《中国传统饮食旅游文化》论文

《中国传统饮食旅游文化》 目: 开封饮食文化 姓 名: 院 (系): 专业班级: 学 号: 指导教师: 成 绩: 时间: 2013 年 11 月 may be less serious about our teacher vacancies, and hope that our young teachers dauntless spirit, overcome the difficult, properly handle the relationship between life, teaching research and teaching. 5. teachers of teaching reflection behavior data analysis 41st problem you on you of daily teaching work () [single topics] option small meter proportion a,. occasionally reflection 3 6.25% b. sometimes reflection 15 31.25% c. never reflection 0 0% d. often reflection 30 62.5% beside the effective fill in passengers 48 design beside the of purpose heavy in test young teachers on itself to daily teaching work whether for reflection. Judging from the statistics, and our spirits, most of the teachers are taught as normal to reflect. But we believe that reflection is the best means to promote teachers ' professional development, methods. Therefore attaches great importance to teaching in the mind at the same time, must pay attention to write teaching reflection and cured by means of words your thoughts down and 我眼中的开封饮食文化 开封，古称大梁，又称汴京、宋都。这里曾经是战国时期的魏、五代时期的后梁、后晋、后汉、后周以及北宋和金的国都。所以，号称“七朝都会”的开封与安阳、西安、洛阳、北京、南京、杭州、郑州合称为我国的八大古都。史书上早就有“天下四百座州军，不如八千里汴京”之说，古诗中“琪树明霞五凤楼，夷门自古帝王州”、“汴京富丽天下无”等，都生动地描绘了古都开封豪华盖世的繁荣景象。 开封的吃 与 吃在开封 自古以来，开封的饮食文化就放射出璀璨夺目的光辉。 早在3000多年以前，生于开封杞县西空桑村的商朝开国相伊尹，不但是著名的政治家，还精通烹饪之术，是历史上第一个以负鼎俎调五味而佐天子治理国家的杰出庖人。他“善均五味”，懂得“五味调和百味香”。他创立的“五味调和说”与“火候论”是中国烹饪学的奠基石，在中国烹饪文化史上占有重要地位，被后人尊崇为中国“烹饪之圣”和“烹饪始祖”。 北宋时期，素称天下要冲，地处中原腹地的开封是当时的政治、经济与文化的中心，人口上百万，富丽甲天下，是举世闻名的国际大都会。当时开封的大街小巷“勾肆饮食„„纵横万数”，把开封推向“饮食衍衍、燔炙芬芬”、“有美皆备、无丽不臻”的鼎盛时期。这个时期的饮食文化，被视为中国饮食文化史上辉煌的里程碑。在烹饪文化上，汴京达到了空前的高度，在市场上正店(酒楼)、食店、拍户、脚店，分等划类，遍布全城。南食、北食、川饭、胡饼，各地风味首次同台献艺，坊、市不分，夜禁取消。大型酒楼号称72家，规模宏伟，每店均可容千人饮酒。设备精良，各正店酒楼，设施豪华，并均以银器待客，成为中国烹饪史乃至世界烹饪史上社会酒楼的独例。在服务方面，博士卖酒，响堂行菜，歌舞伴宴，换汤斟酒。外办宴席，则“四司六局”全套服务。在品种、技术上各有特色，酒楼菜肴、食店小吃、川饭、分茶，胡饼、素馔，异彩纷呈，难以尽数。 of words your thoughts down andmeans ches great importance to teaching in the mind at the same time, must pay attention to write teaching reflection and cured by ect. But we believe that reflection is the best means to promote teachers ' professional development, methods. Therefore attao reflaching work whether for reflection. Judging from the statistics, and our spirits, most of the teachers are taught as normal t5% beside the effective fill in passengers 48 design beside the of purpose heavy in test young teachers on itself to daily te30 62.roportion a,. occasionally reflection 3 6.25% b. sometimes reflection 15 31.25% c. never reflection 0 0% d. often reflection hing reflection behavior data analysis 41st problem you on you of daily teaching work () [single topics] option small meter properly handle the relationship between life, teaching research and teaching. 5. teachers of teacmay be less serious about our teacher vacancies, and hope that our young teachers dauntless spirit, overcome the difficult, p2 宫廷宴会用酒九盏，佐食品种精美丰盛，每盏酒后有歌舞、杂技、相扑、踢球演，场面宏伟，耗资巨大。宋人孟元老在《东京梦华录》序中曾这样描绘当年的汴京:“时节相次，各有所观。灯宵月夕，雪际花时，乞巧登高，教池游苑。举目则青楼画阁，绣户珠帘，雕车竞驻于天街，宝马争驰于御路，金翠耀目，罗绮飘香，新声巧笑于柳陌花衢，按管调弦于茶坊酒肆，八荒争凑，万国咸通，集四海之珍奇，皆归市易;会寰区之异味，悉在庖厨。花光满路，何限春游，箫鼓喧空，几家夜宴。”此等景象，一阅宋人张择端《清明上河图》，便知决非虚言。 汴梁风味 开封的饮食文化是大众文化。开封饮食文化在长期发展中形成了官、商、寺、民肴 馔的完整体系。官府之肴馔，高雅清淡，鲜奇滋补，宴会“置四司(帐设司、厨司、茶酒司、台盘司)六局(果子局、蜜煎局、菜蔬局、油烛局、香药局、排办局)”，分工明确，凡事齐备，如“椅桌陈设、器皿盒盘、酒担动使„„安排座次、歌说劝酒”等都有人专管。七代王朝在开封建都，皇亲国戚、达官显贵、名流高士、富商大贾云集汴京，从而使官府肴馔应运而生。汴京饮食业，市肆壮观，大型酒楼就有72家之多，称为“正店”。其中最为人称道的要数“矾楼”了，它“三层相高，五楼相向，各有飞桥栏槛，明暗相通，珠帘绣额，灯烛晃耀”，气势非凡。相传那位多才多艺的风流天子宋徽宗，曾扮作白衣秀士，携京都名妓李师师登楼宴饮。难怪诗人刘子翚在南渡之后怀念旧事时，还发出了“忆得少年多乐事，夜深灯火上矾楼”的慨叹呢!被称为“脚店”或“分茶”的中小型店铺遍布全城，提篮推车的串街小卖更是不计其数。“夜市直至三更尽，才五更又复开张，如要闹去处，通晓不绝。”汴京佛寺、道观百所之多，素馔斋食是寺庙观庵的主要饮食。民食的丰富多彩，具有浓厚的地方特色，除正常的民食外，一年之中的每个节日都有特定的食物，而且风味不同，各具特色。凡民间的红白喜事，诸如订婚、娶亲、嫁女、生子等，都要设宴请客;亲人亡故安葬，也要设宴祭奠等。如果说官府的肴馔是开封的精华，那么市肆、民间的肴馔则是开封肴馔发展的基础，是劳动人民千百年来勤劳智慧的结晶。 明清两代，开封是“中原首邑”，民国时期，开封又是河南的省会。虽然失去了京都的煊赫地位，但仍然是达官显贵们挥霍享乐的花花世界，是南北商贾交may be less serious about our teacher vacancies, and hope that our young teachers dauntless spirit, overcome the difficult, properly handle the relationship between life, teaching research and teaching. 5. teachers of teaching reflection behavior data analysis 41st problem you on you of daily teaching work () [single topics] option small meter proportion a,. occasionally reflection 3 6.25% b. sometimes reflection 15 31.25% c. never reflection 0 0% d. often reflection 30 62.5% beside the effective fill in passengers 48 design beside the of purpose heavy in test young teachers on itself to daily teaching work whether for reflection. Judging from the statistics, and our spirits, most of the teachers are taught as normal to reflect. But we believe that reflection is the best means to promote teachers ' professional development, methods. Therefore attaches great importance to teaching in the mind at the same time, must pay attention to write teaching reflection and cured by means of words your thoughts down and 流贸易的热闹地方。饮食文化的发展仍在继续，具有鲜明特色的开封肴馔四处传播，成为中国著名菜系之一——豫菜的代表，又被誉为“汴梁风味”。 菜具中和之味 开封地处中州，历史上形成四方人口杂居，“人禀天地中和之性”，那么，烹饪方面则相应形成“菜具饮食中和之味”的特点。“中和之味”适合中州人的生理习惯等方面的需求，于人体的五脏六腑调和适中，确属美味中之上乘。这是开封菜，也是豫菜所独具的特色，集众美于一身，自立于中国烹饪之林。 今日开封，仍为豫菜代表，在改革创新的同时，尤重传统的保持与挖掘。“满席山珍味，全在一碗汤”，开封菜的用汤，划分较细，有头汤(原汁汤)、清汤、奶汤(白汤)、毛汤之分，根据不同菜肴对口味、色泽的要求，而分别使用。白扒、白煨、白炖以奶汤烹制，红扒、红烧以头汤提鲜，清炖、清氽以清汤佐之，爆、炒一类则以毛汤烹制。如传统菜清汤燕菜、清汤佛手鱼翅、清汤东坡肉、套四宝、奶汤炖广肚等用汤，清则见底，浓则乳白，味道醇正，清香适口。 开封菜技法全面，烹调细致，刀工精湛。煎、炸、熘、炖、烧等皆有所长，其中特别讲究火候的运用。火力可大可小，火势可猛可缓，火度可高可低，火时可长可短，变化颇多，不一而足。如传统名菜扒广肚，讲究文武用火、锅内成形，号称“无芡自来黏”。而熘可使油水交融，用油不见油，如传统菜糖醋软熘鲤鱼焙面，将炸好的鱼对入清汤熘制，烘出的“活汁”，酸、甜、咸三味俱全。此外，爆能使形态不变、脆而不生，炖可以久而不败，烧能熟而不烂。开封菜的刀工讲究“切必整齐、片必均匀、剞必过半、斩而不乱”。仅切丝就有粗丝、细丝、帘子丝、牛毛丝等，一块一寸见方的五香干能切出百余根牛毛细丝。如名菜凤虾黄香管、卤煮黄香管，将黄香管用立刀法剞成蜈蚣形花刀，整齐美观;冷拼凉盘古城春晓、汴京八景、扇面竹荪、锦上添花、鱼翔浅底等名菜，刀工精细、如诗如画。开封厨师的刀也因其有“前切后剁中间片，刀背砸泥把捣蒜”的多种功能而独树一帜。 美食与美器 of words your thoughts down andmeans ches great importance to teaching in the mind at the same time, must pay attention to write teaching reflection and cured by ect. But we believe that reflection is the best means to promote teachers ' professional development, methods. Therefore attao reflaching work whether for reflection. Judging from the statistics, and our spirits, most of the teachers are taught as normal t5% beside the effective fill in passengers 48 design beside the of purpose heavy in test young teachers on itself to daily te30 62.roportion a,. occasionally reflection 3 6.25% b. sometimes reflection 15 31.25% c. never reflection 0 0% d. often reflection hing reflection behavior data analysis 41st problem you on you of daily teaching work () [single topics] option small meter properly handle the relationship between life, teaching research and teaching. 5. teachers of teacmay be less serious about our teacher vacancies, and hope that our young teachers dauntless spirit, overcome the difficult, p4 开封菜坚持“五味调和制汤提鲜，技法讲究刀工精湛，选料精细取料广泛”的特色，强调色、香、味、形、器、营养六要素有机的结合。“五味调和，口味适中”源于中州，是开封菜独有的特点。烹饪之圣伊尹在《吕氏春秋?本味篇》中提出“调和之事，必以甘、酸、苦、辛、咸，先后多少，其齐甚微，皆有自起”，要做到“甘而不浓，酸而不酷，咸而不减，辛而不烈，淡而不薄，肥而不腻”。开封菜调味的尺度一直承袭这一宗旨，形成了不可过咸、过辣、过甜，要求亦甜、亦咸、亦辣，不偏不倚，不藏不露。所以，开封菜适应性强，男女老少适口，四面八方皆宜。为了照顾特异口味，开封菜一直保留“另备小料，请君自便”的传统，用小巧玲珑的杯、瓶、壶、盏盛放辣椒油、花椒盐、姜末、蒜泥、葱段、芥末、腐乳、酱油、香醋等，供食客选配。 开封菜选料严谨，取材广泛。长期以来，厨师把平时的选料经验成民谚，如“鸡吃谷头、鱼吃四(月)十(月)，鲤(鱼)吃一尺、鲫(鱼)吃八寸，鞭杆鳝鱼、马蹄鳖，每年吃在三四月”。根据时令变化，更替不同的原料。任何时令鲜料，仅选用精、鲜之时，过时者不用。 古语云:“美食不如美器。”北宋的官、汝、钧、哥、定五大名窑，河南有三，而官窑旧址就在开封、郑州一带，因此，更为开封菜的精美增色添彩。随着时代的变迁，开封菜的器皿甚多，如金、银、玻璃、瓷器及漆器、竹器等，真是五光十色，绚丽多彩。 may be less serious about our teacher vacancies, and hope that our young teachers dauntless spirit, overcome the difficult, properly handle the relationship between life, teaching research and teaching. 5. teachers of teaching reflection behavior data analysis 41st problem you on you of daily teaching work () [single topics] option small meter proportion a,. occasionally reflection 3 6.25% b. sometimes reflection 15 31.25% c. never reflection 0 0% d. often reflection 30 62.5% beside the effective fill in passengers 48 design beside the of purpose heavy in test young teachers on itself to daily teaching work whether for reflection. Judging from the statistics, and our spirits, most of the teachers are taught as normal to reflect. But we believe that reflection is the best means to promote teachers ' professional development, methods. Therefore attaches great importance to teaching in the mind at the same time, must pay attention to write teaching reflection and cured by means of words your thoughts down and