如何辨别真假玛瑙

如何辨别真假玛瑙 ?一、花纹和颜色 天然玛瑙区别于假玛瑙的最显著标志，是其横断面有同心层纹结构，利用这个标志，整块玛瑙较为容易识别，然而，经切割后的制成品，由于没有整齐明显的图案，则容易认错。但一般来说，有纹带花纹的就是真玛瑙了。真玛瑙色泽鲜明光亮，假玛瑙的色和光均差一些，二者对比较为明显。玛瑙的颜色决定它的价值，古人说:“玛瑙无红一世穷”，玛瑙中以红中有黄，黄中有红，透明如火者为上品，称“火玛瑙”。其红色有正红、紫红、深红、褐红、酱红、黄红等。此外，色红艳如锦的称锦红玛瑙，红白相参的称锦花玛瑙或红花玛瑙。价值贵重的除红玛瑙外，还有绿玛瑙、蓝玛瑙和紫玛瑙以及水胆玛瑙。天然红玛瑙颜色分明，条带十分明显，仔细观察，在红色条带处可见密集排列的细小红色斑点。用石料仿制的假玛瑙烟壶多数在底部呈花瓣形花纹，络成“菊花底”;而染色蓝玛瑙颜色艳丽、均一，给人一种假的感觉。 依玛瑙纹带花纹的粗细和形态还可分为许多种，在《谈荟》中说:“生南方者色正，红无瑕;生西北者色青黑，谓之鬼面。青间以红色如蛛丝者为妙。上有枝叶，俨如柏枝者曰柏枝玛瑙;黑白相间者曰金子玛瑙;肌理纯黑中间白绿者曰合子玛瑙;正视之莹白光彩、侧视之若凝血者曰夹胎玛瑙，最为珍贵。” 没有纹带花纹的玛瑙化学成分单一，就是SiO2(二氧化矽)，叫玉髓。如果在形成过程中玉髓内参杂了蛋白质或隐晶质微粒状石英，就形成了纹带花纹，叫玛瑙。因此凭借纹带花纹可以判断什么是玉髓，什么是玛瑙。但是现在人们一般直接将玛瑙等同于玉髓，这同古代玛瑙的含义是不相符的。严格地说，没有纹带花纹的特征，就不能称玛瑙，只能称玉髓。在没有纹带花纹的“玉髓”中，也有不少是玉石原料。根据颜色的不同，有“红玉髓”、“绿玉髓”(亦称英卡石)、“葱绿玉髓”、“血玉髓”(亦称鸡血石)和“碧玉”等。 玛瑙有自然色的，也有人工染色的。自然色主要有红色、琥珀色和白色。其中，以红色为最好。市面上出售的蓝色、紫色的玛瑙首饰大多不是本色，是经过人工染色的，用几年后就会出现退色。 目前，对于染色玛瑙，新国标的要求并不严格，认为是可以接受的品质改善工艺，所以在销售时可不必注明。玛瑙和玉髓有外皮，有粗糙不透明的，也有较细润的，并且呈现杂色。由于天然红玛瑙的颜色大多不鲜艳，所以，玛瑙和玉髓一般要经过热处理改色，一般都是将呈灰色、浅色等不太美丽的自然杂色的玛瑙，染成红、黄、绿、蓝、黑等色。例如，含有二价铁离子的玛瑙school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 和玉髓可用热处理方法使二价铁离子变为三价铁离子，从而使灰色变为红色，由褐红色、酱红色变为鲜红色;蛋青玛瑙经过热处理，由蛋青色变为白色，染色玛瑙色彩柔和，制作出来的饰品才更加漂亮，因此，玛瑙的热处理已成为制作饰品的一个普遍程序。 ?二、质地 由于玛瑙是在熔融状态下形成的结晶体，特别致密，摩氏硬度为6.5至7级，表面研磨后更为细腻，用小刀刻不上痕迹，因此你不必担心玛瑙饰品被划伤。真玛瑙在硬杂木板上急速磨擦十几下，玛瑙不热，木板却发烫了。 假玛瑙多为石料仿制，与真玛瑙比质地较软，用玉可在假玛瑙上划出痕迹，而真品则划不出。 合成玛瑙的硬度低于莫氏5级，用小刀就能刻出痕迹来。 从表面上看，真玛瑙少有瑕疵，假玛瑙则较多。 某些浇注成型的玻璃制品，玻璃光泽强，表面有收缩而无打磨的痕迹，用放大镜观察可见小气泡，用偏光显微镜观察则在正交偏光下不透光，故完全可与玛瑙、玉髓相区别。 由于玻璃质地十分脆硬，结构排列疏通，缺乏玉的致密和坚韧性，经不起强烈的高速旋刻，因此在玻璃上一般加工不出高浮雕和圆雕饰品。 用10倍放大镜仔细查找有无气泡，那怕只发现一个，即可确认是玻璃，而不是玉。 ?三、工艺质量 质优的玛瑙生产工艺严格且先进，故表面光亮度好，镶嵌牢固、周正，无划痕、裂纹。 school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification ?四、级别 水胆玛瑙是玛瑙中最为珍贵的品种，特征是玛瑙中有封闭的空洞，洞中含有水。 玛瑙质量好坏的鉴别和经济价值的评定:纹带美丽;颜色纯正、明快的红、蓝、紫、粉红色;透明度好，即半透明;无裂纹、无砂心、无杂质;块重约5公斤以上者为特级玛瑙。块重约2,5公斤者为一级玛瑙;块重约0.5,2公斤者为二级玛瑙;块重约0.5公斤以下者为三级玛瑙。 玛瑙雕刻工艺品以块大为上，作首饰嵌石以色美为佳。花活儿以技取奇，素活儿以色显贵。雕刻技法一般分为花活儿、素活儿两类。花活儿如花薰、转炉、飞禽、走兽、仕女人物;素活儿如戒指、手镯、耳环等。在选购时应从其颜色、质地、透明度、工艺等方面进行综合评价。 ?五、透明度与光泽 真玛瑙表面像涂了一层蜡，稍有混沌，透明度不高，并有蜡的光泽，有的能看见自然水线或“云彩”，半透明质地者，呈玻璃状光泽。人工合成的玛瑙透明度好，像玻璃球一样透明。 玛瑙有典型的条带构造，而且成品边缘有一圈光晕。 有的假玛瑙表面上有一层薄薄的有机物，仿佛蜡状光泽，但摸上去手感不一样。 ?六、重量 玛瑙比重为2.65。真玛瑙首饰比人工合成的玛瑙首饰重一些。塑料仿品手感很轻，很容易区别。 ?七、温度 school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 天然玛瑙手感凉，但感觉冬暖夏凉。而人工合成玛瑙随外界温度而变化，天热它也变热，天凉它也变凉。 ?水晶与玛瑙的异同 虽然水晶和玛瑙的化学成分都是二氧化硅，但二者还是有一些区别的，水晶是单晶体，一块水晶通常是一个水晶晶体，而玛瑙则是多晶集合体，在电子显微镜下看到玛瑙则是由无数微小的二氧化硅的晶体组成，所以通常玛瑙是半透明的，而水晶则是透明的。 ?玛瑙和玉髓与相似玉石的区别 玛瑙和玉髓均为隐晶质石英，矿物学中统称为玉髓。宝石界将其中具纹带构造隐晶质块体石英称为玛瑙。玛瑙具有各种颜色的环带条纹，如果块体无纹带构造则称玉髓。晶体形态属隐晶质，具粒状、纤维状结构，集合体常为钟乳状、肾状、结核状、致密块状。玛瑙和玉髓纯者为白色，因含色素离子和杂质使玛瑙颜色非常丰富，所以有“千种玛瑙万种玉”之说，颜色为红、蓝、绿、葱绿、黄褐、褐、紫、灰、黑等色，且有同心状、层状、波纹状、斑纹状各样花纹。油脂光泽至玻璃光泽，透明至半透明。无解理，贝壳状断口，有裂纹。 玛瑙和玉髓根据不同颜色、纹带及其它花纹可以区分开。玉髓制品易与东陵石、密玉、碧玉等相混淆，可以根据颜色、质地、密度等方面的差别来区分。玉髓制品光亮、隐晶质结构，质地细腻。东陵石等石英岩颗粒粗大，细粒结构，质地相对较粗糙。与绿玉髓相似的玉石有绿色翡翠、绿松石、天河石等。绿色翡翠变斑晶交织结构，可见到斑晶或纤维状硬玉晶体。绿松石透明度差，瓷器光泽，硬度低，为5,6。天河石具有明显格子状条纹。 ?玛瑙和玉髓的评价与选购 玛瑙按形态特征可划分为以下几个品种:缟玛瑙(有缠丝玛瑙和截子玛瑙之分)、红缟玛瑙、苔藓玛瑙(又称树枝状玛瑙)、风景玛瑙(又称城砦玛瑙)、火玛瑙、水胆玛瑙。著名的南京“雨花石”是具同心纹构造的玛瑙的一种。玛瑙的评价与选购因素是颜色、透明度、块度。工艺要求是颜色鲜艳、school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 纯正，色层厚;表面光洁，透明度高;纹饰均匀、明晰，线性程度好;质地细腻、坚韧;无裂纹 或裂纹少;块度大。红色和蓝色为最佳。玉髓的品种:绿玉髓(又称澳洲玉，中国又称英卡石)、 浓绿玉髓、碧石、血玉髓(又称鸡血石)等。玉髓的颜色纯正而美丽，块度越大越好。绿玉髓、葱 绿玉髓的优质者最为珍贵。玉髓多加工成戒面、手镯、项链等首饰。 school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification