初中英语介词用法

初中英语介词用法 一、介词按其构成可分为: 1. 简单介词 at, in, on, to, since, until等。如: He's worked there since 1996. 2. 复合介词 into, onto, out of等。如: She is out of school. 她毕业了。 3. 二重介词 from under, from behind, from out of, until after, except in 等。如: I'm from out of town. 我是从城外来的。 4. 短语介词 because of, instead of, in spite of等。如: I went back not because of the rain, but because I was tired.我回 去不是因为下雨，而是因为我累了。 二、介词的作用: 1. 表示地点: after, along, at, below, by, of, near, over, through, under等。如:Near the village the boys are skating on the ice. 男孩子 们正在村子附近的冰上滑冰。 They lay down under the shade of a tree. 他 们躺在一棵树的树阴下。 2. 表示时间: about, after, across, at, during, for, in, of, till, until等。如:After class he will tell us about the accident. 课后他将 告诉我们有关事故的情况。 A heavy rain has been falling across three days. 一场大雨下了整整三天。The accident happened during the night. 事故发生 在夜间。 3. 表示动作:at, across, around, on, over, under等。如:The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕太阳运行。 The car is under repair. 汽车在 修理中。 4. 表示比较: as, like, above, over, with等。如:She was something like her sister. 她有几份像她的妹妹。 Chinese is much more difficult in contrast with English. 和英语相比，汉语难得多。 5. 表示原因: about, for, from, with等。如: Don't worry about my lessons. 不要担心我的功课。 Business kept me from coming. 我因事不能来。 He was angry with what I did. 他对我所做的很气愤。 6. 表示条件: to, with, without等。如:Without your advice, he would have failed. 没有你的忠告他可能已经失败了。 7. 表示手段、方式: as, by, in, with等。如: He behaved as a drunkard. 他的举止如同醉汉一样。 Learn the new words by heart.记住这些生词。 We see with our eyes.我们用眼睛看。 8. 表示距离、数量: from, in, within等。如: My house is ten miles from the school. 我家离学校十英里。 They were thirty in all. 他们总共有三十人。 9. 表示目的: as, for等。如: I only said it as a joke. 我只是把它当作笑话讲的。 It's time for class. 到上课的时间了。 10. 表示让步: for, with等。如: For all his effort, he didn't succeed. 虽然他做了一番努力，仍不能成功。With all his money, he is unhappy. 尽管他有钱，但他并不快乐。for还可以引导插入语，例如: I, for one, shall vote against the proposal. 我也投票反对这个提议。 1、介词的主要用法: 介词是一种虚词,不能独立使用。介词之后一般有名词或代词(宾格)或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语,即构成介词短语。有些介词是由两个以上的词构成的短语介词,如:out of(从„中出来), because of(因为), away from(距离„), on top of(在„顶上), ever since(自从„), next to(在„隔壁), according to(根据„), in front of(在„前方)等。 2、介词的分类表: (见下表) 地点(位置、范围)介词:above在„前, about在„附近, across在„对面, after在„后面, against倚着..., along在„近旁, among在„中间, around在„周围, round在„.周围, at在„处, before在...前, behind在...后, below低于..., beside在...旁边, between在...之间, by在...旁, down在...下面, from来自..., in在...里面, inside在...里面, near靠近..., of在...之中, on在...上面, out of在...之外, outside在....外面, over在....上方, under在...下方, up在...上面, on top of在...顶部, in front of在...前, close ..., in the middle of在...的中间, at the end of在...的末端,等to靠近 等。 方向(目标趋向)介词:across横越..., against对抗..., along沿着..., around绕着..., round环绕..., at朝着..., behind向„后面, etween„and„从„到...,by路过/通过..., down向„下, for向..., from从/离..., in进入..., into进入..., inside到...里面, near接近..., off脱离/除..., on向...上, out of向...外, outside向....外, over跨过..., past经过/超过..., through穿过..., to向/朝..., towards朝着..., on to到...上面, onto到...上面, up向...上, away from远离... 时间介词:about大约..., after在„以后, at在„ (时刻), before在„以前, by到„为止, during在„期间, for有„(之久), from从„(时)起, in在(上/下午);在(多久)以后, on在(某日), past过了„(时), since自从„(至今), through 贯穿„(期间), till直到„时, until直到„时, to到(下一时刻), ever since从那时起至今,at the beginning of在...开始时 ,at the end of在...末 , in the middle of在...当中 ,at the time of在...时 方式介词:as作为/当作..., by用/由/乘坐/被..., in用„(语言), like与„ 一样, on骑(车)/徒(步),通过(收音机/电视机), over通过(收音机), through通过..., with用(),用(手/脚/耳/眼), without没有„ 涉及介词: about关于..., except除了„, besides除了„还... for对于/就„ 而言, in在„(方面), of„的,有关..., on关于/有关..., to对„而言, towards针对..., with就„而言 其它介词: 目的介词:for为了..., from防止„, to为了„ 原因介词: for因为..., with由于„, because of因为... 比较介词:as与„一样,like象„一样,than比...,to与„相比, unlike与„ 不同 伴随/状态介词:against和„一起(比赛),at在(上班/休息/上学/家,etc.),in穿着„(衣服/颜色),into变成...,on在(值日), with与„一起,有/带着/长 着..., without没有/无/不与„一起 3、介词短语的句法作用: 可用作状语、定语和表语。如:The man 介词短语相当于一个形容词或副词, came .(状)(那个人走下楼来)/The woman is from the countryside.(定)(头上 戴花的妇女来自乡下)/The teacher is now with the pupils.(表)(老师现在和 学生在一起) 4、介词短语在句子中的位置: 介词短语做状语时,如果表示时间/地点,可以放在句首或句尾,如果表示方向/方 式/伴随/涉及/原因/目的/比较,一般放在句尾; 介词短语作表语时放在连系动 词之后;介词短语作定语时,只能放在被修饰的名词之后。如:He wanted to find a good job in Shanghai the next year.(状语)(他想来年在上海找份好工作)/ They searched the room for the thief.(他们在房间里搜索小偷) / The letters are for you.(表语)(信是给你的)/ Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs?(定语)(你看见一只黑头白腿的猫了吗,) 5、重要注释: ? this / that / these / those / last / next / a / every / each等词构 成的时间短语,前面不用任何介词。如:Every year travellers from abroad come to visit Pingyao.(每年都有国外的游客来游览平窑镇)/ He had a bad cold that week.(那个星期他患重感冒) ? for有时用来引出动词不定式的逻辑主语,常翻译成“对于„而言”。如: It’s too hard for me to finish the work in only one hour.(让我在区区 一个小时内完成这项工作太难了)/ The house is big enough for 10 men to live in.(房子够大的可以容10个人住) ? of有时用来表示后面的人物正好是前面的表语的逻辑主语。如:It’s very nice/kind of you to do so.(你这么做真是太好了) ? 介词有时会与它的宾语分离,而且宾语前置。 ? 当宾语是疑问词时。Who are you talking about?(你们在谈论谁,) ? 宾语在从句中当连接词时。He has a younger brother who he must take good care of.(他有 一个需要他照顾的小弟。) / Do you know who our teacher is talking with over there?(你知道我们的老师在那边和什么人谈话吗,) ? 动词不定式作定语且该动词为不及物动词,后面有介词。I finally found a chair to sit on.(我 最终找到了一张椅子坐。) (5) 记住一些固定词组:arrive at/in(到达„),on foot(步行),not„at all(根本不),to the north of(在„以北),in the east of(在„的东部),in the night(在夜间),at night(在晚上),be afraid of(害怕„),be full of(充满/ 装满„.),be filled with(充满/ 装满„.),be good/bad for(对„有益/有害),be made of(由„做成),be made from(由„制造),play with(玩耍„„),look out of(朝„外面看),at the end of(在„末梢/结束时),by the end of(不迟于„/到„末为止),with the help of或with one’s help(在„的帮助下),look after(照料„),look for(寻找„),on a bike(=by bike)骑车, help sb. with(帮某人做„),get on (well) with(与某人相处[融洽]),等等。 6、某些介词的用法辨析: ? 时间或地点介词in、on、at的用法区别:表示时间时, in表示在一段时间里(在将来时句子中则表示在一段时间之后), on表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某个时刻或者瞬间; 表示地点时, in表示在某个范围之内, on表示在某个平面上或与一个面相接触,at则表示在某个具体的场所或地点。如:He was born on the morning of May 10th.(他出生于五月十日的早晨)/ I usually get up at 7:00 in the morning.(我通常在早上的七点钟起床) / His glasses are right on his nose.(他的眼镜就架在他的鼻子上)/ He is at the cinema at the moment.(此刻他正在电影院) ? after与in表示时间的用法区别:“after+(具体时刻/从句)”表示“在„时刻之后”常用于一般时态;“in+(一段时间)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于将来时态。如:He said that he would be here after 6:00.(他说他六点钟之后会来这儿)/ My father is coming back from England in about a month.(我父亲大约一个月以后从英国回来) ? since与for表示时间的用法区别:“since+(具体时刻/that-从句)”表示“自从„起一直到现在”,“for +(一段斶间)”表示“总共有„之久”,都常用于完成时态;如:Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970.(李叔叔自从1970年起就在这家工厂工作了)/ Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. (李叔叔在这家工厂已经工作了30多年) ? by、in与with表示方式的用法区别:都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某个交通工具或“以„„方式”,在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者;in表示“使用”某种语言/文字,with表示“使用”某个具体的工具、手段。如:We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.(我们用眼睛看东西,用双脚走路)/ Please write that article(文章) in English.(请你用英语写那篇文章)/ Let’s go to the zoo by taxi.(我们打的去动物园吧。)/ It was written by Lao She.(那是老舍写的) ? about与on的用法区别:都可以表示“有关„”,但是about的意义比较广,而on主要表示“有关„(专/课程)”。如:Tom is going to give a talk on the history of America.(汤姆要作一个美国历史的)/ They are very excited talking about the coming field trip.(他们兴致勃勃地谈论着即将来到的野外旅游) ? through与across、over的用法区别: through指“穿过„(门洞/人群/树 林)”; across和over可以指“跨越„(街道/河流)”,可互换,但是表示“翻过„”时只能用over. 如:Just then a rat (鼠)ran across the road.(就在那时一只老鼠跑过路面)/ There is a bridge across/over the river.(河上有座桥)/ They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time.(他们翻过大山提前到达了那里)/ The visitors went through a big gate into another park.(参观者们穿过一个大门来到另一个公园) (7)as与like的区别:两个词都表示“像„„”,但是as译为“作为„„”,表示的是职业、职务、作用等事实,而like译为“像„„一样”,表示外表,不是事实。如:Let me speak to you as a father.(我以父亲的身份和你讲话。)(说话者是听者的父亲) / Let me speak to you like a father.(让我像一位父亲一样和你讲话)(说话者不是听者的父亲) (at the end of、by the end of、to the end、in the end的用法区别:at the end of„既可以表示时间也可以表示地点,译为“在„末;在„尽头”,常与过去时连用;by the end of„只能表示时间,译为“在„前;到„为止”,常用于过去完成时; in the end与at last基本等义,表示“终于、最后”,通常用于过去时;to the end译为“到„的终点为止”,前面往往有表示运动或连续性的动词。如:By the end of last term we had learned 16 units of Book III.(到 )/ At the end of the road you can 上学期期末我们已经学习了第三册16个单元 find a big white house with brown windows.(在路的尽头你能找到一幢有棕色窗户的白房子)/ They left for Beijing at the end of last week.(上周末他们动身去了北京)/ In the end he succeeded in the final exams.(他最终在期末考试中考及格了)/ We should go on with the work to the end.(我们应该把工作干到底)/ Follow this road to the end and you will see a post office.(沿这条路走到底就能看见一家邮电局) (9)for a moment、for the moment、in a moment、at the moment的区别:for a moment“一会儿、片刻”(=for a while),常与持续性动词连用;for the moment“暂时、目前”,常用于现在时;in a moment“一会儿、立即、马上”(=soon; in a few minutes),一般用于将来时;at the moment“此刻,眼下”(=now),用于现在进行时。如:Please wait for a moment.(请稍等)/ Let’s leave things as they are for the moment.(暂时就维持现状吧～) / I’ll come back in a moment.(我过会儿回来)/ I am very busy at the moment.(眼下我很忙) (10)but的问题:用介词but引出另一个动词时,要注意:如果前面有do,后面就用原形动词,前面没有do时,后面的动词要加to。如:I could do nothing but wait.(我什么也做不了只能等) / They had no choice(选择) but to fight.(他们没有选择只有战斗) (11)in front of 与in the front of: in front of“在„的前面”, 与in the front of“在„的前部”。如:A car was parking in front of the hall.(大厅跟前停着一辆汽车)/ In the front of the hall stood a big desk.(大厅前部立着一个大讲台) (12)except与besides的区别:except“除了”,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含;而besides“除了”则表示包含,即“不仅„„又„„”。如:Everyone went to the Palace Museum except Tom.(除了Tom,大家都去了故宫博物院)(Tom没有去故宫)/ Besides Chinese he also studied many other subjects.(除了汉语之外,他还学其他许多功课)(“汉语”也是他学的功课之一)