研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词

研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词 单词 Shaper牛头刨床 Thread 螺纹 Lesson 1 Work:功 Gear 齿轮, 传动装置 muscular action肌肉动作 Bearing 轴承 mechanical motion机械运动 Cams 凸轮 stretch an object拉伸对象 Cams and followers 凸轮和从动件 tensile force:拉力 Couple 力偶 in tension:受拉 mechanics 力学 compressive force:压力 statics 静力学，静止状态 torsional force:扭力 dynamics动力学，原动力，动力特性 torque:扭矩 constraint forces 约束力 shearing force :剪切力 applied forces 作用力 twist an object扭曲对象 Electric , magnetic, and gravitational forces 电,磁,重力 Slide滑，脱落 mating surface 啮合表面,配合表面,接触面 Slip滑动，滑移 meshing 啮合，咬合，钩住 in compression受压 meshing teeth 啮合齿 turning of a part对一个零件进行车削加工 journal bearing 滑动轴承，向心滑动轴承 wedging action:楔入作用 metal-to-metal contact 金属 - 金属接触 chip :切屑 Overheating 过热 centers of the lathe车床的顶尖 failure 失效 lathe dog车床夹头 flaking 薄片，表面剥落，压碎 centrifugal force :离心力 Spall 削，割，剥落，脱皮 grinding wheel :磨削砂轮 noise 噪音 bonding agent :粘合剂 rough motion运动不精确 abrasive particle:磨料颗粒 inertia惯性 centrifuge-type machines离心式机械 particle 质点 Centrifuge离心机，离心作用 rigid body刚体 Centrifugal force principles离心力原理 deformable可变形的，应变的 centripetal force :向心力 deformable Body 变形体 rotary motion:回转运动 Scalar 数量的，标量的 rectilinear motion:直线运动 Vectors矢量 hand tool手工工具 Density密度 power tool动力工具 Mass质量 feed:进给 Displacement位移 shaping:采用牛头刨床(shaper)进行刨削加工 Velocity速度 power saw:弓锯床，弓式锯床 Acceleration加速度 the screw of a micrometer 意为“千分尺中的螺杆” Moment力矩，弯矩 harmonic and intermittent motion :谐和运动和间歇运 Momentum动量，冲量 动 simple harmonic motion :简谐运动 Lesson 2 return stroke:快速回程 Compressive压缩的，有压力的 shaper ram:刨床滑枕 Turning 车削 Pulley滑轮 Rectilinear直线的 Screw螺丝钉 micrometer 千分尺又称螺旋测微器 Belt带 Power hacksaws 弓锯床 Link链 1 Keyway键槽 Lesson 3 Axial轴向 Interactive互相作用的 Circumferential圆周方向 Iterative重复的, 反复的, 迭代的 Positioning定位 Pinpoint 精确地定位或确认 Retaining固定 Equilibrium 平衡，均衡 retaining ring定位环 Tractable 易于处理或操作的 hub-to-shaft attachments轮毂与轴之间的连接 Order of magnitude 数量级 interference fit过盈配合 Ideally理想的情况下 hub bore毂孔 so as to为了 bending moment弯矩 with any precision很少精确 cold-rolling冷轧 idealize理想化 relative slope相对倾斜 idealization 理想化 Journal轴颈 strength of materials材料力学 plain bearing 滑动轴承 Dynamics动力学 Lesson 6 Approximations近似值 be inherent in为、、、所固有，是、、、的固有性质 Clutch 离合器 Render提出，给予，描绘 Brake 制动器 degrading the result使结果降级 Friction 摩擦 pertinent有关 Chain 链，链条 prohibitive令人望而却步 Timing belt 同步带 Influx流入，注入，涌进，汇集 Belt drive 带传动 coefficient of friction摩擦系数 Lesson 5 rayon人造纤维 Sprocket链轮 timing belt同步带 snap ring 卡环 V-belt drive V带传动 Universal joints万向联轴器 Foregoing在前的，前述的 Self-aligning bearing 调心轴承，球面轴承, 自位轴承 fatigue life疲劳寿命 Dry ice干冰 power transmitted电力传输 Shot-peening喷丸硬化处理 rotatable shaft可以转动的轴，从动轴 Pin销 rotating shaft转动轴，主动轴 Key键 input shaft输入轴 Spline花键 output shaft输出轴 Couplings联轴器 unloaded state空载状态 nondriving wheel非驱动轮 Rotor转子 idler gear空转齿轮，换向齿轮 rotational inertia转动惯量 be subjected to承受 torque capacity 扭矩容量 Fluctuate变动，波动，起伏 kinetic and potential energy动能和势能 alternating bending stress交变弯曲应力 provision 规定 deflections挠度 thermal capacity 热容量 lateral shaft deflection横向轴的挠度 thermal stress热应力 angular deflection角偏转 thermal distortion热变形 non-self- aligning bearings非自调心轴承 rubbing velocity摩擦速度 Torsional deflection扭转变形 Lining内衬，衬套 critical speed临界速度 empirical value经验值 Attachment of the hub毂的附件 Chain drives链传动 2 gear drives齿轮传动 Melting point熔点 speed ratio速比 Specific heat比热 shaft separation distance轴间隔距离 Specific gravity比重 arbitrary center distance任意的中心距 Shrink fit 冷缩配合，收缩配合 positive (no slip) drive强制(无滑动)传动 thermal conductivity热导率，导热率 synchronized motion同步运动 thermal expansion热膨胀 conveyor systems, farm machinery, textile machinery传corrosion resistance耐蚀性 送带系统，农用机械，纺织机械 reduce inertial force减小惯性力 chain loop链环 Substitution 替换 40-kW power ratings :40千瓦的额定功率 recrystallization temperature再结晶温度 Annealing退火 Lesson 9 heat treating热处理 Ceramic bearing 陶瓷轴承 hot working热加工 minor 微小的 Silicon硅 surface roughness 表面粗糙度 Titanium 钛 Adherence 粘附，附着 Metallurgical冶金学的 gas turbine engines 燃气涡轮发动机 Titanium钛 thermal gradient热梯度 liquid lubricant液体润滑剂 relative expansion相对膨胀 Exploit利用，发挥，使用 Tribological 摩擦学的 glass-to-metal seals玻璃 - 金属密封件 ceramic rolling bearing陶瓷滚动轴承 Shrink fit冷缩配合，收缩配合 Deterioration恶化，变质，退化 thermo-mechanical热机械 Tool steel工具钢 Degradation降解，老化，退化 Aeroengine航空发动机 petroleum 石油 practical temperature limit 实际的温度上限 elevated temperature高温 virtual exclusion虚拟排斥 Alkalis碱 hot pressed 热压 oxygen, moisture, pollution, and acid rain氧气，湿气， hot isostatically pressed 热等静压的 污染和酸雨 silicon nitride Si3N4 Nonferrous metals, stainless steels, and nonmetallic rolling contact fatigue滚动接触疲劳 materials, 有色金属，不锈钢，和非金属材料 low fracture toughness低的断裂韧性 cast iron铸铁 coefficient of thermal expansion热膨胀系数 chromium铬 thermal conductivity导热系数 protective film保护膜 thermal diffusivity热扩散系数，温度扩散率 Lesson 28 oxidation resistance抗氧化性 Hertzian contact stresses 赫兹接触应力 Basic size基本尺寸 Solid lubricant固体润滑剂 Deviation偏差 synthetic lubricant合成润滑剂 Interchangeable互换性 unconventional lubricant非常规润滑剂 Interchangeability互换性 boundary lubrication边界润滑 Unilateral, bilateral, and limit forms.单边的，双边的和极 wear resistance耐磨性 限形式 tribo-chemical film摩擦化学膜 plus-or-minus加或减 Shear剪切，切断 theoretical dimension理论尺寸 heat stable热稳定 basic dimension基本尺寸 Imperative命令，绝对必要的，必不可少的 Terminology术语 definition 定义 Lesson 14 3 Tolerance公差 electric motors电动马达 Clearance fit间隙配合 Hydraulics液压 Interference fit过盈配合 gravity重力 Transition fit过度配合 electric arcs电弧 Selective assembly选择装配 Harness利用 by trial and error用试凑法 electrochemical 电化学 basic hole system基孔制 plasmas等离子体 basic shaft system基轴制 jets of liquids and abrasives液体和磨料射流 International tolerance (IT) grade公差等级 magnetic field磁场 Tolerance symbols公差符号 Explosive爆炸 tolerance zone公差带 electric spark电火花 uppercase letter大写字母 high-frequency sound waves高频声波 lowercase letter小写字母 beams of electron电子束 surface texture表面纹理 Reject排斥，抵制 surface finish表面光洁度 in-process breakage过程中的破损 roughness, waviness, lay and flaws.粗糙度，波纹度，加Aforementioned上述的，前面提到的 工纹理方向和缺陷 reliability 可靠性 irregularities in the surface表面不平度 vision systems, laser gages视觉系统，激光测量 Cutoff中止，截止 Metallurgical冶金 Superimpose重叠，叠加 Implementation履行 Waviness波度 Lesson 62 Interval间隔 cracks, blow holes, checks, scratches裂纹，气孔，检查，Conceive 构思 划痕 Tedious 单调乏味的 Optimum 最佳效果 Lesson 43 Information Age信息时代 Burr 毛刺 Metalworking金属加工 Saw 锯 come full circle回到原地，绕了一圈 Hacksaw弓锯 interchangeability互换性 Plasma 等离子体 specialized functions特殊功能 Sophistication复杂化，完善，采用先进技术 integrated manufacturing system集成制造系统 Simplicity简单 diversify多样化 Sophisticated复杂的 Reflex反射，映像，回复 durable耐用的，耐久的 flexibility灵活性 alloy steel合金钢 integration 集成 carbide碳化物 Superquality高质量 diamond金刚石 Superproductivity高生产率 Harnessed驾驭，治理 Conflicting不一致的，冲突的 tough强硬 getting the most out如何充分利用 Deburr去毛刺，去飞翅 quality assurance质量保证 Welding焊接 materials handling材料处理 Impose利用，施加影响 Schedule时间表，进度表，表 nontraditional manufacturing processes非传统制造工艺 shop floor车间 drilling钻孔 distributed intelligence分布式智能 sawing锯切 microprocessors controlled machines微处理器控制的机broaching拉床 器 4 Instantaneously瞬间，即时 spatial motion空间运动 tighter 更紧 rough terrain崎岖的地形 producible可生产 Connectivity连通性，连接性 Instantaneous瞬间 force element力单元 work-in-process在制零件 governing equation控制方程 tedious乏味 coordinate协调 not to mention更何况 nonlinearity 非线性 Lure吸引，诱惑 Lesson 71 contracted out.承包出去，订合同把工作包出去 Industrial robot 工业机器人 Lesson 64 Printed circuit boards印刷电路板 Simulator 模拟装置, 仿真装置 Shutdown停工，关闭 Terrain 地区, 地带 robot installation机器人安装 Planar 平面的 single- purpose machines单一用途的机器 marketable销售 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)国际closed-loop process闭环过程 化组织(ISO) Factory automation工厂自动化 reprogrammable可重复编程 central data base中央数据库 multipurpose manipulator多功能机械手 Robot Institute of America(RIA)美国机器人协会(RIA) computer-aided design Japan Industrial Robot Association(JIRA)日本工业机器computer-aided manufacturing computer-aided product design计算机辅助产品 人协会(JIRA) computer-aided analysis计算机辅助分析 British Robot Association (BRA)英国机器人协会 computer-aided drafting,计算机辅助绘图 (BRA) design sensitivity analysis设计敏感性分析 reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator可重新编程Optimization最佳化，优化 的多功能机械手 model simulator模型模拟器 multifunctional多功能 substitute替代 multifunctional多功能 laboratory or field test实验室或现场测试 end-effector末端执行器 manufacturability生产能力 articulated arm 关节臂 on-line control在线控制 articulated 关节式的，铰链的 simulate模拟 U. S. Atomic Energy Commission美国原子能委员会 Prototype原型 Unsophisticated不复杂的 repetitive重复 materials handling machine材料搬运机 electrical and electronic circuits电气和电子电路 General Motors Corporation通用汽车公司 algorithm算法 die casting machine压铸机 finite-element 有限元 die casting 压力铸造，压铸 computational technique计算技术 Gripper手爪 multi- body mechanical system多体机械系统 degrees of freedom (DOF)自由度(DOF) formulating the equation制定公式 Unimation万能自动化公司 numerical method数值 jointed-spherical robot关节式球面机器人 special-purpose program专用程序 welding, painting焊装，涂装 general- purpose program通用程序 inspection检查 rigidly structure刚性结构 fully automated production line全自动生产线 flexibility灵活性 vehicle chassis汽车底盘 planar motion平面运动 conveyor输送带 four-bar linkage四连杆机构 Assemble组装 5 a sequence of一序列的 inflation of wages通货膨胀的工资 Mass-produced printed circuit boards (PCBs)大规模生imperative势在必行，必要的 产的印刷电路板(PCB) Parting分离的，离别的 pick-and-place robot拾取和放置机器人 robot cells机器人单元 surpassing 超越 danger zone危险区 reliability可靠性 marked off关闭标记 precaution预防措施 shutdown system 停车系统 Setting位置，安装，环境 翻译 Lesson2 Considerable attention is given to the action of centrifugal force in grinding wheels. That is, the bonding agent that holds the abrasive particles on the wheel must be stronger than the forces which tend to make the revolving wheel fly apart at high speeds. For this reason, the speed of a grinding wheel should not exceed the safe surface speed limit specified by the manufacturer. Centrifugal force increases with speed. 对磨削用的砂轮来讲离心力的影响要特别给以关注。即把磨料颗粒粘合在砂轮上的粘合剂它的粘合力必须大 于使高速旋转的砂轮分崩离析的离心力。因此，砂轮的转速不能超过制造商给定的安全表面速度限制。离心力随 转速的增加而增大。 The principles of centrifugal force are used in the design of centrifuge-type machines. Some centrifuges are used to separate chemicals; others are used to remove impurities in metals by centrifugal casting processes. Centrifugal force principles are also used in common appliances such as clothes dryers and in devices to control motor speeds and accelerate moving machines. 离心力的这种原理用在离心型机器的设计中。一些离心分离机用于分离化学制品;还有的通过离心铸造工艺 分离金属中的杂质。离心力作用也有普通的应用如干衣机、控制发动机转速的装置以及用于加速运动的机器。 Centripetal force causes an object to travel in circular path. This action is caused by the continuous application of forces which tend to pull the object to the center. In other words, the inward force which resists the centrifugal force is called the centripetal force. The centripetal force of objects spinning at a constant rate produces an acceleration toward the center which is equal and opposite to the centrifugal force. 向心力使物体沿着圆形轨道运动。这种现象的产生是由于将物体拉(轨道)中心的力的持续作用。换句话说， 这种抵抗离心力的向内的力就叫向心力。以固定速率作旋转运动的物体的向心力产生一个向心的加速度，这个向 心力与离心力大小相等，方向相反。 Lesson3 Primarily, we will be discussing things which are in “equilibrium,” i.e., not accelerating. However, if we look closely enough, everything is accelerating. We will consider many structural members to be “weightless”—but they never are. We will deal with forces that act at a “point” but all forces act over an area. We will consider some parts to be “rigid”—but all bodies will deform under load. 首先，我们讨论的是处于“平衡”状态即没有加速的物体。然而任何东西都在加速，如果我们观察足够仔细 的话。我们认为很多结构件是“没有重量”的——但它们从来不是这样;我们认为力的作用在一个“点”上，— —但所有力都作用在一个区域上;我们认为有些零件是“刚体的”——但所有物体在负载下都会变形。 We will make many assumptions that clearly are false. But these assumptions should always render the problem easier, more tractable. You will discover that the goal is to make as many simplifying assumptions as possible without seriously degrading the result. 我们都会作一些明显是错误的假设。但这些假设常可能使问题简化，更容易驾驭。你会发现目标是只要不使 结果严重降级(歪曲)，就尽可能多的做出简化的假设。 Generally there is no clear method to determine how completely, or how precisely, to treat a problem: If our 6 analysis is too simple, we may not get a pertinent answer; if our analysis is too detailed, we may not be able to obtain any answer. It is usually preferable to start with a relatively simple analysis and then add more detail as required to obtain a practical solution. 通常没有明确的方法去确定怎么完整(全面)或精确的去处理问题:如果我们的分析太简单，(我们)可能 不会得到一个中肯的答案;如果我们的分析太详细，(我们)也许得不到任何答案。通常更好的是从相对简单的 分析开始，添加一些需要的细节以获得实用解。 During the past two decades, there has been a tremendous growth in the availability of computerized methods for solving problems that previously were beyond solution because the time required to solve them would have been [5] prohibitive. At the same time the cost of computer capability and use has decreased by orders of magnitude.We are experiencing an influx of "personal computers" on campus, in the home, and in business. 在过去20年间，用以解决问题的计算机方法可用性得到了巨大的提升，过去不能解决是因为解决问题所需 要的时间受到限制。同时计算机的性能成本和使用成本有成数量级的降低。我们在校园里、在家中，在商务场所 都正在经历着一个“个人计算机”的浪潮。 Lesson5 1.Keep shafts as short as possible, with bearings close to the applied loads. This reduces deflections and bending moments, and increase critical speeds. [9]2. Place necessary stress raisers away from highly stressed shaft regions if possible. Consider local surface [10] strengthening processes (as shot-peening or cold-rolling). 3.Use inexpensive steels for deflection-critical shafts, as all steels have essentially the same modulus. 4.When weight is critical , consider hollow shafts. 1.保持轴尽可能短，与轴承接近施加的载荷。这减少了变形和弯曲力矩，并增大临界速度。 2.尽可能使必要的应力集中源远离轴上承受较高应力的区域。考虑采用局部表面强化工艺(诸如喷丸强化和常温 滚压) 3.使用廉价的钢材用于偏转临界轴，因为所有的钢具有基本相同的弹性模量。 4，当重量是至关重要时，考虑空心轴。 Lesson9 [7]The importance of requiring a lubricating film cannot be over emphasized, even when using ceramic materials. Unlubricated silicon nitride or silicon carbide do not inherently have low friction, nor good wear resistance. These properties can be obtained with the aid of solid lubricants which are compatible with the materials.Silicon nitride, lubricated for example with graphite containing high temperature additive, can form a tribo-chemical film which reduces the coefficient of friction and, as a consequence, minimizes heat generation. The reduction in friction depends on the easier shearing of the film compared with the base material. For bearing operation at ultra-high temperatures—above 550?—solid lubricants which are more heat stable than graphite are being considered. It is imperative that the development of a complex tribological system such as a high temperature solid lubricated, ceramic bearing is conducted with full understanding of the individual tribological relationship of the various components. 润滑膜的重要性怎么强调都不过分，即使采用陶瓷材料时也是这样。无润滑的氮化硅或碳化硅不固有低的摩 擦，也没有良好的耐磨性。这些性质可在固体润滑剂的帮助获得，这些性质与材料相兼容。以氮化硅的润滑为例， 用含有高温添加剂的石墨，可形成摩擦化学膜从而降低摩擦系数，结果，减少热量的产生。摩擦的减少取决于膜 与基材相比谁更容易被切落。 对于工作在超高温(高于550?)下的轴承来说比石墨有更好的热稳定性的固体润滑剂正在被考虑。一个复 杂的摩擦系统的发展是很有必要的，如高温固体润滑剂。陶瓷轴承被引入以充分理解各组成部件间的单独摩擦关 系。 7 Lesson14 Resistance to corrosion depends on the composition of the material and on the particular environment. Corrosive media may be chemicals (acids, alkalis['ælk?lis] , and salts), the environment (oxygen, moisture, pollution, and acid rain), and water (fresh or salt water).[5] Nonferrous metals, stainless steels, and nonmetallic materials, generally have high corrosion resistance. Steels and cast irons usually have poor resistance and must be protected by various coatings and surface treatments. 抗腐蚀性取决于材料的成分和特定的环境。腐蚀媒介可以是化学品(酸、碱和盐)，环境(氧、潮湿、污染 和酸雨)和水(清水或盐水)。有色金属、不锈钢和非金属材料通常有高抗腐蚀性。钢和铸铁通常抗腐蚀性差， 必须有各种涂层和表面处理保护。 The usefulness of some level of oxidation [?ksi'dei??n] is exhibited in the corrosion resistance of aluminum, titanium, and stainless steel. Aluminum develops a thin (a few atomic layers), strong, and adherent hard-oxide film (Al2O3) that better protects the surface from further environmental corrosion.Titanium develops a film of titanium [tai'teinj?m] oxide (TiO2). A similar phenomenon occurs in stainless steels, which (because of the chromium present in the alloy) develop a protective film on their surfaces. When the protective film is scratched and exposes the metal underneath, a new oxide film begins to form. 某些等级的氧化物的有用性表现在铝、钛和不锈钢的抗腐蚀性上。铝产生一层薄的(一些原子层)、牢固的 附着氧化膜(AL2O3)以保护表面不进一步的腐蚀。钛产生一层氧化钛(TiO2)膜。不锈钢也有相似的现象，(因 为合金中有烙)表面产生一层保护膜，当保护膜擦损并露出金属里层时，一层新的氧化膜又开始形成了。 Lesson28 Roughness: the finest of the irregularities in the surface caused by the manufacturing process used to smooth the surface. Roughness height is measured in micrometers (μm ) or microinches (μin ). Waviness: a widely spaced variation that exceeds the roughness width cutoff measured in inches or millimeters; roughness may be regarded as a surface variation superimposed on a wavy surface. Lay: the direction of the surface pattern caused by the production method used. Flaws: defects occurring infrequently or at widely varying intervals on a surface, including cracks, blow holes, checks, scratches, and the like; the effect of flaws is usually omitted in roughness height measurements. 粗糙度:由用来使工件表面光滑的加工工艺所造成的最细微的表面不平度。表面粗糙度的高度采用微米或微 英寸作为测量的单位。 波度:是超过粗糙度界限的大间隔偏差，采用英寸或毫米测量。可将粗糙度看做叠加在波度表面上的表面不 平度。 加工纹理方向:由所采用的加工方法所产生的表面刀痕图案的方向。 缺陷:不经常出现或者在很大区间内才会出现的表面瑕疵，包括裂纹、气孔、微细裂纹、划痕等。缺陷的影 响通常在粗糙度的高度测量中被忽略。 Lesson 62 People are enabled to do their jobs better. By eliminating tedious calculations and paperwork- not to mention time wasted searching for information-the computer not only allows workers to be more productive but also frees them to do 8 what only human beings can do: think creatively. Computer integration may also lure new people into manufacturing. People are attracted because they want to work in a modern, technologically sophisticated environment. In manufacturing engineering, CAD/CAM decreases tool design, NC-programming, and planning times while speeding the response rate, which will eventually permit in-house staff to perform work that is currently being contracted out. 可使人们更好地完成工作。通过避免冗长的计算和书写工作——这还不算查找资料所浪费的时间——计算机 不仅可以使人们更有效的工作，而且还能把他们解放出来去做只有人类才能做的工作:创造性的思考。 计算机集成制造还会吸引新的人才进入制造业。人才被吸引过来的原因是他们希望找到一个现代化的、技术 先进的环境中工作。 在制造工程中，CAD/CAM减少了工艺装备设计、数控编程和编制工艺规程所需要的时间。同时加快了响应 速度，这最终将会使目前外委加工的工作由公司内部人员来完成。 Lesson 71 A major reason for the growth in the use of industrial robots is their declining cost. Since 1970s, the rapid inflation of wages has tremendously increased the personnel costs of manufacturing firms. In order to survive, manufacturers were forced to consider any technological developments that could help improve productivity.It became imperative to produce better products at lower costs in order to be competitive in the global market economy. Other factors such as the need to find better ways of performing dangerous manufacturing tasks contributed to the development of industrial robots. However, the fundamental reason has always been, and is still, improved productivity. 工业机器人成本的降低是促进他们的使用量增长的一个主要原因。从20世纪70年代开始，工资的快速增长 大大增加了制造业中的人工费用。为了生存，制造厂商被迫考虑采用一切能够提高生产率的技术。为了在全球市 场经济的环境中具有竞争能力，制造厂商必须以比较低的成本，生产出质量更好的产品。其他的因素，诸如寻找 更好的方式来完成带有危险性的制造工作，也促进了工业机器人的发展。但是，其根本原因一直是，而且现在仍 然是提高生产率。 One of the principal advantages of robots is that they can be used in settings that are dangerous to humans. Welding and parting are examples of applications where robots can be used more safely than humans. Most industrial robots of today are designed to work in environments which are not safe and very difficult for human workers. For example, a robot can be designed to handle a very hot or very cold object that the human hand cannot handle safely. 机器人的主要优点之一是可以在对于人类来说危险的工作环境中工作。采用机器人进行焊接和切断工作是比 由人工来完成这些工作更为安全的例子。大部分现代机器人被设计用在对人类来说不安全和非常困难的环境中工 作。例如，可以设计一个机器人来搬运非常热或非常冷的物体，这些物体如果用人工搬运，则存在不安全因素。 Even though robots are closely associated with safety in the workplace, they can, in themselves, be dangerous. Robots and robot cells must be carefully designed and configured so that they do not endanger human workers and other machines. Robot work workspaces should be accurately calculated and a danger zone surrounding the workspace clearly marked off. Barriers can be used to keep human workers out of a robot's work workspace.Even with such precautions it is still a good idea to have an automatic shutdown system in situations where robots are used. Such a system should have the capacity to sense the need for an automatic shutdown of operations. 尽管机器人与工作地点的安全密切相关，它们本身也可能是危险的。应该仔细地设计和配置机器人和机器人 单元，使它们不会伤害人类和其他机器。应该精确计算出机器人的工作空间，并且在这个工作空间的四周清楚地 标出危险区域。可以通过设置障碍物来阻止工人进入机器人的工作空间。即使有了这些预防措施，在使用机器人 的场地中设置一个自动停止工作的系统仍不失为一个好主意。这个系统应当具有能够出是否有需要自动停止 工作的要求的能力。 9