[英语学习]现在完成-现在完成进行体

[英语学习]现在完成-现在完成进行体 Present perfect and present perfect progressive 现在完成时 一、现在完成时的意义及其构成: 现在完成时用来示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态, 其结果的影响现在还存在; 也可表示持续到 现在的动作或状态。其构成: have (has) +过去分词 二、通常使用现在完成时的几种情况: 1、表示过去发生的事对现在仍有影响。 The disappearance of Justin has made Kelly very unhappy((Justin在过去失踪，但Kelly至今 仍旧为他的失踪感到不高兴) 2、表示过去开始的动作一直延续到现在。 I haven’t seen Justin since last Friday night((从上周五晚上到现在一直都没有见到过 3、表示动作的确切时间不明确或不重要。 The boy has already come home((男孩已经回家，但没有指出何时回家) 4、表示刚结束的动作。 The police have just finished searching the area((警方刚结束对该地区的搜查) 5、表示反复发生的动作。 Some villagers say that they have seen UFOs many times((村民们曾多次看到UFO) 三、常与现在完成时连用的时间状语 1、 表示过去的事或动作对现在有影响，动作的时间不明确、不重要或动作刚结束，一般可用 already(用于肯定句或疑问句)、yet(用于否定句或疑问句)、ever、just、recently、lately never等。除 before也可用于现在完成时。 此之外， The boy has already come home(男孩已经来家了。 I haven't heard anything from him yet/ recently,lately. 近来，我没收到他的任何信件。 The police have just finished searching the area(警方已经结束对这个地区的搜查。 I've met the old man somewhere before(我以前在某个地方见过那位老人。 2、 表示动作从过去开始，并一直延续到现在，一般可用for,since短语或由since引导的时间状 for后一般跟表示一段时间的短语，在since后一般跟表示某个时间的短语，或表语从句。在介词 示过去时间的状语从句。 We haven't seen him for two years,since 2002(我两年没见到他了/自从2002年以来就没见过他。 We haven't seen him since he left Nanjing(自从他离开南京我们就一直没见到过他。 3、 表示反复发生的动作，一般可用数词+times、recently和lately等。 Some villagers say that they have seen UFOs many times/ recently/lately( 一些村民说他们多次/近来看到飞碟。 四、用于现在完成时的句型: 1) It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分, 用现在完成时。如果主句是过去时，从句相应 例如: 地改为过去完成时。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次参观这座城市。 It was the third time that the boy had been late. 这是男孩第三次迟到了。 2) sb./ sth. + be + 形容词最高级+ that…结构, that从句要用现在完成时。如果主句是过去时，从句相应 。例如: 地改为过去完成时 This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的电影中最好的一部。 You are the most creative man that I have ever met. 你是我遇到过的人中最有创造性的一位。 3) since 引导时间状语从句时，主句用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。例如: It has been/ is a long time since I last came to the city. 自从我上次到城里来，已经有好长一段时间了。 I started my teaching career at the school. That was more than twenty years ago, and I have been there ever since.我是在那个学校开始我的教书生涯。那是二十多年前的事了，从那时起我一直就在那儿。 1 注意: 非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 (错) I have received his letter for a month. (对) I received this letter a month ago. (对) I haven't received his letter for almost a month. 比较since和for 用 法 举 例 since 说明动作起始时间 I have lived here since I was born. 自从出生以来我一直住这儿。 for 说明动作延续时间长度 I have lived here for more than 20 years. 我已经住这儿20多年了。 注意: 并非有for 时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. 我在这儿住了20多年 (我现在已不在这里工作) 。 I have worked here for many years. 我在这里已经工作许多年了(现在我仍在这里工作) 。 注意: 用句型转换的, 很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。 1) (对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2) (错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 显然, 第二句不对, 它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. 例1:--- Do you know our town at all? --- No, this is the first time I ___ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 解析:B。这是It is the first / second time.... that…句型，该结构中的从句 部分, 用现在完成时。四个选项中只有B是现在完成时。 例2:It is the most delicious food I_______ . A. ever had B. even have C. have ever had D. have even had 解析: C。本句句意为:他说这是我吃过的饭中最可口的一顿。符合sb./ sth. + be + 形容词最 + that…结构, that从句要用现在完成时，排除A、B。ever常与最高级连用，加强语气，表高级 “曾经…中最…的”，而even表示甚至，语意不通。 示 例3:--- Have you ____ been to our town before? --- No, it's the first time I ___ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 解析:D。ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别 一般过去时 现在完成时 意义 过去发生的动作或单纯叙 过去发生的事情对现在 述过去的事情, 强调动作 的影响, 强调的是影响。 构成 did have/ has done 常用 yesterday, last week, …ago, for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, 时间 in1980, in October, just now up to now, in the past/ last … years 状语 等具体的时间状语 等不确定的时间状语 动词 come, go, leave, start, die, live, teach, learn, wait, read, work, study, know, stay, be 特征 finish, become, get married, away/in , stay, talk, paint, have等延续性动词 move, join等非持续性动词 2 注意:由when, where等引导的特殊疑问句，较少使用现在完成时，常用 一般过去时。 I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了) I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响, 电影的内容已经知道了) Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. (一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用) Great changes have taken place in the past 10 years. (in the past 10 years是不确定的时间状语) I returned for the book. (回来的动作是非持续性动词) He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续) --- When and where did you buy this computer? (询问者关心的是过去发生的事情的地点、时间) --- I bought it last Sunday at the supermarket. 例1:,Where_____ the map? I can’t see anywhere. ,I _____ it right here just now. A. did you put; have put B. have you put; put C. had you put; was putting D. were you putting; have put 解析:B。第一道横线:由when, where等引导的特殊疑问句，较少使用 ,, 现在完成时因为这种疑问句的询问者关心的是过去发生的事情的地点、时间等这种情况常用 , BC Dwere you 所以排除、;中的一般过去时 putting是过去进行时，表示过去正在放地图了。第二道横线:just now 是具体的时间状语，该用一般过去时，也仅有B正确。 例2:―Don’t put the waste on the ground. ―Oh, I’m very sorry. I _____ the dustbin there. A. don’t see B. isn’t seeing C. didn’t see D. haven’t seen 解析:C。本句句意为:---不要把垃圾扔在地上。---对不起，我没看到那边的垃圾桶。没看到是 A、B;该动作没有对现在产生影响(垃圾并没有扔在垃圾桶里)，刚才的过去的动作，所以排除 所以就用一般过去时。 现在完成进行时 一、现在完成进行时的意义及其构成: 现在完成进行时表示某一动作在过去开始发生, 已经持续到现在, 并且还将持续, 或刚刚停止。其构成: have (has) +been + doing I have been learning English for three years. (学英语这个动作从三年前开始持续到现在，还将继续学) I have been waiting three hours for you. (等待从过去开始，一直持续到现在，刚刚结束) 二、通常使用现在完成进行时的两种情况: 1 表示过去开始的动作一直延续到现在并仍在继续之中。 I have not been sleeping well since I returned home((“我”回家后一直都没有睡好，现在也没有睡好) 2 表示过去开始的动作刚结束并在某种情况下与现在有关联。 Kelly:Sorry I'm late(Have you been waiting long? (凯利刚到，对方虽然不再等了，但已一直等到现在) Sally:Yes(I have been waiting for an hour( 现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示的结果是直接的，而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。如: We have been cleaning the classroom(我们打扫教室来着。 其直接结果可能是:我们身上都是灰。表示教室刚刚打扫过。 We have cleaned the classroom(我们把教室打扫过了。其结果是:现在教室很清洁，可 以用了。表示教室可能是昨天打扫的。 3 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别 现在完成时 现在完成进行时 意义 表示事件或动作刚结束 强调动作仍在继续 构成 have (has) +过去分词 have (has) +been + doing 提问 表示反复发生的动作， 表示持续的、不间断的动作， 方式 提问时用how many times 提问时用how long 谓语 用表示状态或动作的动词做谓语 只能用表示动作的动词做谓语 注意:现在完成时的句子中可以用像never、yet、already和ever这样的词， 而现在完成进行时的句子中则不可以用这样的词。 Helen has read a book about Stonehenge. (可表示海伦已经读完了) Helen has been reading a book about Stonehenge. (表示海伦仍在读) ------ How many times have you visited Egypt this month? ------I have visited Egypt twice this month. (现在完成时在这一组对话当中表示被问者过去往返于埃及和居住地，但现已经回来) ------ How long have you been touring Egypt ? ------ I have been touring Egypt for two months. (现在完成进行时在这一组对话中表示被问者过去一段时间内一直呆在埃及，没有离开过) I have had this camera for five years((had是表示“拥有”状态的动词) I have taken photos of UFOs with this camera. (taken是表示动作的动词) I have been taking photos of UFOs with this camera. (taking是表示动作的动词) I’ve never visited Paris. 我从未参观过巴黎。 I've already been to Paris. 我已经去过巴黎了。 (现在完成时的句子中可以用像never、yet、already和ever这样的副词) 例1:―Kate doesn’t look very well. What’s wrong with her? ― She has a headache because she ___ too long; she ought to stop work. A. has been reading B. had read C. is reading D. was reading 解析:A.。根据句意，头疼是干活这个动作对现在所造成的结果，应该用完成时，排除C、D;B是过去完成时，表示在过去的过去，显然本句中没有这样的过去动作做参照，所以不合题意;本句的结果是头疼了，是干活这个动作对现在所造成的直接的影响，这是现在完成进行时的 用法。 例2:She ______ her mother’s work since she was admitted into hospital. A. is doing B. has been doing C. has done D. has been done 解析:B。since 引导时间状语从句时，主句用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时，排除A。本 D;现在句句意为:自从她母亲住院以来，她一直干着母亲的活，是主动关系，排除被动语态 C选项现在完成时表示“干着母亲的活”完成时和现在完成进行时都表示动作从过去开始，但 这个动作刚结束，与本句题意不符;而D选项现在完成进行时则强调“干着母亲的活”这个动 作仍在继续，正和题意。 4