产房管理中的乳房评估及初乳管理。

产房管理中的乳房评估及初乳管理。 对于母猪的母乳来说，分娩后的3小时:免疫球蛋白下降30%;6-7小时:下降50%;12小时:下降70%;24小时:只有初始浓度的10%;48小时后，先出生的仔猪免疫球蛋白的获取水平是后出生的两倍，24小时后空肠的上皮细胞通路关闭。 免疫球蛋白的吸收具有“有效期”，其尺度随着时间降低，而且吸收时间是有限的，仅有24-36个小时，小猪出生后初乳的喂养就成了一项重中之重的紧迫工作。有一个叫Tuboly的外国专家有这样的一个观点:白细胞由于仔猪脂肪储备只占体重的1-1.5%，而仔猪的肌肉蛋白是最后的能量来源，所以最好不要动用。初乳可以给初生小猪提供免疫保护、能量和温暖、对吗啡类物质起到安慰作用，促进小猪生长，在为初生小猪提供能量中占有重要的地位。 仔猪能否在第一时间吃到初乳，取决于母猪乳房、乳头的质量。合格的母猪乳头具有腹底线优秀、乳头均匀分布、大小和质地良好等特征。在生产中常见的没有奶头、没有乳房、瞎奶头、奶头受伤发硬、乳头太过接近、母猪躺卧看不见奶头、末端奶头无效，这些在母猪泌乳过程中均属不合格。 我们可以根据几下几点来评估母猪泌乳能力: 一是可以利用每头母猪的，因为产过一胎或者多胎，有养育仔猪头数的记录，包含养育能力或哺乳能力。 二是观察仔猪吃奶情况，仔细观察仔猪早期吃奶有助于评估母猪能养育的仔猪头数，吃奶时，每头仔猪都有一个乳头，出生三天后，占有差乳头的仔猪渐渐比同窝其他仔猪生长慢。每天两次查看仔猪，迅速找出消瘦、看起来饥饿或不休息一直在找奶吃的仔猪。 三是初乳管理，如果仔猪数量超过有效乳头数，较小的和晚生的仔猪可能得不到足够的初乳。初乳管理和分批哺乳就需要在产后立即实施，这时没有必要评估母猪的抚育能力，在以后方便时评估。评估的目的是确保有效寄养，避免更多的仔猪在产后几天生产迟缓。 四是及时寄养，对于没有吃饱的仔猪应该立即寄养给另一头有多余有效乳头的母猪。正常情况下，生长慢的仔猪可在这几天内被找出，所以寄养应在出生三天内完成。对于幸存和初生重较低的仔猪，均需立即实施寄养。 我们可以根据母仔猪的具体表现来判断母猪泌乳的始末。母猪的表现有:缓慢的哼叫，哼叫频率提高，接着明显提高，这时乳汁会连续流出且持续15秒钟，之后哼叫趋缓，泌乳结束后，母猪会更换体态或睡觉。仔猪的表现有:开始在乳房前聚焦、拱乳房搜索乳头、缓慢吮吸，母猪受到刺激开始放奶，仔猪会迅速吮吸，接着缓慢吮吸或拱乳房，表示泌乳结束。 初乳中的蛋白多为免疫球蛋白，仔猪通过初乳接受细胞免疫，增加自身对疾病的抵抗力。对于仔猪来说摄取足够的免疫球蛋白是最重要的，其程度甚至高于之后饲料的摄取，但是为了适应仔猪的吸收能力，初乳中的免疫球蛋白会迅速减少，分娩后3h，免疫球蛋白下降30%;6-7h，下降50%;12h，下降70%;24h，只有初始浓度的10%;48h后，先出生的仔猪的免疫球蛋白水平是后出生的两倍;24h后空肠的上皮细胞通路关闭，为了生存下来，仔猪至少在12小时以内摄入150-170g/kg体重。 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, thereand cultural heritage, highlighting the cultural taste and shape characteristics of the city in Yibin. According to forecasts, vision 2050 population will reach 2.1 million people in the center of Yibin city, urban land is around 210km2. Figure 2.6-1 2050 figure 2.7 land use planning in the Center City, Yibin city development requires the development of bus rapid transit construction and socio-economic development trends, Yibin city coordination, supporting urban space layout and infrastructure networks, transport organized, internal and external traffic hub smoothly linking, realizing sustainable development of Yibin city integrated transportation system. Concrete can be summarized as, accessible, efficient, intensive and sustainable. Accessibility: Central built-up area road network density of about 7.0km/km2; bus line density of 3-4 km/km2, bus transfer 对于初乳管理，在生产实践中需要特别注意泌乳过程中的关键点: 一 仔猪吃初乳前，用0.1%的高锰酸钾水将乳房和臀部擦拭干净，再将每个乳头的最初几滴奶挤掉，并保证两个乳管同时出奶。 二 固定乳头，将初生重小的仔猪放在前面，大的在后。确保所有的小猪产后6h以内都能吃到自己母亲的初乳。 三 分娩后检查新生猪是否吮吸初乳，若有需要，帮助弱仔吮吸或人工喂乳。 四 初产5-6头小猪，吃到初乳后将它们放入保温箱内，点上保温灯，用记号笔标记，并用栏板挡住。 五 假如母猪仍在分娩，至少需留4头小猪强力吮吸乳头，以刺激母猪释放催产素，帮助母猪子宫收缩。 六 确保最后出生的小猪吃到初乳，如有需要，应给予帮助，1小时后放出箱中的小猪，把另一批小猪放入保温箱中，轮换哺乳。 七 在第二次的2小时间隔后，重复分批吮吸。 八 仔猪很多且没足够有效乳头时，将小猪寄养到相近分娩的、能分娩足够乳汁的母猪那里。 九 假如没有合适寄养的母猪，分批哺乳继续进行，直到重新寄养。 十 假如弱小仔猪不能吃到足量初乳，应从分娩母猪收集乳汁，并考虑采用胃导管或注射器进行人工饲喂。 根据母猪的泌乳能力和初生仔猪的体重，在泌乳过程中可以采取分批泌乳、辅助泌乳、人工喂奶，现将具体的操作方法和时间控制如下: 一 分批泌乳 1 操作条件:窝产仔数高，体重差异大。 2 具体操作:将一窝仔猪分成两组，开始将体重较大、强壮的仔猪关在保温区，减少争抢乳头，让活力较差的仔猪吃奶，90分钟后换成第一组仔猪吃奶，接下来40分钟交换一次，两组仔猪都在保温条件下。 3 时间控制:最多花5分钟左右进行分组和交换。 二 辅助泌乳 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, thereand cultural heritage, highlighting the cultural taste and shape characteristics of the city in Yibin. According to forecasts, vision 2050 population will reach 2.1 million people in the center of Yibin city, urban land is around 210km2. Figure 2.6-1 2050 figure 2.7 land use planning in the Center City, Yibin city development requires the development of bus rapid transit construction and socio-economic development trends, Yibin city coordination, supporting urban space layout and infrastructure networks, transport organized, internal and external traffic hub smoothly linking, realizing sustainable development of Yibin city integrated transportation system. Concrete can be summarized as, accessible, efficient, intensive and sustainable. Accessibility: Central built-up area road network density of about 7.0km/km2; bus line density of 3-4 km/km2, bus transfer 1 操作条件:仔猪体重小，活力低，体重不均匀。 2 具体操作:观察并帮助弱仔接近并吮吸乳头，保证仔猪都能够吃奶不受阻碍。有时可以采用胃导管灌食初乳。 3 时间控制:10-15分钟/窝，需要非常有耐心，可以与分批泌乳同时操作。 三 人工喂奶 1 操作条件:仔猪体重小、活力低、体重不均匀。 2 具体操作:采集的初乳必须是分娩后5小时以内，用注射器给仔猪喂奶，直到仔猪形成吮吸反射(初乳可以是新鲜的或冰冻后解冻的)。 3 时间控制:至少15分钟/窝。吸收似乎有一定的选择程度，来自于亲生母亲的白细胞在仔猪体内的游走及被吸收比该仔猪获得寄养母猪的更有效。 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, thereand cultural heritage, highlighting the cultural taste and shape characteristics of the city in Yibin. According to forecasts, vision 2050 population will reach 2.1 million people in the center of Yibin city, urban land is around 210km2. Figure 2.6-1 2050 figure 2.7 land use planning in the Center City, Yibin city development requires the development of bus rapid transit construction and socio-economic development trends, Yibin city coordination, supporting urban space layout and infrastructure networks, transport organized, internal and external traffic hub smoothly linking, realizing sustainable development of Yibin city integrated transportation system. Concrete can be summarized as, accessible, efficient, intensive and sustainable. Accessibility: Central built-up area road network density of about 7.0km/km2; bus line density of 3-4 km/km2, bus transfer