园林专业英语UNIT 9

（UNIT 9）Reading Material B INSTITUTIONAL AND CORPORATE LANDSCAPES[1] Cheryl Barton 社会机构及公司园区景观 社会公共机构的环境受益于风景园林师的专业技术已有一个多世纪，纯净的空气、水和阳光及其他自然事物对于医院、精神病院和疗养院的规划来说是很重要的因素。而公司景观却是一种比较新的现象，二战后，由于工业的快速增长和郊区的出现，公司园区逐渐发展起来，例如Sasaki的迪尔公司，EDAW的卡尔森中心，EDSA的百事公司，都是为舒缓工作强度而设计的大量开放空间和娱乐资源，以此来确保员工更加忠诚和高产，为公司的不动产增值；而且，这些特色还反映了公司形象、身份、权利、声望和产品的卓越特性。同时，市区里的公司景观也兴盛起来，如奥斯芒德森的凯撒屋顶花园，丹.凯利的达拉斯喷泉广场，SWA的威廉姆斯广场，哈格里夫斯的雪弗龙公司景观等。 In its concern with providing meaningful open space, landscape architecture has always related fundamentally to human welfare. Institutional environments have benefited from the expertise of landscape architects for more than a century, but the corporate landscape is a more recent phenomenon. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, institutions existed primarily to take care of problems that the family was unable to handle----care of the mentally retarded, orphaned children, the sick and the handicapped. Many of these places were little more than warehouses. A similar fate met workers during the Industrial Revolution[2] who fled their farms to grasp opportunities in the cities. There , too, they were confined in warehouse-type environments for long, exhausting hours 为了提供. Reflecting post-Civil War reform movements, American landscape architects demonstrated innovative and practical responses to the social problems of alcoholism, mental illness and disease in the design of new institutional settings. Pure air and water, sunlight and other natural amenities were important factors in planning hospitals, asylums and sanatoriums. Spacious, well-designed grounds reflected advances in medicine. These projects could involve many disciplines and were often coordinated by landscape architects whose knowledge of environmental factors provided the requisite overview. Frederick Law Olmsted, once secretary of the U.S. Sanitary Commission[3] (later the American Red Cross), planned several significant institutions, including Columbia Institution for the Deaf[4] (1866) (Fig.1)in Washington, D.C. The plan for the Iowa Hospital for the Insane[5] (1871,H.W.S. Cleveland), Mt. Pleasant, involved patients in the therapeutic planting of native trees and shrubs on the asylum grounds. Scientific evidence has indicated that direct contact with nature produces positive effects on healing. Today, site and building design for contemporary institutions place a premium on exterior views for patients as well as easy accessibility to courtyards and gardens. Figure1. Columbia Institution for the the Deaf (1866 ) in Washington, D.C.. The corporate landscape evolved after World WarⅡ because of rapid growth in industry and the advent of suburbia. Here ,the symbolism of wealth and power was expressed in attractive, parklike locations. People now spend considerable time in corporate settings, which in many places have replaced Main Street as a community’s social crossroads. Affinities with early country villas and manor houses have also been suggested, as these buildings and their elaborate grounds once housed a large population of family and servants, curiously analogous to 20th century managerial, clerical and maintenance staff. Today’s corporate headquarters landscapes, such as those for Deere and Company[6] (Fig.2) (1963, Sasaki Associates[7]), Moline, Ill. an important precedent; Carlson Center[8] (Fig.3) (1988, EDAW Design Group), Minnetonka, Minn.; and Pacific Bell[9] (1987, MPA Design), San Ramon, Calif., contain extensive open space and recreational resources for their work forces, including tennis and volleyball courts, jogging paths, sculpture gardens, lakes and other facilities to ensure more loyal and productive workers and to add value to the corporate real estate portfolio. Furthermore, such features convey image, status, power, prestige and product excellence---critical ingredients in a competitive corporate culture. Figure2. Deere and Company (1963, Sasaki Associates)  Figure3.Carlson Center[8] (1988, EDAW Design Group) For many suburbs, the corporation has become a community center. In its commitment to employees and the public, PepsiCo[11] (Fig.4) (1965, Edward D. Stone, Jr. Associates)----an integration of landscape architecture, architecture and sculpture in Purchase, N.Y.—exemplified a new creativity in the corporate landscape of its time. Its sculpture collection is displayed in garden terraces, becoming an outdoor art museum for the public and a showpiece landscape for the corporate landlord. Many corporations have purchased former estates and preserved their historic landscapes. At Corporate Woods[12] (1976, The SWA Group[13]),Overland Park, Kans., and the TRW World Headquarters[14] (1985, Sasaki Associates), Lyndhurst, Ohio, landscape architects have effectively contrasted contemporary architecture with wooded and pastoral settings. Codex’s world headquarters[15] (1986,Hanna/Olin), Canton, Mass, incorporates an elegant interior atrium at the heart of its complex of buildings to recall the outdoors year-round. Figure4. PepsiCo (1965, Edward D. Stone, Jr. Associates) Urban corporate landscapes, which were the earliest examples, also have thrived. One innovation was the Kaiser roof garden [16] (Fig.5) (1960, Osmundson and Stanley), Oakland, Calif., a three-acre urban open space 23 stories above the street. While 90 percent of the site is covered by the building, 60 percent actually becomes semipublic open space. Dallas’s Fountain Place[17] (Fig.6) (1985, Dan Kiley), with a similar open space ratio, is a shimmering, monumental water garden in sharp contrast to the arid Texas landscape. Figure5. Kaiser roof garden (1960, Osmundson and Stanley)  Figure6. Dallas’s Fountain Place (1985, Dan Kiley) Increasingly, site plans have been developed to express particular corporate and institutional values. The Christian Science Church’s world headquarters[18] (1973, Sasaki Associates) in Boston is a powerful, ceremonial space, personifying the church’s social stature and wealth. Landscape architects and their clients have approached corporate site design as an art form, creating dramatic tension between geometric and biomorphic forms. Rich materials and sculpture abound in Williams Square[19] (1984, The SWA Group), Las Colinas, Tex., where regional land forms are borrowed and reinterpreted on the site. In Englewood, Colo., the mission of Chevron Geothermal[20] (1985, Hargreaves Associate) is depicted metaphorically by its landscape of exfoliating layers of sedimentary rock[20] and simulated steam. The desired effect is a more memorable and enduring image. 继续阅读