 　　[C] "Look before you leap" 　　[D] "He who laughs last laughs best" 重点词汇： imagination （想象；想象力）←imagin(e)想象+tion名词后缀。Imagination is more important than knowledge.想象力比知识更重要。Every great advance in science has issued from a new audacity of imagination.科学的每一个重大进展都得力于大胆的想象力。imagination — ①the highest kite one can fly ②a poor substitute for experience 想象——①一个人能放得最高的风筝 ②经验的劣质替代品。 symbol （符号；象征）即sym+bol，sym-共同，bol看作ball，“共同喜欢球类运动”→这是现代人的“象征”。Light is the symbol of truth.光是真理的象征。 cement  （v.胶合；巩固n.水泥；胶接剂）。A sweet and innocent compliance is the cement of love.温柔天真的依从是爱情的粘合剂。 deprive  （v.剥夺）即de+priv+e，de-(=away)，priv词根“个人的”（如private→priv+ate→私人的），“使某物离开个人”→剥夺。Poverty often deprives a man of all spirit and virtue; it is hard for an empty bag to stand upright.贫穷常使人丧失全部精神与美德，空袋子是难以直立的。 persist  （v.坚持，持续）即per+sist，per-“完全”，sist词根“站立”，于是“自始至终都站着”→坚持。参consistently（始终如一地），1999年Passage 5。To persist in efforts without losing the aim will finally result in success.不失目标地坚持努力终将导致成功。Any man can make mistakes, but only an idiot persists in his error.任何人都可能犯错误，但只有愚蠢的人才坚持错误。 complex  （复杂的；综合的；联合体）即com+plex，com-“一起”，plex词根“重叠”，“重叠在一起的”→复杂的。参perplex（使困惑，使复杂化）←per完全+plex，2003年Text 2。Everything is simpler than you think and at the same time more complex than you imagine.凡事都比你思考的简单，同时比你想象的复杂。 go-ahead n.批准，允许。 wrong-headed 执迷不悟的。 environmental  （周围的，环境的）←environment环境+al形容词后缀。What is the thing called health? Simply a state in which the individual happens transiently to be perfectly adapted to his environment. Obviously, such states cannot be common, for the environment is in constant flux.称为健康的东西是什么？不过是一种状态，处于这种状态的人刚好一时对环境完全适应。这种状态显然不可能常见，因为环境是在不断改变的。environment — everything that isn't me 环境——除我以外的一切。 proper  （适当的；合乎体统的；固有的）。Proper words in proper places make the true definition of style.风度的准确定义就是在适当的场合说适当的话。A fool, indeed, has great need of a title; it teaches men to call him count or duke, and thus forget his proper name of fool.傻瓜的确非常需要头衔，那使人们称他为伯爵或公爵，从而忘掉他固有的名字——傻瓜。 resolve  （v.n.决心；解决；决议）←re+solve解决。同根词：dissolve（v.溶解；解散）←dis+solve。The reason why a great man is great is that he resolves to be a great man.伟人之所以伟大，是因为他立志要成为伟人。Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.该做的事要下决心去做，决定去做的事要务必去做。Do not, for one repulse, forgo the purpose that you resolved to effort.不要只因一次挫败就放弃原来决心达到的目标。 conflict  （v.n.冲突）即con+flict，con-一起，flict词根“打”，“打在一起”→冲突。A marriage without conflicts is almost as inconceivable as a nation without crisis.没有冲突的婚姻几乎与没有危机的国家一样难以想象。In the long term we can hope that religion will change the nature of man and reduce conflict. But history is not encouraging in this respect. The bloodiest wars in history have been religious wars. 长期以来我们希望宗教能改变人的天性并减少冲突。但历史却令人失望。历史上最血腥的战争都是宗教战争。 hydroelectric  （水电的）即hydro+electric，hydro词根“水的”，electric单词“电的”。另记：hydrogen（氢）←hydro+gen，这是化学家创造的英文单词，因为氢气燃烧的唯一产物是水，-gen后缀意为“致……的物质”。 irrigation （灌溉；水利）与irritation（激怒；刺激物）一字母之差，联想记忆：“溉”的声母为g，故灌溉为irriGation，而irriTAtion为激怒“他”。 at the mercy of 受……支配；stop just short of 几乎要……；far from guaranteed 根本没有保障。 难句解析： ①Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. ▲这个句子中包含了一个强调句型，基本结构是it is... that...，强调部分的关键词是suffering，这个词就是后面that引导的从句的主语，因而这个句子的核心句其实就是Suffering makes the ideal so fascinating。suffering加上前后的修饰、限定成分是humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought（人类受水旱灾害控制的长期的苦难）；ideal后面跟了一个of引导的分词短语：forcing the waters to do our bidding（让河水听我们吩咐［的这个理想］）；suffering使得这个ideal如何呢？so fascinating。在掌握了这个整体框架之后，这个句子就很清楚了。 △通过分析结构我们知道此句强调的是suffering这个使得ideal如此fascinating的这个因果关系。一旦给that引导的从句找到了真正的主语suffering，这个句子的基本结构就出来了。 ②It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam had become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. ▲这个句子中第一个单词it指代的是文章中上面的一句话，即“从大型水坝中得到的教训是不一定大的就是好的”。help后面是一个从句，在这个从句中，主语是一个现在分词短语，核心句是Building a dam had become a symbol of achievement。分词短语striving to assert themselves是修饰nations and people的限定成分。 △注意it doesn't help的意思，此处意为“无法阻止”。 ③The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left — all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity. ▲这个句子首先要注意的是有两个谓语：stopped和deprived；然后可以找出这个句子的核心句：The Aswan Dam stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the silt。第一个silt后面有一个that引导的从句that floods left修饰silt；破折号后面的all代替的是破折号前面所说的the fertile silt，介词短语in return for后面的宾语带了一个which引导的从句，修饰的是这个宾语：a giant reservoir of disease，同时这个从句中还有一个so... that的结构。如果把这个which引导的从句分解开来就是The reservoir is now full of silt, so it barely generates electricity。 △此句理解的关键有三个：一是找到两个谓语：stopped和deprived；二是要明白all指的是前面所说的the fertile silt；三就是which引导的从句修饰的是the reservoir of disease这个名词短语。 ④This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. ▲这个句子理解上的困难可能出现在短语上。撇开前面的时间状语和地点状语不看，这个句子的核心句其实是Slovaks and Hungarians stopped sending troops。这里有两个短语需要理解：short of差一点就；send in派遣。后面的in their contention over a dam说的是他们sending in the troops的原因。再加上前后的状语短语，就有了一个完整理解。 △这个句子的短语和介词非常重要，除了结构分析中所说的两个短语之外，in the contentions，over a dam，on the Danube都对句子理解非常重要。 ⑤Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. ▲这个句子的核心句是Study can help to resolve conflicts。但是理解的重点却在study后面的修饰成分，因为study后面有两个并列关系的of，说明了study的：study of the impacts of dams和study of the cost and benefits of controlling water。第三个of修饰的是the cost and benefits两个名词，of后面是个动名词短语。这个修饰成分解决了，后面的句子就好理解了，再注意一下help to do sth.的用法。 △主要是四个of的用法，注意哪两个of是并列关系（of the impacts和of the cost and benefits）。 试题解析： 51. [C] 意为：过于兴奋的人容易忽视极为重要的事情。 　　第一段指出，在重大技术所创造的东西中，很少有比大坝更能体现人的幻想的。也许是因为人类长期遭受洪涝和干旱的袭击，使人类（通过筑坝）制服洪水的愿望显得更加令人兴奋不已（该句是一个强调句，基本句型是：it is... that makes... so fascinating）。这两句谈的是人们的愿望；本段第三、四句话锋一转，指出愿望与现实往往相反，所以，第三句应该在第一、二句意思的基础上理解。第三句可理解为：但是，兴奋有时候也表现为盲目。而第三句的意思又被第四句进一步阐释为：有些大坝工程为害多于为善(do more harm than good)。盲目建设大坝的危害在第三、五段都举了具体例子加以说明。 　　A意为：人们如果无视现实就会感到高兴。 　　B意为：盲人比有眼睛的人更幸福。 　　D怠为：兴奋使人双目失明。 52. [D] 意为：讷尔默达河大坝周围的平民百姓。 　　讷尔默达河位于印度。根据第五段，建设讷尔默达河大坝(Narmada Dam)本来就是一个错误(wrong-headed)，但是，世界银行还是向印度贷款，支持大坝建设。银行的顾问指出，大坝将给平民百姓带来苦难，给环境带来破坏，但是，银行方面却一意孤行。大坝的建设也许会给掌权有势的人带来益处。但是，即使这一点也根本没有保障（即：很难保障大坝会给有权势者带来利益）。该句中的the powerless（平民百姓）在意思上应该对应于上一句的the powerful（有权势者）。 　　A意为：缺电力的地区。 　　B意为：没建电站的大坝。 　　C意为：印度周边的穷国。 　　定冠词the置于形容词之前经常指一类人，如：the poor穷人，the rich富人，the miserable受苦难的人，the young年轻人，等等。 53. [D] 意为：它们普遍能控制住洪水。 　　第一段第一、二句指出，人们幻想大坝来达到控制洪水的目的，但有时意识不到大坝会带来意想不到的后果。第三段也指出，大坝有时有违其建设目的，埃及的阿斯旺高坝(Aswan High Dam)就是一个例子。大坝起到了制服尼罗河洪水泛滥的作用，但也不再有洪水过后留下的肥沃的冲积土壤；换来的只是(all in return for)一个硕大的病态水库，水库被淤泥填满，几乎无法发电。 　　第四段指出，尽管如此，制服洪水的神话还在继续传送。这句话的意思是：人们仍然一味地幻想着通过建坝来控制水：其含义是，尽管大坝的建设有时弊多于利，会给人类带来意想不到的后果，但是，人们建坝的热情还是很高，本段下文提到了斯洛伐克和匈牙利拟在多瑙河上建坝的事。最后一段第二句指出，其实，水力发电也好，治水也好，灌溉也好，未必都只有通过建坝进行。 　　A意为：它们带来更肥沃的土地。 　　B意为：它们有助于国防。第二段第二句指出，有些人把建设硕大的大坝看作是国家成就的象征，是一个民族独立(assert themselves)的体现，这其实是一种幻想(It doesn't help that...)；第四段第二、三、四句指出，本周，在文明的欧洲中心，为了多瑙河上的建坝事宜，斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人几乎就要派驻军队了，该大坝也可能产生其他大坝存在的所有问题，但是，斯洛伐克正在闹独立(is bidding for independence)，想脱离捷克，它想通过大坝来证明自己的能力和独立性(prove itself)。可见，人们想通过大坝证明自己的国力和独立性，并非将大坝用于国防。 　　C意为；它们增强国际联系。 54. [C] 意为：“三思而后行。” 　　该题实际上提问的是作者的观点：作者想通过本文说明什么道理。 　　文章指出，人们对大坝的建设存在很多幻想，所以经常事与愿违。在最后一段最后两句，作者指出，该是我们认真吸取阿斯旺大坝的教训的时候了。言外之意，不要再存在理想化心理，我们应该变得更加理智一点，因为，我们未必非要通过大坝来拯救自己(You don't need a dam to be saved.)，这一句回溯该段第二句：其实，水力发电也好，治水也好，灌溉也好，未必都只有通过建坝实现。言外之意，应该消除对大坝的迷恋，多动脑筋，积极寻求更好的措施解决我们的问题。 　　A意为：“覆水难收。”比喻后悔是没有用的。 　　B意为：“欲速则不达。” 　　D意为：“笑到最后才算笑得最好。”比喻受到挫折时不要轻易放弃，应该坚持。 全文翻译： 　　在重大技术所创造的东西中很少能像大型水坝这样让人痴迷的。可能正是因为人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的摆布才使得人们治理江河、供我驱策的理想如此令人痴迷。但让人着迷有时也就使人盲目。有几个巨型大坝项目就有弊大于利的危险。 　　建造大坝的教训是：大的未必总是美的。但这个教训也无法阻止修建高大雄伟的大坝已成为那些力争得到自我肯定的国家和人民的伟大成就的象征。埃及由于建造了阿斯旺大坝而巩固了在阿拉伯世界的领导地位。土耳其在力图跻身第一世界的努力中也包括修建阿塔特克大坝。 　　但大坝不会像预期的那样产生效果。以阿斯旺大坝为例，它阻止了尼罗河洪水泛滥，但也使埃及失去了洪水冲击过后留下的肥沃土壤，换回来的是这么一个疾病滋生的水库。现在这个水库积满了淤泥，几乎不能发电了。 　　不过，控制水的神话还在继续。本周，在文明的欧洲腹地，斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人就为了多瑙河上的一处水坝引起争端，差点动用了军队。这个大型工程可能会出现大坝上所有的常见问题。但斯洛伐克正在要求脱离捷克而独立，现在他们需要建一个大坝来证明自己的实力。 　　与此同时，世界银行已经贷款给印度来建造问题很多的纳尔马达大坝。尽管世界银行的顾问说，该大坝将给平民带来苦难，而且也会破坏那里的环境，但世界银行已经这样做了。大坝会给有权有势者带来利益，但这种利益却没有保障。 　　对于水坝的影响作用、水坝控制水流的成本和收益进行恰当而科学的研究能够有助于解决这些冲突。水利发电，治理洪水以及灌溉即使不建大型水坝也是可能的，不一定非要建大坝。但当你相信神话时就很难做到合理或科学。现在是世界吸取阿斯旺大坝教训的时候了。我们未必要通过大坝来拯救自己（dekuan68注：此句应译为“我们不需要建一座将被拯救的大坝”）。 1998 Passage 2 论坛相关讨论帖地址：http://cnc.hjbbs.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=20&ID=382191 　　Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real. 　　The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics. 　　Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace — all that re-engineering and downsizing — are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much. 　　Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose. 　　Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "re-engineering" has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO's Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish — "the worst sort of ambulance-chasing". 55. According to the author, the American economic situation is ________. 　　[A] not as good as it seems 　　[B] at its turning point 　　[C] much better than it seems 　　[D] near to complete recovery 56. The official statistics on productivity growth ________. 　　[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle 　　[B] fall short of businessmen's anticipation 　　[C] meet the expectation of business people 　　[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy 57. The author raises the question "what about pain without gain?" because ________. 　　[A] he questions the truth of "no gain without pain" 　　[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works 　　[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading 　　[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses 58. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage? 　　[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity. 　　[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity. 　　[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability. 　　[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings. 重点词汇： assume  （v.假定；承担；呈现）。Optimism assumes, or attempts to prove, that the universe exists to please us, and pessimism that it exists to displease us.乐观主义假定或企图证明宇宙存在是为了使我们快乐；悲观主义则假定或企图证明那是为了使我们不快乐。When a man assumes a public trust, he should consider himself as public property.当一个人承担了公众的信任，就应该视自己为公众财产。They who assume a character that does not belong to them generally betray themselves by overacting.装模作样的人常常由于表现过火而露出原形。 lump  （团块；使成团块）。An overdose of praise is like ten lumps of sugar in coffee; only a very few people can swallow it.过量的赞扬有如在咖啡里放了十块糖，只有极少数的人能咽得下去。 acceleration  （加速；加速度）即ac+celer+ation，ac-加强前缀，celer词根“速度”，-ation名词后缀；反义词为deceleration（减速）←de向下+celer+ation。 rebound  （v.n.反弹）←re反+bound跳。 evidence  （证据，迹象）即e+vid+ence，e-(=ex-)，vid词根“看”=vis（如visible→vis+ible→可见的），-ence名词后缀，“能看出来的东西”→证据。Growth is the only evidence of life.成长是生命的唯一证明。Poverty of speech is the outward evidence of poverty of mind.言语的贫乏是心智贫乏的表现。 treasury  （宝库，国库）即treasur(e)+y，treasure（n.财宝v.珍爱），-y表“地方”，于是“放财宝的地方”→宝库。Collection of famous quotes and collection of mottoes are the most important treasure of the society.名言集和格言集是社会最可贵的财富。Let us learn to treasure only good and reject the evil in everything.让我们学会只珍视善，而排斥一切事物中的恶。 disjunction （n.分离，分裂）即dis+junction，dis-否定前缀，junction（n.连接，连接处）。 anecdote  （趣闻，轶事）谐音：安妮(Annie)可逗她←用“趣闻”来逗女孩子开心。anecdote — a joke in evening dress 趣闻——穿着晚礼服的笑料。 profitability  （收益率）即profit+ability，profit（v.n.收益），-ability名词后缀；参profitable，1999年Passage 5。profitability — the sovereign criterion of the enterprise 有利可图——企业的至高无上的准则。 ineptly  （不相宜地；无能地）即in+ept+ly，in-否定前缀，ept(=apt)适宜的，-ly副词后缀。 revenue  （财政收入；税收）←re+venue，另可记avenue（林荫道；途径）←a+venue。Economy is of itself a great revenue.节约本身就是一大笔收入。 blunt 率直的；钝的；使钝。 consultant  （顾问）即consult+ant，consult（v.商量；查询），-ant表“人”；参consultancy，2002年Text 3。consultant — someone who will take your watch off your wrist and tell you what time it is 顾问——把你的手表从你手腕上摘下来，然后告诉你时间的人。 难句解析： ①What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real. ▲这个句子的主语和表语都是从句。主语是what引导的名词性从句，表语是whether引导的状语表语从句。在表语从句中，主语是the productivity revolution，核心句是Whether the productivity revolution is for real，其中productivity revolution后面跟了一个that引导的定语从句，这个从句中的主语是businessmen，谓语是assume，后面跟一个宾语从句，而that所替代的productivity resolution就是这个宾语从句中over这个介词的宾语。 △理解这个句子的关键在于要弄清其中环环相套的从句关系，就是revolution后面that引导的定语从句，以及从句中assume后面的宾语从句，这样就找出preside over的宾语其实就是productivity revolution。 ②The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. ▲这个句子有一个很长的表语从句，由that引导。从句中有两个分句，中间用and so连接。第一个分句中又有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰的是rebound，第二个分句的主语与第一个分句的主语一样，都是part of the recent acceleration。这样我们可以得到这个句子的主干部分：The trouble is that part of acceleration is due to rebound, and is not conclusive evidence. △理解这个句子的关键在于要清楚表语从句中第一个分句所套的修饰rebound的定语从句，再者就是第二个分句的主语与第一个分句的主语一致，并注意conclusive的意思。 ③There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics. ▲理解这个句子先要找出它的核心句：There is a "disjunction" between the mass and the picture，中间的人名及其职位可以当作插入语。between后面的名词带有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰的是business anecdote，that在这个从句中充当的是主语；and后面的名词the picture后面跟的是过去分词reflected，表示的是一种被动关系。 △找出between和and的宾语（分别是the mass of business anecdote和the picture reflected by the statistics），这个句子就容易理解了。 ④New ways of organizing the workplace — all that re-engineering and downsizing — are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. ▲这个句子看似庞大，分析之下就简单了。先找出核心句：New ways are one contribution，再来看其它部分：new ways后面of organizing the workplace限定了new ways的内容；破折号之间的部分是进一步说明new ways of organizing the workplace的一些具体内容；contribution后面的to接的是名词宾语，这之后有一个which引导的定语从句，修饰的是前面的名词an economy。在这个定语从句中by后面的宾语是factors，后面的such as跟随的三个名词短语就是列举的内容。 △找出主干句之后就不会受到长句所造成的混乱影响，关键是要弄清楚contribution to后面的内容，尤其是which引导的定语从句，修饰的是economy。 ⑤His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. ▲这个句子的主要部分在于谓语says后面的宾语从句，从句中的重要成分是在状语短语部分，即in a mechanistic fashion，因为后面跟的一个现在分词短语chopping out costs是进一步说明fashion的内容，without后面的动名词短语是补充成分，表示的是一种伴随状态。 △关键在于chopping out costs这个现在分词短语的理解，要明白这是in a mechanistic fashion的进一步说明。 试题解析： 55. [A] 意为：并不像表面看上去那样好。 　　第一段第三、四句指出，美国到处都在谈论所谓公司的振兴(tales of corporate revival)，但是，商界