电动汽车产业分析外文文献

电动汽车产业外文文献 Abstract - A vehicle is consider Green when it more environmentally friendly than the traditional petroleum combustion engine, in which includes any nontraditional vehicle like, HEV, Plug In, EV, Fuel Cell, Bio fuel etc. that improves fuel economy. The development of electric vehicle has been over a hundred years but failure to gain the public acceptance in various stages due to various reasons which explained. While EV was never mass produced, Hybrid electric vehicle gains the momentum in recent years. Ford has launched its second generation of HEV and GM also announced the debut of the Volt in 2010. Comparing to the regular HEV, Plug in is the new trend in hybrid auto development due to extend travel range in electrical mode and a possibility of a zero emission as long as travel distance is less than charging threshold. However, more recently, an electrification trend in automotive industry has been evolved and will revolutionize the industry. With the correct policy and government help and advancement of electric vehicle technology, the prospect of Electric Vehicle will be bright and the focus point of future development. Keywords – electric vehicle, hybrid, plug in, green, history I. INTRODUCTION As associated with energy independence and environmental issue, alternative fuel vehicle, especially Electric and Hybrid electric vehicle has become part of the government policy all over the world. The united State mandates a stricter fuel economy standard. China issued a new energy vehicle policy to accelerate & subsidize the deployment of electric this year and set a goal of 500k for 2011. Hong Kong also set a clear vision for EV application in the near future. As for the auto industry, a silent green resolution is undergo significant transformation after gasoline price rose significantly to exceed US$2 level and market demands for such vehicle. The industry introduced more fuel efficient HEVs and less polluted vehicles to the market. As Oil price surged rapidly during the last few years, the phenomenon has pushed pure electric vehicle development regaining traction among automakers and governments. The consumer market has brought significant gain in alternative fuel vehicle as well as HEV and electric vehicles. A HEV study (Fig. 1) conducted by Polk & Company indicated an upward trend of market share of HEV sales in United State and Western Europe. An even bigger share of HEV and EV were predicted when they combined. In fact, selection of HEV models from OEMs have grown from two (Insight & Prius) in 2000 to more than twenties as today. Sales of the HEV are in the fast track along with more than 300,000 HEV sold in 2007[2]. Further known commitments of HEV and electric vehicle from OEM will improve the HEV production even more. Adding plug-in and electric vehicle to the line up will strengthen and accelerate the current electrification trend. Chevy Volt, the first plug-in hybrid, and a bunch of planned electric vehicles saluted for end consumer in the North America will lead to a round of new energy vehicle in the market. II. HISTORY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT The development of electric vehicle has a long history. Since the invention of electric motor, electric vehicle has been around for 150 years. From simple non-chargeable to modern state of art control system, the development of Electric vehicle can be classified into three stages: A. Early development stage Electric vehicle was considered among the earliest automobile and well ahead of combustion engine. It dominated the vehicle registration with 3:1 comparing to gasoline vehicles in the late 1920s to 1930s and held most of the land vehicle performance record in early 1900s. It was a major transportation tool and widely used in the society for local transportation improved from horse carriages. Until 1930, electric vehicle leadership was overtaken by gasoline vehicle development and was never able to reclaim the status for following reasons: Maturity of Gasoline vehicle and can be mass produced at a reasonable cost. With the mass production of Model T & manufacture process revolution, vehicles became suddenly available to general public and proceed as a way to improve life; Gasoline vehicle took over as the leader and surpass electric vehicle both in performance and cost. Infrastructure improvement and demand of inter-city travel required a longer travel distance that was never able to exploit by electric vehicle before. Lacking of charge infrastructure development, reliable electricity transmission and limited travel distance, electric vehicle no longer suited for consumer demand and lost the edge to regular gasoline vehicle. Limited or no electrical infrastructure support forced the resignation and abundance of earlier electric vehicle. Widely discovery of gasoline in the sate and ready availability of cheap fuel also contributed the spread of gasoline vehicle. Petrol in the 1930s provided a direct cheap source of energy for vehicle transportation. It could be carried around by container which enabled and extended the mobility of owning a vehicle. B. Midterm development (1930s-1980s) Electric vehicle production and development came to a halt as personal transportation after combustion engine took over in 1935. Political sensitivity with OPEC created a necessity of energy independence during the 1960s and 1970s. U.S Government and environmentalist reintroduced tougher fuel efficient standard for the industry and ignited a board interest in electric vehicle in the period. Energy crisis in early 70s driven the US postal service placed a large order of 350 EV test fleet. It is the highest node of midterm development. However, partly due to limited performance, other governmental priorities, lack of board infrastructure support and range of corporation participation, the development quiet down quickly during this period. C. Modern Development Modern EV development was dominated by EV1 who produced by GM for fleet application. Following a program funded by Department of Energy, Ford developed EV Ranger pick up truck, Toyota provided Rav4 EV and Honda had an EV available as well during late 1990s and early 2000s. Unfortunately, this short surge of EV availability did not realized into commercial production because of a complicated issue of politics, economic, education and technology that includes vehicle production cost and safety concerns. EV1, Ranger, Rav4 and Honda EV were intended for fleet test only, almost all the vehicles has been discontinued, destroyed and recycled. Only a handful of electric vehicles were survived under the hands of EV enthusiasts. D. Modern HEV development However, in 1999 and early 2000s, a new type of electric vehicle emerged from pure electric vehicle. Honda introduced the first HEV, Honda Insight, to the US Market that brought another milestone in auto industry. With brisk market acceptance and success of the Prius, HEV technology shows it maturity and potential. Ford introduced the first American hybrid electric vehicle, Escape SUV HEV, during the „Manhattan on a Tank? event and registered 600 miles/tank in congestive city traffic that opened a new era of competition in US among HEVs. By year of 2008, the HEV sales were more than 2.5% for total sales volume. In deep, the next generation of HEV from Toyota, Honda and Ford has introduced into 2009 with further refinement along updated technology. Fuel efficiency has improved as well. Toyota is the clear leader in the HEV arena base on volume and range of models with it “synergy drive system”. Honda and Ford are right behind with their offering in full hybrids. GM offers its “two mode” technology in hybrid passenger cars and trucks as well. E. Future Development As gasoline price rise rapidly, combined with environmental concern, the society renews the call for social responsibility. Electric Vehicle and other AFV suddenly becomes popular again. With announcement of the Chevy Volt plug-in concept couple years ago and pure electric vehicle from Nissan, a new round of EV development has resurrected into OEM?s cycle plan in the up coming years. The fruit of this EV trend will be seen in the next three years. Comparing to previous electric vehicle development, there are a few factors that will ensure this initiation be successful in the future: Vehicle operators are the direct target customers of developing EV. Market driven approach always creates competitive and attractive products at reasonable cost and performance. Early technology and environmental adopter will the initial leaders and users. They are willing to support and has the capability to influence the success. Also various education programs and EV initiatives transform general understanding of fuel efficient vehicles and their benefits. Warm acceptance of electric vehicle is high in the coming years. Cooperation in charge station and infrastructure development has gained attention at different level. Various business models are being explored. The industry and government are confident that final plan will reach prior to the mass launch of electric vehicle. Energy storage technology improvement makes lithium battery application became safe in vehicle. Sophistication of system management upgrades and improves electric vehicle to a comparable level of combustion engine. Lastly, proper government policy provides a development foundation for the industry. Special tax incentives and subsidy will offset consumer burden for purchasing electric vehicle. It is a confident vote for the product when government is willing to provide financial and strategic support. III. CONCLUSION Like many emerging technology, electric vehicle development and application have been around for a long time, but until recently, the technology has not really taken off. Even though HEV started as a good alternative to gasoline vehicle and well publicized by the media, but it only represented as the intermediate step or near term solution. Government regulation and environmental prospect, in particular will drive the adoption of transportation electrification. Electric vehicle will be the final goal. In fact, as OEM introduce more EV model to the end consumer by 2012, the presents of electric vehicle will be widely seen and recognized. Along with new electric vehicle development on the way, it will also introduce tremendous opportunity in associated technology especially in Power electronics. We shall utilize this opportunity and contribute to the green trend. 译文 引言:一辆是绿色时，考虑更多的环境比传统的石油燃烧引擎友好，其中包括任何非传统汽车一样，HEV混合动力装置，插件，电动汽车，燃料电池，生物燃料等，可以改善燃油经济性。电动车的开发已超过100年，但未能获得公众接受在不同阶段，由于各种原因的解释。虽然从来没有大规模生产电动汽车，混合动力电动汽车在近几年增长的势头。福特已经推出了第二代混合动力汽车和通用汽车公司也宣布在2010年伏首演。相较于普通混合动力汽车，堵塞是由于混合动力汽车的发展模式，扩大旅游范围和电力的一个零排放的可能性，只要行走距离的新趋势比收费门槛低。但是，最近以来，在汽车行业的电气化趋势已经形成，它将改变这个行业。有了正确的政策和政府的帮助和电动汽车技术的进步，对电动汽车的前景将是光明和未来发展的聚焦点。 关键字 - 电动汽车，混合动力，插入，绿色，历史 1 引言 由于能源独立和环境问题，替代燃料车辆，特别是电力和混合动力电动汽车已经成为相关政府政策的一部分，在世界各地。在统一的国家任务更严格的燃油经济性。中国发布了一项新能源汽车补贴政策，以加速和部署了今年的电力，并为2011年50万的目标。香港还成立了电动汽车在不久的将来应用的清晰版本。 至于汽车行业，无声的绿色解决是经过重大改造后的汽油价格大幅上涨超过2美元的水平，并为这些车辆的市场需求。业引进更多的混合电动汽车的燃油效率和减少污染车辆的市场。由于石油价格上涨在过去几年里发展很快，这种现象已使纯电动汽车发展的汽车制造商和政府之间恢复牵引力。 消费市场带来了替代燃料汽车以及混合动力汽车和电动汽车重大增益。HEV研究波尔卡公司进行的市场调查显示，如在西欧国家和美国混合动力电动汽车的销售份额上升的趋势。戊型肝炎病毒的一个更大的份额和EV进行了预测时，他们结合起来。事实上，从原始设备制造商选择混合动力汽车模型已经从2000年是只可选择2款(本田的insight和丰田的Pries)到今天的可选择20款之多。在混合动力汽车的销量在快速轨道以及更多的混合动力汽车在2007年超过30万出售。进一步已知的混合动力汽车和电动汽车原始设备制造商承诺将改善混合动力汽车产量甚至更多。添加插件和电动车的线路将进一步加强和加快目前电气化的趋势。 雪佛兰伏特，第一款插入式混合动力车，和一堆(生产)电动汽车(销售商)为对北美北美最终消费者示敬意将在北美市场上引出一轮新能源汽车。 2 电动汽车发展史 电动车的发展有着悠久的历史。由于电动机的发明，电动汽车已经出现了150年。从简单的非充电控制系统，以艺术的现代国家，对电动车的发展可分为三个阶段划分。 2.1早期开发阶段 电动车被认为是最早的汽车和内燃机遥遥领先。它与比较主导20世纪20年代末到30年代3:1汽油车辆的车辆登记，并于1900年代初的土地大部分车辆性能记录。这是一个重大的交通手段和广泛的社会使用当地交通从马车改善。 直到1930，电动汽车领导层取代汽油车的发展，是永远无法回收的状况，原因如下:成熟的汽油车，并且可以在合理的成本大规模生产。随着T型车大规模生产和制造过程的革命，车辆突然成为可供一般公众，进而以此来改善生活;汽油汽车接任领导和赶超的电动汽车的性能和成本。基础设施的改善和城市间的交通需求，往往需要较长的旅行距离，从来没有能够利用由电动车前。缺乏基础设施的发展费用，可靠的电力传输和有限的旅行距离，电动汽车已不再适合消费者的需求，失去了优势，以普通汽油车。有限或没有电子基础设施 的支持被迫辞职和早期电动车数量。 储量丰富的汽油矿藏被广泛发现，以及廉价燃料造就了燃汽交通工具的广泛传播。在20世纪30年代石油能源直接提供了廉价的运输车辆来源。它可以进行这使周围的货柜，延长车辆的拥有流动性 2.2 中期发展阶段(1930s-1980s) 电动车生产和发展来作为个人交通停止燃烧后发动机发生在1935年结束。政治敏感性与欧佩克期间创建60和70年代的能源独立的必要性。美国政府和环保重新提出更严格的燃料效率标准的行业，点燃一期间在电动汽车板的兴趣。能源驱动的美国邮政服务70年代初的危机放在了350电动汽车试验车队大订单。这是中期发展的最高节点。 然而，部分原因是由于性能有限，其他政府优先事项，董事会对公司的基础设施支持和参与范围，在此期间发展低调而迅速的下降。 2.3 现代发展阶段 现代电动汽车发展的主导力量是由通用汽车生产的EV1谁，车队中的应用。继美国能源部资助的计划，福特开发的电动汽车护理拿起卡车，丰田和本田提供的RAV4电动汽车提供了一个电动汽车以及20世纪90年代后期和21世纪初。 不幸的是，这种电动汽车提供短期激增也没有把由于复杂的政治问题，实现商业化生产，经济，教育和技术，其中包括汽车生产成本和安全问题。 EV1电动车，兰杰，RAV4和本田电动车，车队测试的目的只，几乎所有的车辆已经停止出售，销毁和回收。只有极少数的电动汽车存活在爱好者的手中。 2.4 现代HEV的发展 然而，出现在1999年和2000年初，一个新型的电动汽车由纯电动汽车。本田推出了第一款混合动力汽车，本田Insight，对美国市场的汽车行业带来了另一个里程碑，在强劲的市场接受和普瑞斯混合动力技术的成功。表明它的成熟和潜力。福特推出了第一个美国混合动力电动汽车，混合动力SUV车逃逸，在曼哈顿坦克坦克事以及注册600公里每小时在这个充血一般的城市交通开辟了一个新的电动汽车之间的竞争领域 到2008年，混合动力汽车销量超过总销量的2.5,。更进一步，混合动力汽车丰田，本田和福特的下一代，引入更新的技术，沿着2009年进一步完善。燃油效率也同样得到了提高。 丰田公司在数量和型号的混合动力汽车领域的基地范围与它的领导者“协同驱动系统”。本田和福特是正确的落后与他们的完全混合动力汽车产品。通用汽车提供混合动力轿车和卡车的“二模”的技术。 2.5 未来发展 随着汽油价格上涨迅速，环境问题相结合，社会再次对社会责任的呼吁。电动汽车和其他替代性燃料车辆突然变得流行了。 随着公布的雪佛兰伏特插件的概念几年前从日产纯电动汽车的电动汽车发展的新一轮复活成OEM的周期计划在未来几年上升。这种电动汽车的发展趋势成果将在未来的三年中清晰可见。 相较于以前的电动汽车发展，有几个因素将确保这一点开始在未来的成功:车辆经营者发展电动汽车的直接目标客户。市场驱动的方法始终创建以合理的价格和性能竞争力和吸引力的产品。 早期采用者将技术和环境的初步领导人和用户。他们愿意支持并有能力影响的成功。还有各种教育计划和EV倡议转化燃料效率的汽车和一般的了解他们的利益。电动汽车在最近几年将会很容易的被接受。并且有很多教育计划和电动汽车的倡议改革者宽容的理解了车辆的燃油效率和它的好处。 在收费站的合作和基础设施发展出现了不同程度的关注。各种商业模式正在探索。业界和政府有信心，最终计划将达到之前的电动汽车大规模推出。 储能技术的改进使得锂电池应用成为汽车安全的。复杂的系统管理升级系统，提高电动车的燃烧发动机媲美。最后，适当的政府政策，为业界提供了一个发展的基础。特殊的税收优惠和补贴将抵消购买电动汽车的消费者的负担。这是针对该产品的信心投票当政府愿意提供资金和战略支持。 3 结论 像许多新兴的技术，电动汽车的开发和应用已经存在了很长一段时间，但直到最近，这项技术还没有真正起步。尽管混合动力电动汽车开始作为一个很好的替代汽油的车辆，并广为媒体宣传，但它只是作为中间步骤或短期内解决的代表。 政府监管和环境的前景，特别是将带动运输电气化通过。电动汽车将是最终目标。事实上，在2012年推出更多的OEM EV模型到最终消费者，对电动汽车的礼物将被广泛认为和认可。 随着新的道路上电动车的发展，也将推出相关技术，特别是在电力电子技术的巨大机遇。我们将利用这个机会，有助于绿色潮流。