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用英语学日语 た Even ～、～ 例）Even before beginning the process of selecting a school, ～ However the degree can be enhanced, the properties are～ For example, ～ 文中の例 ～, for example, ～ ＞ (例えば、という意味。 読み方はイージー, For example,と同意味。） 例）(e.g., PLZT ) (e.g. A=Mg2+, Zn2+ , Fe3+ and B=Nb5+ and W6+) Also, the enhanced performance in "hard" piezoceramics is only realized under stringent operating conditionswhereas in (001)-oriented PMN-PT crystal ～ My father always preached frugality we had money. たとえお金があろうと倹約するようにといつも父に言わ れた Although ～, ～ 例）Although I am a private citizen, I have some relationship. 私は一般市民だが、いくぶんかかわりがある。 the weak-field behavior, T of Kmax in Table II, suggests that a high-field transition should be present by -15?, the accompanying high-field transition is sometimes obscured.（～だけれども、） The piezoelectric properties are highest at the MPB the transition temperature is also minimum at MPB. excellent dielectric and piezoelectric properties were demonstrated with ceramics, the cost of hot pressing～ Engineered substrates consisting of thin films of InP on Si handle substrates have the potential to significantly increase performance while reducing the cost and weight of compound semiconductor solar cells those fabricated on bulk InP substrates. Fig.1 shows that compositions with x>0 had either initiated or completed crystallization after 5 min at 500 ?, those with x<0 were still amorphous after the same treatment. Indeed, ～ the fine size of the particles, it was possible～ The rate will be low the small sectional area of liquid. The samples prepared on the production facility showed much higher strength, which may be the presence of die lubricant. This is high sintering temperatures required. the prohibition on the use of Pb-based materials, the demand for Pb-free ceramics has grown～ Calculations of the critical defect size for the diametral compression samples in the region of 200-400 mm Size in the region of 200-400 mm. The density of the samples 4.45 g/cm3. The samples prepared on the production facility showed much higher strength, which due to the presence of die lubricant. Further, high dielectric loss in the sample result in depoling on removal of the electric field. At room temperature the yellow PbO is metastable and transform to the stable red PbO on grinding. This due to the lack of available liquid-phase material.（～かもしれない） The discontinuity at 440? due to various reasons. each sintered ceramic from the intensities～ Further studies on this system are in progress and be reported elsewhere. The amount of amorphous phase that be necessary to accommodate ～ must-will-would の順で可能性［確実性］が低くなる。 The TGG process is based on relatively conventional powder processing steps and constituents, which it an attractive low-cost alternative for fabricating high-strain materials. This due to the high reactivity of these powders since the lead oxalate precipitates were submicron in size and more uniform in shape. This because electrostrictive PMN-10%PT is a relaxor ferroelectric. 典型的なも参照のこと。 A TEM photomicrograph is shown in Fig.2 .as a representative example of Fig.3 is an example of a typical strain-vs-field plot for the B250141 materials. In the case of 900M powder only ～ 89% density by hot uniaxial pressing at 870?. the barium-based systems,the substitution of Ce ions into PMN promoted～ These results are the stress-dependent electromechanical properties of (001)-oriented crystals, which became increasingly nonlinear and hysteretic with increasing t. It should be mentioned that through the diffused E maxima and relaxor-type behavior were reported in some NaNbO3-BaTiO3 solid solution ceramics, the relaxor-like compositions belong to the BaTiO3-rich side of this system and are therefore the present work. It is very to keep the working temperature at least 25-30 ? below the transition temperature. The Tc of this composition shifted to lower temperatures with increasing substitutions of BaO in the perovskite lattice. Dextrin acts as a protective colloid, the precipitate highly dispersed. There is difficulty in grease in the joint when it is heated with a burner a more important observation from a technological perspective is that ～ . ～ This is illustrated by domains available from ～ Furthermore, the corona discharge method can be used to pole large area samples and may be adapted to continuous process for compositional modifications have been studied in the PZT system. measurements did not reveal significant ～ First, and , this temperature lies within～ foremost expert（第一人者） Since this has also been observed for manganese-doping, it is instructive to compare the effects of doping with the two types of ion. Ceramic specimens were sintered at 1100? to more than 95% of theoretical density. The density of the samples is 4.25. 論文ではaboutやaroundではなく、なるべくapproximatelyを使うこと。 ～, which is twice the strain response of a ramdom～ ～ the piezoelectric response is often attributed to progressive excitation of ～ 妥当かつ適切と見なされる be considered and proper それが妥当なところでしょう。 That seems . It seems to assume that 文 They must have the appropriate stereochemical configuration. burning resistance // heat hardiness // heat resistance // heat resistance property heat tolerance // heat-resisting properties // heating resistance refractoriness // thermal resistance // thermostability ～よりも耐熱性の点で優れている have greater heat-resistance than the B125 specimen was discussed in detail in part one. He has studied the target , just like a hunter watches its prey. ハンターが獲物をじっと見るように、彼は対象を注意深く 観察してきました。 this capacitor has a leakage current of less than 5x10-8 A/cm2 at 1V. B-5 showed a large Pr than C-5 in the ferroelectric regions. (also) a uniform stress cannot be sustained by ～ this induced ～ the alkaline niobates, and in particular to the potassium sodiumu niobate family, (KNN) The dielectric properties of the PMN ceramics as function of frequency and temperature. This study the temperature dependence ～ The field-dependent properties of the solid solutions also as a function of temperature. 2+ Neverthless, it has been generally recognized that minor of Ba and 2+2+Sr on the Pb-site of the perovskite PMN lattice led to a decrease in the Curie temperature with a corresponding increase in the dielectric constant. 2+2+ Minor of Ba for Pb to the perovskite solid solution lattice were made to obtain～ 2+2+ This was accomplished by an amount of Ba for Pb in the perovskite lattice. An SEM micrograph showing the grain morphology of a solid solution is shown in Fig.1 It was evident that the of Ba2+ in the PMN solid solution lattice allowed the ～. The highest value of the dielectric constant was attained with 1mol% BaO, which can be represented by the composition (Pb0.99Ba0.01)-[(Mg1/3Nb2/3)0.9Ti0.1]O3. of InP/Si substrates for bulk InP in the fabrication of such a four-junction solar cell could significantly reduce the substrate cost, as described below. It is very to keep the working temperature at least 25-30 ? below the transition temperature. This is a significant . The in the leakage characteristics of the PT and Ru capacitors is The largest between the field-dependent properties of the ordered and corona point arrangements having 1,5, and 32 needles were used. All compositions showed a increase in longitudinal strain with decreasing temperature and an abrupt increase in the strain hysteresis at a well-defined temperature. the coercive field level, ～ This was achieved by means of a thermocouple placed the sample. At temperatures zero-field relaxor-to-normal transition, there is evidence for a double hysteresis loop ～. At point C, ～ 直線的に linearly 直接の direct Normally, ～ Printing was carried out on ～ PZT ceramics and piezoelectric composites are poled in ～ The ceramics were fabricated using the oxide-mixing technique. / the mixed oxide method / the solid-state reaction method / bridge circuits are used for both detectors. （文頭の例） 読み方は"that is" 例）～and other compositions (i.e., Z5T5, F5T5, B5T5, and S5T5) were used ～ the observation that higher temperatures were required to increase the ordering in PMN, we investigated the ～ These findings are detailed in the sections. The unpoled sample had the characteristics: density =5.7～ Harry took the stand in the trial. 次にハリーが事件の証人台に立った Films were grown at temperatures from 500 to 700 ?, , as well as at 575 and 625?. film deposition techniques, ～ the InP/Si substrates used for the growth of InGaAs solar cells, ～ ～was found to depend on both chemical composition and heat treatment temperature. We demonstrate conditions under which 180 domain wall motin can contribute, a dynamic poling process, to the piezoelectric～ careful control of the precursors and the spinning conditions, continuous high quality green fiber can be produced～ Transducers other PZT materials for operation at higher frequencies, such as 3.5-5 MHz, also exhibit ～ Back side and front side contacts using Ti/Au contacts on In the present work, we demonstrate that third harmonic generation (THG) of light in single-shot experiments to ～（THGがシングルショット機器に使用できる） （強調構文） clear PZT is used for piezoceramics. PZTが圧電セラミックスに使用されてい る事は明らかである。 同類、発展形） It is known that ～, It was observed that ～, etc through measurements of the dielectric constant e as a function of T They by diffraction from the MgO substrate. couldはcanよりも根拠が弱い時に使う。willとwouldの関係。 They by diffraction from the MgO substrate. In the present work, we demonstrate that third harmonic generation (THG) of light can be used in single-shot experiments to ～（THGがシングルショット機器に使用できる） Figure 6 and 7 the compositional effects～. The dielectric properties of the ceramics . As has been in the Introduction, the positional parameterrs ～ We that the nanolevel order ～ Thus, , a natural clustering into ～ It has (also) been proposed rhombohedral nanodomains, in which the ～ Since the Tm of PMN-PT is low ～650?, it can be expected that ～ PMN-PTのTmは650?程度の低さであるので、～ Electric field high as 8kV/mm were applied but no piezoelectricity was observed. Tensile strains were obtained. The room temperature dielectric constant is . The of kp at room temperature is of the ～. The of poling of PT-BF-polymer composites was determined～ easy to ～ ～は簡単であるべきである。 pointed out that 文～ that以下に注目するべきである。 note that 文～ that以下に注目するべきである。 Although～, 文～＞ BNT bulk does not show good piezoelectricity, the BNT film prepared did exhibit good piezoelctricity. not detected by x-ray diffraction, TEM has shown a second phase is a conductive phase. Several other modifications of the BNT-based solid solutions have been studied they are far less attractive compared to BNT-BT systems. The shifts in Tm only grain size dependent process related as well. The dielectric values were measured to a K of ～10 for 650M powder composite. MPB composition in the BNT-BKT system has been reported to in the range of 16-20 at% BKT. the results are not yet understood, B5T5 showed very promising results: a low dielectric constant, a high peak strain, and a high peak polarization. （その結果はまだ理解されていないが、～） Using this as the guideline a composition given as (Li0.03Na0.55K0.42) NbO3 In ～, ～ In the NFL, ～ At point C, ～ For this study, ～ PbMgNbO9 is cubic in the paraelectric phase and ferroelectric below the Curie temperature (-8C). a small amount of MnO2 was added to the compositions prior to sintering that helped the dissipation factor of the ceramics. 加齢に伴う腎機能の低下 kidney function with age 家庭での教育の低下 education in the home 学力水準の低下 scholastic standards 急激な温度の低下 extreme temperature First an optimized processing procedure for obtaining the dense ceramics of each composition. amounts of reagent grade ～ ask whether rhombohedral symmetry should not also exist ～ Thusask whether rhombohedral symmetry should not also exist ～ 妥当かつ適切と見なされる be considered and それが妥当なところでしょう。 That seems . It seems to assume that 文 They must have the stereochemical configuration. washed cellulose is clean and burns off completely～ The electrode is well for continuous measurements. Some other transistors did not appear to be for ～ The energies are just to elevate～ 典型的に typically Examples illustrating the preparation of compounds will hereinafter be described. be mentioned as a example of ～as a typical example / A polarization-field loop is shown in Fig.4 for the B250141 materials. A ferroelectric domain as a region with ～ for absorption effects were subsequently carried out ～ ～ indicated that good were consistently obtained for ～ ～it is very important to depress this phase transition temperature from room temperature to low. For many applications, the high electromechanical coupling and large mechanical quality factors by these materials have been the main criteria for a good device material. carefully In this letter, we InGaAs solar cell fabrication on layer-transferred InP/Si substrates. In the present work, third harmonic generation(THG) of light can be used ～. 電気的に electrically 徹底的に、余すとこなく thoroughly the optimum～ It must be noted that～ It seems that PZT is used for piezoceramics. 同類、発展形） This indicate that ～, This mean that ～, This results suggest that ～, etc. で、（～は～だ）と断定する事。 This problem more investigation and is still open to discuss. (この問題はさらなる研究が必要であり、いまだに議論の余地がある。） Similar to ～, ～ Similarly, ～ in CO2, the higher oxide Mn3O4 can form～ Correspondingly, ～ A procedure was utilized in the～ A as well as B Bと同様にA The properties of samples vacuum-sintered material were recorded. 吸引焼結材と同様の試料の特性が記録された。 He is a great researcher a great doctor. a specific amount of degradation is reached, a certain defect distribution is formed. the salt. dehydrates the viscose. (大きさが) comparable (in magnitude) to ～ This performance was that of the InGaAs cells grown on bulk ～ (大きさが) The sensitivity and bandwidth of fiber composite transducers also are the the dice-and fill composites. The response was measured using LCR brige can cover a frequency range from 20 to 100 Hz. （20から100Hzの周波数をカバー出来るLCRブリッジ） The highest longitudinal strain value 0.079% was obtained for the Z5T5 sample. （最上級, 0.079%値が ofはといった意味を持つ） They came to the conclusion important changes are taking place in the ceramic industry. (セラミック産業界に重要な変化が生じているという結論に彼らは到達した。） Other densification methods have proved to be successful for ferroelectric ceramics in more recent years are ～ ここ数年において強誘電体セラミックスについて成功していると認められている他の緻密化は～である。 SWING is a suitable note to write down your words. （”SWING”は”あなたの言葉を書きとめる”最適なノートです） Dielectric measurements were carried out on an automated system, a temperature-control box and LCR meters were controlled by a desk-top computer system. （ ～という自動化されたシステム ） Compositions with x>0.6-0.8 were found to density at sintering temperatures < 1000 ?, The family of complex perovskite compounds Pb(AB)O3 are excellent commercial ferroelectric ceramics mainly due to their low firing temperature, which leads to a reduction in the cost of internal electrods, very high dielectric constant and their temperature-insenstive characteristic response (arising from a diffuse phase transition). Recently, Bonner, Marcos and Van Uitert reported on the dielectric and electro-optic properties of large crystals were grown by the Kyropoulous technique. Measurements of other properties, X-ray and pyroelectric coefficients, suggest that～ In hydrophones, the active element is a solid piezoelectric ceramic materials lead zirconate titanate (PZT). The growth of the PMN single crystals required excess PbO is known to reduce the dielectric properties of PMN-PT. The samples were translucent implies clean grain boundaries and a high density. An electroless Ni-coating, served as an electrode , was applied to the parallelfaces ～. Measure K value was determined a function of grain size and presented in Fig.3 the series model. I am 6feet tall, which is prettty tall a Japanese. 私は背は180cmであり、それというのは（which) 日本人としてはすごく背の高い方です。 a substrate for nucleation and growth of the desired phase, the template～. a field was applied to a sample, the oscilloscope acquired ～ ethanol 1-propanol was used as the solvent. The intensity La-content～（La量が増加するにともなって強度は増加した） In addition to the observed K dependency, the temperature Tm grain size. increasing levels of Tb, ～ It appears that both Kmax and Tmax decrease addition of ST. As can be seen from these figures that the permittivity increases and diffuseness of the phase transition is decreased. from the MPB increases the transition temperature but piezoelectric properties decrease significantly. The crystalline phases by ～ The spectrum of NO3 in water by a weak maximum at ～ ～and phase transitional of these materials. Whatever ～, ～ the topic, my views are always diametrically opposed to those of the other directors. トピックがどんなものであれ、私の意見は他の役員とは正反対だ。 irreversibility in the domain wall motion is incorporated into the irreversible Rayleigh coefficients for the piezoelectric properties.（否定文でのany） / The values were high, , at temperatures below the Curie point Composites of piezoelectric ceramics and polymers and , , fiber-based composites ～ In the case of 900M powder only ～ 89% density by hot uniaxial pressing at 870?. This impurity phase via TEM. of crystalline phases was accomplished by X-ray diffraction, aided when necessary by selected-area electron diffraction (SAD). The dielectric properties of PMN pyrochlore were measured between 20 and 120 at 100 kHz. （20から120?で測定された。最初の20の後に?はつけない、もしくは付けても?だけでいい。 例＞ 20?and 120?） ～ over temperature ranges of 210-420K for PMN. ～ in the temperature range of 1250?-1350? The sintering temperature of the ceramics was 1150?. The initial mainly assessing the parametric relationships between sintered density and microstructural characteristics as function of sintering temperature. , ～ 「ところで」といった話題を変える場合は、 The of kp at room temperature is of the ～. The of poling of PT-BF-polymer composites was determined～ A great deal of effort has recently to the manufacturing and engineering of lead-containing relaxor perovskite compounds. Understandably,～ A secondary question is this symmetry can be regarded as macroscopic or whether it is confined to polar clusters within a matrix of cubic symmetry. 二番目の質問は、この対照性がマクロス コピックであると考えられるのかどうか、又は、立方晶対照性のマトリックス 内における極性クラスターに限定されるのかどうかである。 ?文? という時のwhich The processing and annealing conditions, affect the properties of the alkali materials, are also investigated. プロセッシングとアニーリング条件アルカリ材料の特性に影響を与えるものであるが、それ も調べた。 These experiments, included slow cooling from high temperatures and thermal annealing at a fixed temperature, failed to record any appreciable domain growth in the temperature range of 900-1325 deg.C. Results on the PMN composition indicate that the M.P.B. may exist near this composition, is in agreement with earlier studies.（「下線部」ということは先の研究と一致している。） The highest value of the dielectric constant was attained with a substitution of 1 mol% BaO, can be represented by the composition (Pb0.99Ba0.01)[(Mg1/3Nb2/3)0.9Ti0.1]O3. 「下線部」ということは～で現可能である。 The samples prepared on the production facility showed much higher strength, may be due to the presence of die lubricant. The response was measured using LCR brige can cover a frequency range from 20 to 100 Hz. （20から100Hzの周波数をカバー出来るLCRブリッジ） The perovskite compounds are excellent commercial ferroelectric ceramics mainly due to their low firing temperature (～1000?), leads to a reduction in the cost of internal electrodes. あれが富士山で、私はそれに５回登ったんだ。 That is Mt. Fuji, I climbed five times. The Michel peak disappears at T=50K.（主文）+ The anomaly was observed at T=50K（従文、説明文） ? at T=50Kが共通しているので、従文のat T=50Kの50Kをwhichに置き換えて２文を１文にする。 ? The Michel peak disappears at T=50K the anomaly was observed.（which = T=50K） マイケルピークは消失した。 言い換え）The Michel peak disappears at T=50K where the anomaly was observed. Electric field was applied in the plane（主文） + The magnetic moments lie in the plane（従文） ? in the planeが共通しているので、従文のthe planeを接着材として一つの文にすることを考える。in the planeを前に持ってきて、 ? Electric field was applied in the plane + In the plane, the magnetic moments lie. ? 従文のin the planeのthe planeをwhichに置き換えて２文を１文にする。 ? Electric field was applied in the plane the magnetic moment lie. (which = the plane) 磁気モーメントが寝ている面内に電場をかけた。 The method was the same as that in ref.1. + The compound was grown by the method. ?the methodが共通しているので、従文のthe methodをwhichに置き換えて、主文のthe methodの次に持ってきている。 The method the compound was grown was the same as that in ref.2. その化合物を作製した方法は資料２の方法と同じである。 The electronic structure will be disccused.（主文） + The basis vectors correspond to the electronic structure（従文） ? the electronic structure が共通しているので、従文のelectronic structureをwhichで置き換えて、主文のthe electronic structureの後にはめこむ The electronic structure the basis vectors correspond will now be disccused. この基底ベクトルに対応する電子構造を以下で議論する。 Appling magnetic field changes the lattice constant.（主文）+ The transition temperature is depend on the lattice constant.（従文） ? the lattice constantが共通しているので、従文のthe lattice constantをwhichに置き換えて主文のthe lattice constantの後にはめ込む Appling magnetic field changes the lattice constant the transition temperature is depend.