新开公司财务流程

新开公司财务 对贫民“犁庭扫穴”何时休 秦晖 清华大学教授 2011年04月01日中国网 怎么还要剥夺 不久前刚刚读到海南三亚市 “强拆贫民窟”不补偿不安置的报道，今天又看到深圳南山区西丽街道强拆大勘村 “农场”、“200多农民未获补偿”的新闻，不由得感慨莫名:今天我国大讲“民生”，对弱势群体提供公共服务、社会保障和基本福利已成热门话题。但是我国仍然有些最弱的群体，在其他国家属于社会保障的第一号对象，在我国某些地方不仅“保障”无门，连他们自力谋生盖起来的简陋家园还要被强大势力犁庭扫穴、扫地出门～ 在柬埔寨，前不久发生了金边“万谷湖”拆迁事件。万谷湖周围很多贫困新移民的“违章建筑”，如今柬方招入中资公司搞商品房开发，需要迁走他们。柬政府给的条件是凡能出具收据发票等居住一段时间的证据者，每间棚户(常常简陋之极，甚至就是废纸箱等搭成的小棚)赔偿8500美元(当时合5.7万元人民币，见图1)，或者分给一处郊区安置房——当然条件不怎么样。由于贫民们认为赔偿不高，迁移到郊区后原有的谋生方式难以继续，他们认为这是前所未有的虐待，群起抗争，要求提高赔偿、安置标准。一些同情他们的媒体还把矛头指向中资公司，认为中资欺负他们，是搞“殖民主义”。中资公司当然有理由觉得冤枉:我们只管盖房，政府负责拆迁，这怎么是欺负了你们,而柬政府要是看到我们深圳、三亚的做法就更会生气了:我们柬埔寨那么穷，政府不是还给了赔偿、安置吗,要是在深圳、三亚，只要“称政府无此义务，若安置、赔偿，势必后患无穷”，看谁还敢讨价还价, 发达国家的情况就不用说了，我们周边一些更不发达的国家对待类似群体也没有这样做的。人们的常识是:如果国家还保障不了他们，至少不要再剥夺他们。在印度，进城谋生的新移民(他们没有户口管制和“农民工”之说)盖起棚户，只要能出示住了一段时间(四五年)的证据，通常也就是收据发票什么的，你就有了不受驱逐的居住权。如果因为公益或商业开发要你搬走，那就要与你商量赔偿与安置条件。 再看看同属中国一部分的台湾地区，他们的“都更”(都市更新，相当于我们the primary analysis of soil physical and chemical properties, such as pests, disinfection, pest control in advance. Garden plant growth by required of minimum planting soil thickness should meet Xia table (construction figure Shang indicate of except) vegetation type herb flower lawn to was small shrubs big shrubs shallow root trees deep root trees soil thickness 30 (CM) 30 (CM) 45 (CM) 60 (CM) 90 (CM) 120 (CM) planting soil should selection for plant growth of selective soil, as humic acid soil, and lawn fertilizer, and peat soil, and pH 5.5~7.0, humidity 30~70%, completely loose, Lawn planting soil roughness (soil surface should be lower than teeth pond 2~5cm). 2, planting garden of foundation engineering projects from planning to the construction stage, focus on after completion of landscaping, the overall goal is to create a good living environment for plants, create a garden and green space. Plant engineering of the project was to create the basis for plant growth, soil, it can be said is the garden project, is one of the most important works. Also planted phase of this project must be carried out by the local soil improvement project. 3, seedling selection requirements: (1) engineering seedling selection of cooked goods, provisions relating to plant size. Plant procurement specifications can be large, so as to achieve ecological effect in a short time. Seedlings should have ... Strong, lush, Crown-shaped full, normal color, root system, pest and disease-free. (2) the project should have growth robust, lush, Crown-shaped full, normal color, root system, pest and disease-free. Stems, root cause mechanical damage, looping root amputation at the wound to prevent infection. (3) category tree seedlings: a spindle should have a uniform distribution of main branches, branches, trunk diameter above 所谓的旧城改造、城市发展)同样有对待贫民进城自建棚户 (他们也叫“违章建筑”)的问题。他们的做法是:除了强势者仗势欺人的“违章豪宅”拆了就拆了以外，对于弱势贫民存在一定时期的“违章建筑”，拆除时都要予以赔偿与安置。台湾安置“违章”棚户居民的公屋有个专称叫 “整建住宅”，笔者曾去看过几处，其标准低于政府为不“违章”的都市贫民老住户兴建的保障性廉租房即“国民住宅”，但也并不差多少。早期的“整建住宅”后来很多还进行了二次改造。台北当年的“康乐里”拆迁和最近的溪州、三莺拆迁都是这样。在笔者看来，对“违章”的贫民给予如此程度的赔偿与安置简直不可想象，但那里的人们仍然认为不够，他们的维权运动 (号称“对抗政府推土机”)仍然继续推进，要争取进一步的改善，而且社会舆论总的来说都是同情他们的。 什么是“违章建筑” 而我们这种对穷人 “不赔偿不安置”的强行驱逐，在世界上恐怕也只有当年白人统治的南非对黑人干过。有关方面这样做，理由无非是这些贫民区属于“违章建筑”。 的确，城市要有规划，随意“私搭乱建”哪个国家都不允许。“违章建筑”的概念也不是不能使用。像南非那样把所有的黑人贫民棚户都限制在郊区的索韦托那样唯一的地方当然是很坏的“章”法(连那样的地方都要驱逐，就是更坏的“章”法)，但民主国家自然也不是对贫民建房完全没有限制的。纽约的时报广场、伦敦的特拉法加广场这样的地方总不可能让贫民棚户存在吧,所以为了都市的规划、秩序和其他公共利益，禁止“违章建筑”的是有必要的。但这个“章”必须在尊重人权的前提下。笔者曾指出如下三点: 首先，这“章”不能只是利益有关一方(例如想搞“土地财政”的官员和想赚钱的开发商)下个“红头文件”就算，像扒房赶人这样事关基本人权的事，怎么能不立法、不依法,而且涉及这种事的立法过程也应该有利益相关各方参与，无论代议制还是听证制，都应该有被强拆的一方如所谓 “流动人口”的声音。只考虑“老市民”都是不够的，更不用说只考虑强势者了。 其次，这“章”也应该合乎常人情理，至少回答:如果不违这个“章”，那些弱势者能在哪里安身,过去的做法实际上是想让那些年轻人单身进来打工，自己住工棚，家庭留在乡下。就像当年白人南非对黑人“流动劳工”的设想一样。南非当 -ct should have growth robust, lush, Crownfree. (2) the proje-shaped full, normal color, root system, pest and disease-rt time. Seedlings should have ... Strong, lush, Crownprovisions relating to plant size. Plant procurement specifications can be large, so as to achieve ecological effect in a shooods, out by the local soil improvement project. 3, seedling selection requirements: (1) engineering seedling selection of cooked git can be said is the garden project, is one of the most important works. Also planted phase of this project must be carried soil, ment for plants, create a garden and green space. Plant engineering of the project was to create the basis for plant growth, ning to the construction stage, focus on after completion of landscaping, the overall goal is to create a good living environm planoil roughness (soil surface should be lower than teeth pond 2~5cm). 2, planting garden of foundation engineering projects frol, as humic acid soil, and lawn fertilizer, and peat soil, and pH 5.5~7.0, humidity 30~70%, completely loose, Lawn planting sve soies soil thickness 30 (CM) 30 (CM) 45 (CM) 60 (CM) 90 (CM) 120 (CM) planting soil should selection for plant growth of selectire Shang indicate of except) vegetation type herb flower lawn to was small shrubs big shrubs shallow root trees deep root trelant growth by required of minimum planting soil thickness should meet Xia table (construction figuthe primary analysis of soil physical and chemical properties, such as pests, disinfection, pest control in advance. Garden piform distribution of main branches, branches, trunk diameter aboveings: a spindle should have a unfree. Stems, root cause mechanical damage, looping root amputation at the wound to prevent infection. (3) category tree seedl-shaped full, normal color, root system, pest and disease2 年的理论家说，如果不这样就会出现贫民窟，我们的官员讲的也是同样的理由，区别只在于南非以美国(因为那里的贫民窟多黑人)为“教训”，而我们的官员喜欢以印度等国为“教训”。但是“流动劳工”制肯定无法永久，进城安家的趋势是不可避免的。如果不给提供廉租房，高价商品房买不起，简陋的棚户又“违章”，到底要人怎么办, 最后，这“章”还应该有点严肃性，不能朝令夕改，而且改了还追溯既往。前些年深圳大 “梳理”时就有论者指出:这些棚户“违法”存在有的已达20年，过去不拆，就是行政不作为，行政不作为造成的后果只让这些贫民承受，这样合理吗, “违章”居住者群体 实际上，我们不少大城市不仅户籍门槛很高，连办“暂住证”也有相当高的门槛，“有固定、合法的住处”就是其一。工厂提供的工棚或集体宿舍是“合法”的。但如果你要安家，不仅自建棚户不 “合法”，租房也有面积(人均不得低于多少平米)与形式(不得合租等等)规定，不达标也“违章”。“违章”就办不了暂住证——现在很多地方进步了，为减少歧视性，暂住证改叫“居住证”什么的，而且办证交钱少了或免了，这当然是好事(就连南非，当年黑人劳工办“暂住证”也是免费的)，但是这门槛并没有降低。而“门槛”正是历来歧视政策的关键。例如上海，据调查在2004年该市的打工者有53.5%住集体宿舍和工棚，能够租房安家的不到一半，而就是这些租户中，因租房不达标故而也办不了暂住证的又占了一半。 这就形成了一个庞大的“违章”居住者群体。我曾经说过:理论上他们都可能因为住得差而被驱逐——而不是因为住得差而获得帮助。但人们也发现，其实一般情况下他们也并未被驱逐。管理当局在很多情况下是心照不宣的:只要这些住所分散、偏僻，不影响“形象”，平时可以给当地带来点收入(由于我国完全不允许他们成为“棚户主”，他们即便是自建棚户，也是租用当地农民的地皮，仍然属于“租户”，要交纳租金的)，可以干户籍居民不愿意干的脏活累活等。到了想开发这块地皮赚钱的时候，又随时可以把这些连“暂住权”都没有的“违章”居住者赶走，既无需赔偿，也不用安置。 世界各国几乎都有弱势棚户存在一定时间就形成事实权利的通例。这不是没有原因的:人毕竟是“理性的动物”，真是在城里无法谋生、或者生存状况还不如故乡的话，经过一个 “试错”期他们多会自行离开。继续留下来的人基本上都出自 -oot system, pest and diseaseshaped full, normal color, r-rge, so as to achieve ecological effect in a short time. Seedlings should have ... Strong, lush, Crownengineering seedling selection of cooked goods, provisions relating to plant size. Plant procurement specifications can be la: (1) o planted phase of this project must be carried out by the local soil improvement project. 3, seedling selection requirementswas to create the basis for plant growth, soil, it can be said is the garden project, is one of the most important works. Alsject overall goal is to create a good living environment for plants, create a garden and green space. Plant engineering of the pro den of foundation engineering projects from planning to the construction stage, focus on after completion of landscaping, theng garmidity 30~70%, completely loose, Lawn planting soil roughness (soil surface should be lower than teeth pond 2~5cm). 2, plantiould selection for plant growth of selective soil, as humic acid soil, and lawn fertilizer, and peat soil, and pH 5.5~7.0, huoil shrubs big shrubs shallow root trees deep root trees soil thickness 30 (CM) 30 (CM) 45 (CM) 60 (CM) 90 (CM) 120 (CM) planting sickness should meet Xia table (construction figure Shang indicate of except) vegetation type herb flower lawn to was small shlant growth by required of minimum planting soil ththe primary analysis of soil physical and chemical properties, such as pests, disinfection, pest control in advance. Garden pegory tree seedlings: a spindle should have a uniform distribution of main branches, branches, trunk diameter abovefree. Stems, root cause mechanical damage, looping root amputation at the wound to prevent infection. (3) cat-shaped full, normal color, root system, pest and disease-free. (2) the project should have growth robust, lush, Crown3 其理性选择，只要不是违法犯罪，人们没有理由剥夺他们选择的权利。另一方面，当地容他们留下这么长时间也是有理由的。有人说贫民占据 “空地”居住就是在侵犯“产权”，仿佛那些“资本主义国家”还不如我们注重保护“产权”，而“资本主义”下如果听任穷人“侵犯产权”，那 “打土豪分田地”的革命又所为何来,事实上他们与我国一样，一般城市及其周边的土地并非人迹罕至的原始森林，它们不是公有就是私有，很难说会有什么真正无主的“空地”，贫民能够“擅自”占据相当一段时间而不被赶走，往往都是有原因的:或者是占据者支付了某种代价，或者他们的存在适应了当地的某种需要，或者(尤其在公地上)这种状况体现了政府的某种社会政策，或者就是基于一种人类社会的同情心。 外国是如此，我国也不例外。据报导，在三亚的那些棚户已经存在了十多年。深圳这次强拆的“紫金农场”贫民区更是“上世纪80年代初期”就已经形成，至今已近30年了。深圳虽然仍然把他们视为“外地(紫金县)人”，但一代人的时间过去了，他们还能“回乡”务农吗,今天对他们如此犁庭扫穴，到底要把他们赶到哪里去呢, 城市新贫民 实际上，这些贫民的成因与性质与前述柬埔寨、台湾都市贫民是一样的。他们都是都市化、工业化时代由乡入城的人口迁徙大潮的体现。只不过别国没有我们这里那种户籍管制，所以没有“农民工”之称，而曾经建议改称他们为“流动工人”的姚洋先生如果知道当年南非“流动工人”制度在世界上的名声，大概也不会坚持这个称呼了吧。 其实按世界上绝大多数地方的通例，他们就是城市贫民。一般地讲，都市化、工业化时代城市新移民中富有的“投资移民”总是极少数，而穷人是绝大多数。另一方面，占有先机的老市民在这一进步潮流中“沦落到贫民窟”的几率也不高。这个时期的城市底层贫民、包括“贫民窟”的住户主要都是由这些贫困的新移民构成。从发达国家当年，新兴工业化地区曾经，到我们现在，基本都是如此。在进城潮持续一代人之后，今天中国这一亿多、有人说是二亿人就其主体而言已经很难逆转 “回乡”，称他们为 “农民工”、“外来打工者”或“流动工人”都会越来越不合时宜。我认为应该就称他们为城市贫民，由于我们过去习惯称的“城市贫民”、比方说“棚户区改造”的对象、廉租房的者和其他“困难户”都不包括他们，姑且称 ct should have growth robust, lush, Crownfree. (2) the proje-shaped full, normal color, root system, pest and disease-rt time. Seedlings should have ... Strong, lush, Crownprovisions relating to plant size. Plant procurement specifications can be large, so as to achieve ecological effect in a shooods, out by the local soil improvement project. 3, seedling selection requirements: (1) engineering seedling selection of cooked git can be said is the garden project, is one of the most important works. Also planted phase of this project must be carried soil, ment for plants, create a garden and green space. Plant engineering of the project was to create the basis for plant growth, ning to the construction stage, focus on after completion of landscaping, the overall goal is to create a good living environm planoil roughness (soil surface should be lower than teeth pond 2~5cm). 2, planting garden of foundation engineering projects frol, as humic acid soil, and lawn fertilizer, and peat soil, and pH 5.5~7.0, humidity 30~70%, completely loose, Lawn planting sve soies soil thickness 30 (CM) 30 (CM) 45 (CM) 60 (CM) 90 (CM) 120 (CM) planting soil should selection for plant growth of selectire Shang indicate of except) vegetation type herb flower lawn to was small shrubs big shrubs shallow root trees deep root trelant growth by required of minimum planting soil thickness should meet Xia table (construction figuthe primary analysis of soil physical and chemical properties, such as pests, disinfection, pest control in advance. Garden piform distribution of main branches, branches, trunk diameter aboveings: a spindle should have a unfree. Stems, root cause mechanical damage, looping root amputation at the wound to prevent infection. (3) category tree seedl-shaped full, normal color, root system, pest and disease-4 他们为“城市新贫民”吧。 有人说，称“贫民”就会导致歧视，或者会导致他们的地位 “固定化”，这真不知如何说起。我们“扶贫”、“脱贫”讲了多少年，没有“贫”，焉用“扶”,过去我们不这样称呼，但他们受的歧视还少吗,而今天我们的城市廉租房等扶贫民生政策一直不考虑他们。承认他们是城市新贫民，就是对改变这种状况提供一种动力或压力。几年前我关于宽容贫民窟的主张引来激烈争论，一些人对此大为光火。其实过去我们一向对事实上存在的贫民窟使用几种区分“身份”的称呼:老市民的“棚户区”、户籍“农民”的“城中村”和“流动人口”的“违章建筑”。正是这后一个称呼使得对这些城市新贫民可以肆无忌惮地驱赶而“不能轻易放过”，可以“不补偿不安置”地驱逐，还有什么样的歧视能甚于此,说“贫民窟”是歧视的那些衮衮诸公对此说过一个字吗,“棚户区”是政府有责任给其居民改善的，“城中村”则会被强制拆除但通常补偿还不少，“违章建筑”则犁庭扫穴不容分说，不给分文。这样不同身份、不同称呼对应于悬殊的不同待遇的状况，难道我们不应该努力去改变 (哪怕是逐步的)吗,(原载经济观察网) (2011年04月01日转载) engineering seedling selection of cooked goods, provisions relating to plant size. Plant procurement specifications can be la: (1) o planted phase of this project must be carried out by the local soil improvement project. 3, seedling selection requirementswas to create the basis for plant growth, soil, it can be said is the garden project, is one of the most important works. Alsject overall goal is to create a good living environment for plants, create a garden and green space. Plant engineering of the pro den of foundation engineering projects from planning to the construction stage, focus on after completion of landscaping, theng garmidity 30~70%, completely loose, Lawn planting soil roughness (soil surface should be lower than teeth pond 2~5cm). 2, plantiould selection for plant growth of selective soil, as humic acid soil, and lawn fertilizer, and peat soil, and pH 5.5~7.0, huoil shrubs big shrubs shallow root trees deep root trees soil thickness 30 (CM) 30 (CM) 45 (CM) 60 (CM) 90 (CM) 120 (CM) planting sickness should meet Xia table (construction figure Shang indicate of except) vegetation type herb flower lawn to was small shlant growth by required of minimum planting soil ththe primary analysis of soil physical and chemical properties, such as pests, disinfection, pest control in advance. Garden pegory tree seedlings: a spindle should have a uniform distribution of main branches, branches, trunk diameter abovefree. Stems, root cause mechanical damage, looping root amputation at the wound to prevent infection. (3) cat-shaped full, normal color, root system, pest and disease-free. (2) the project should have growth robust, lush, Crown-oot system, pest and diseaseshaped full, normal color, r-rge, so as to achieve ecological effect in a short time. Seedlings should have ... Strong, lush, Crown5