[笔记本键盘字母错乱]改错笔记

[笔记本键盘字母错乱]改错笔记 [笔记本键盘字母错乱]改错笔记 篇一 : 改错笔记 语法之改错笔记 2006-2-3 名词 名词做定语的单复数问 1.名词1修饰名词2时，要求名词1必须是单数，名词2没有要求 如:employment agencies，trees trunks，sentence form，tomato crop 例外:a greetings card a savings banks a communications satellite通讯卫星，bank of communications交通银行 a sports car，sports meeting运动会 a sales girl，sales tax销售税 a systems engineering系统工程 2.man或woman作定语时，其单复数应随所修饰的名词变 如:women boxers，women nurses 3.示某一学科的教授、学生或教科书等与教学相关的名词时，应用学科名本身去修饰名词。[) 如:the highest scientific award => the highest science award A biological book => a biology textbook a mathematics professor a physics student 名词的单复数与限定词的关系 1.many+复数可数n.，much+不可数n. eg:The general sales tax a major source of income for state governments, of which derive more than of their budgets it. as many as 50 percent of the income as much as 2,000 kilometers 2,000 kilometers a long distance many可为代词 by many ? =by many people/something many are ? 其中的many代替前文中提到的某个复数名词 2.some和any 均可加单/复数 some kind某一种 均可加可数和不可数 some money / time 均可为代词 some /any of the books eg:For thousands of years, people of refrigeration beverages and preserve . 3. few ? 否定 ? little a few ? 肯定 ? a little ? ? 可数 不可数 eg:Because they are taken simply to obtain and relatively image , most non-professional photographs demand equipment. 解题技巧: a few/few+复数名词 如:few equipment中equipment没有s，故错。 too few extent中extent没有s，故错。 a few/few也可做代词，如:a few of the boys 4.every和each后跟单数可数名词 如:each main styles 例外:each ten boys每10个男孩，every four years每4年 5.数词 twelve years，five aircraft，several settings 6.one of +复数可数，如:one of the philosophers among +复数可数，如:among the schools ※看到one of，就往后找复数n.。有时候会在离one of很远的地方出现单数n.，错～ eg:John Dewey is generally one of the modern . 7.first，only，single三者既可加单数又可加复数。 如:the first school第一所学校，the first schools第一批学校 a single +单数名词，no single +单数名词，two single rooms 两个单人间 the only friend唯一的朋友，the only friends唯一的一些朋友 8.数量词 有数词时，量词一定是单数。如:five thousand，如没有数词则为thousands of。 表达“一亿本书”: hundred millions books hundreds million books hundreds millions books 应为:hundred million books 9.another+单数可数名词，例外:another two boys other+复数，例外:other part除外 any other+单数 10.a number of +复数名词+复数谓语 the number of +复数名词+单数谓语 重要的名词 eg:Historians some of must be as old and trade. 分析:advertising广告业 1.常考的不可数名词 equipment装备 information信息 wealth财富 evidence证据 news消息 poetry诗歌的总称 machinery机械的总称 research研究 advice建议 weather天气 pressure压力 extent程度 foliage树叶的总称 furniture家具 merchandise商品 photography摄象术 advertising广告业，advertisement广告 规律: 流体:air，smoke，coffee，oil 自然现象:weather，light，darkness，thunder，sunlight 微粒:salt，rice，powder，sugar 抽象:intelligence情报，evidence，wisdom，advice 学科:economics，politics，mathematics，statistics 医学疾病:measles麻疹，mumps腮腺炎，diabetes糖尿病 总称名词:poetry，machinery，weaponry，scenery 2.常考的可数名词 discovery发现 cloud云 mineral矿物质 metal金属 material材料 substance物质 population effort effect影响 animal动物 plant植物 mammal哺乳动物 insect昆虫 tree树 herb草本植物 shrub灌木 element元素 function功能 feature特征 picture图象 result结果 clue线索 star星星 reason原因 audience观众 device设备 structure结构 human，human being system系统 fashion时装/时尚 resource资源 source源泉 origin起源 pioneer先驱 automobile汽车 purpose目的 style风格 response反应/响应 number数量 amount variety quantity数量 type种类 emotion感情 influence 3.常见的不规则单复数 tooth/teeth foot/feet goose/geese鹅 analysis/analyses crisis/crises hypothesis/hypotheses假设 axis/axes轴 alga/algae水藻 larva/larvae昆虫幼体 fungus/fungi真菌 stimulus/stimuli刺激 radius/radii半径 datum/data数据 bacterium/bacteria细菌 medium/media多媒体 spectrum/spectra光 mouse/mice phenomenon/phenomena basis/bases 4.常见的单复数同形的名词 sheep aircraft，spacecraft series species means deer salmon，trout，carp 5.单数形式与复数形式意义有差异的词 air-airs sky-skies water-waters good-goods part-parts mean-means arm-arms custom-customs letter-letters spectacle-spectacles force-forces 6.即可数又不可数的名词 room-rooms work-works military works军事工程 time-times area-areas paper-papers collection由不同种类收藏品组成-collections同一类收藏品 art艺术:in art? be described as an art被描述成一种艺术 all arts? life生命:their lives? the meaning of life?生命的意义 rock岩石:指小块的碎岩则是[U] 指大块的岩石则是[C] 规律: 当不可数名词与“种类”相关时可转化为可数名词 newspaper:18张报纸 eighteen pieces of newspaper 18种报纸 eighteen newspapers food一般情况下是不可数，但指各种各样的食物时是可数 art泛指艺术不可数，表示一种或各种艺术时可数 如何把握一个词是可数还是不可数, ?有没有数的概念 the meaning of life in art ?是抽象还是具体 life具体指生命是可数，抽象就是不可数 study泛指研究是不可数，具体就是可数 冠词 the oxygen/nitrogen × 在自然界in the nature × the economics × 不定冠词 1.a/an的混用 加an:undergraduate understanding herb honest hour oyster 加a:unique unit yawn university 2.a与复数名词混用 3.不定冠词的遗漏 固定短语中a的遗漏: highly rhythmic piece of 加a a series of一系列 a set of一系列 a wide range of大量的 a variety of 各种各样的，大量的 a collection of许多的 a wealth of许多的 a piece of a group of something consists of core group of boys 加a 注意:a piece/group/wealth of 后不能加a/an + n. ?单数可数名词一定有限定词，复数名词前的限定词可有可无 限定词:指示代词 人称代词 不定代词 冠词 所有格 规律: 1.prep. +单数可数名词 × the hardness of mineral => the hardness of a mineral the manufacture of automobile => the manufacture of automobiles 2.v. +单数可数名词 × operated sewing machine => operated sewing machines form grid => form a grid或form grids cover area of 120 square meters => cover an area of 120 square meters 例外: 1.part of = a part of eg:Canadian scarlet-clad and Mounties horseback are of the in Ottawa. 分析:with?on each category of shoe ? = each category of shoes 2.表“种类”的名词后所接名词可单独使用 a kind of，a sort of，a type of 之后的名词可加s，也可不加s，也可 不加the或a 如:a kind of car ? 3.固定词组中的单数可数名词例外 in response to in honor of in danger of 4.in + 单数名词，可以表示在某一方面，某一行业，某一领域 如:in color，in shape，in size，in stage，in medical science eg:All cells differ widely in function. 分析:function可数名词，但在此是不可数，“功能方面” 5.表身份、职务、亲属关系的名词可单独使用 身份职务:chief首领 president总统 前面均可不加the 亲属关系:Little bush, son of George Bush, is running for the office of president. eg:Allan Pinkerton, of detective agency that bears name, directed a Civil War espionage system Confederate lines. 分析:founder是表示身份的名词，前面的a可加可不加，应him?his 定冠词 1.表示“独一无二”要加the Great lakes are => The great lakes are the sun，the moon，our earth 其他星球都不加the the Great Wall 2.序数词做前置定语修饰名词时，前面必须加the。不作定语不一定 加the。 如:Utah ranks first among ranks first among是固定词组 A is second only to B 固定用法，“A仅次于B” 出题方式: 年代:in nineteenth century => in the nineteenth century 排序:the four constitution => the fourth constitution 3.形容词最高级只有做前置定语才加the eg:Proteins form of the the and also enzymes. the most desolate region 陷阱:most的非最高级用法一定不加the 别的成分做前置定语修饰名词，前面不加the eg:Pandas are most plentiful in China. ? 4.表示“开始”与“结束”时，必须加the the beginning the end 5.河流、海洋、湖泊前必须加the winds from Atlantic Ocean => winds from the Atlantic Ocean the Pacific Ocean太平洋 6.城市名、州名、国家名前不加the in Beijing = in the city of Beijing 例外:the United States a United States’ delegate ? 7.nature 在自然界，in nature不加the ……of nature 发自内心的;本质上 faith of nature发自内心的信仰 8.history [histri] 泛指“历史上” in history 特指某种历史 in the history of New Oriental school 9.气体、学科、元素前不加the eg: makes up 78 the Earth atmosphere, the gaseous mass the planet. the economics × 铁元素the iron × the metal iron ?铁金属 10.常用的2个习惯表达: 人体 ? the human body human body × human bodies × 普通人?the average/common person 的用法 adj. 大多数的 most + n. most mammals pron. 大多数 most of + n. most of the mammals adv. 修饰adv.或adj.，表最高级 adv.极其，非常 a most beautiful girl 不加the most与mostly的区别: most作为adj.修饰n.，作为adv.修饰adj.或adv. mostly只修饰动词和介词 如:the mostly intense of sth. × be composed most of water ? be composed mostly of water 12.乐器 play the piano ? 例外:play erhu 代词 1.代词的五种形式间的混用: 主格 宾格 所有格 反身代词 名词?不是反身代词 主格与宾格之间的混用 宾格与所有格之间的混用 主格、宾格、所有格三者之间的混用 考点: 名词前应使用所有格 bears him name × 以他的名字命名 make she debut × 初次登台演出 His studies in genetics won him the Nobel Prize. 反身代词:必须与所在句子的主语一致 比较:He killed him. 他杀另一个 He killed himself. 自杀 self在改错中永远错 2.代词的单复数混用 eg:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies that flowing the Atlantic Ocean from flowing into the Pacific. 分析:divide sth. from sth. 分开…… it?those In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding the word normalcy to social and conditions promised the nation. 分析:coin vt.杜撰 they?he [归纳]经常混用的单复数: its/their it/they he/they it/those that/those one/those himself/themselves 3.代词的性别混用 eg:Many critics that Amy Lwell’s most important is not poetry, but biography, John Keats, the year of her death. 分析:注意人名和表示性别的词～Amy为女，后面有the year of her death。 By distinguishing as a in Arizona, Sandra Day O’Connor President Reagan’s attention and the first woman justice on the Supreme Court. ?代词的性别混用只有2个考点:his/her，himself/herself划线 除了这4个词划线才可能跟性别有关，其他的就不要考虑性别问题。 4.them与those的区别:them特指 those泛指 eg:The of jazz are not of . 分析:them=sounds of jazz those=sounds 5.代词人与物的混用 eg:Although employed in the scientific and fields, the metric is not generally in the United states. 6.关系代词间的混用 who 指代人 which 指动物，事物均可 that 指人，动物，事物均可 ?主要考who和which的混用 who 主格 指代人 whom 宾格 指代人 whose所有格 指代人或物均可 ?主要考who和whose的混用 eg:Charleston, West Virginia, was named for Charles Clendenin, who son George acquired land at the junction of the Elk and Kanawha rivers in 1787. that与which: that: 关系代词，用于引导定语从句，在从句中做主语或宾语，后接不完 整句 连接副词，用于引导主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句，在从句中不 做任何成分，其后接完整句 which: which只可以用于定语从句，是关系代词，在从句中一定做成分， 其后接不完整句 在定语从句中which与that的用法区别: that不可引导非限制性定语从句，which则可。 eg:The term “dinosaur” refers to those animals, real or imagine, that existed millions of years ago. 分析:imagine?imaginary，real or imaginary做插入语。that前面如 果有插入语，可以允许逗号存在。 定语从句中，that前不可有prep.，which则可。 先行词中有only、序数词、最高级、或不定代词时只可用that，不可用which引导。 如:anything that the only students that 7.从句引导词 从句引导词，最根本的作用是标明从句的位置。 ?从句=从句引导词+句子 ?从句是主句的一个句子成分 一般意义区别: 看到以下结构一定错: who+n. which+完整句 prep.+which+完整句 n.+what prep.+what+完整句 whose+谓语动词 when+孤立名词 where+谓语动词 what/which/who/whom/that等关系代词在从句中必须做成分 although / if / until / why / as / since / even though / how / when / where / while / after / because / as soon as等状语从句引导词后必接完整句。 prep.+which / that 后接完整句。 但别忘记although / if / even though / when / while可以发生省略。 从句内不可有与引导词重复者 在定语从句中，that / who /whom /which前必有名词做先行词，若没有则错 任何从句都是正常语序 介词 be credited about doing => be credited with/for/to doing 常考词对:the distance between the stars ? among the two separate realms × rank first among 在……排名第一 1.in / for / since in: in +时刻点 in 1979 用一般过去时 in +一段时间 in recent years/in the past few years 用于完成时态 in two days 用于将来时态 for: 介词:for +一段时间 for three years 用于过去时态和完成时态 并列连词:只可位于句中 句子，for+句子. since: 介词:“自从” +时刻点，用于完成时态 连词:“因为”，引导原因状语从句 eg:Tom was elected president last semester, but he has since devoted few of his spare time to his job. 分析:few?little 此处since是adv. since作为副词: ?与完成时连用:“自从”，表示从过去的某个时间、某个事件至今 eg:Eleanor Roosevelt the standard against which the of United States Presidents since . ?与过去时连用时since =ago Tom died many years since. ? 2.through和throughout eg:Serving as chief of the United States Children’s Bureau from 1921 to 1934, Grace AbBott fought for the rights of women and children through the world. 分析:sever as担任某职务 through?throughout through和throughout的区别: through:?穿过 through the earth ? through the world × ?通过 through X-ray analysis throughout:?throughout +时间，“贯穿” throughout his lifetime throughout their existence ?throughout +地点，“遍布” throughout the world =all over the world= all across the world 3.in / inside / into in和inside表示静态 air into a house ? air inside a house into 表示动态 shot the arrows in the sky ? shot the arrows into the sky into commerce ? in commerce 4.of ?of的遗漏 eg:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has starred in stage, television, and film productions on both sides the Atlantic Ocean. 分析:in+单数n.，表示在某一行业/方面/领域，故in stage不能改 成on stage。 ?of的多余 eg:When she was forty years of old, Mary Morris Vaux became the first woman to climb Mount Stephen in British Columbia. ?of的误用 eg:a common use of gold ? a common use of gold The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. 分析:be rich in = be abundant in 5.by ?be done by:除了固定搭配/词组以外，只要是be done，后面一定 是by eg: of marriage United States a justice of the peace. Algebra is the of mathematics concerned with operations on of numbers or other that are often represented . ?by doing:通过某种方式 eg: east coast, American Indian women’s councils of war at refusing to supply moccasins to supply moccasins and field rations. ?作品by作者，研究by研究人员 6.固定词组 be know as 作为……人而著名 be know for 因为……东西而著名 be responsible for 对……负责 eg:The in the upper jaw those in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and food. 分析:function v.起作用 together with =with 动词 谓语动词 “一致性” 问题 1.主谓一致: 主谓的分割原则:主谓之间可以用定语从句或省略的定语从句分割 eg:The Hopi, the westernmost Puerblo Indians, have multilevel clustered in towns. 分析:主谓一致与插入语无关。主语和插入语是主语和表语的关系。 当主语是复数时，主语和表语可以一致也可以不一致。如:They are doctors. They are a group. 2.定语从句中的主谓一致:谓语由它的发出者决定 one of+复数名词+that:通常谓语是复数 the only one of +复数名词+that:谓语是单数，由one决定谓语 eg:A rocket propellant rapidly and most rockets a that just a few seconds. The , together and several relatives, traveling to the Olympic Games. 3.随前一致: 名词1 together with名词2+谓语动词:由名词1决定谓语动词 along with with of as well as including accompanied by/with 4.就近一致:or，either……or，neither……nor 5.and 不可数名词and不可数名词 ? 谓语还是复数 例外:表示同一整体概念的两个名词例外 war and peace bread and butter black and white law and order to love and to be loved a lawyer and teacher 6.随后一致:与后面的词一致 not……but……，not only……but also…… 7.百分比结构: 当表示为数量或百分比时，谓语由名词决定 most, rest, majority, some, percent, half, one third, fifteen percent……+of+名词+谓语动词 8.倒装句的主谓一致 there be句型 there be+名词 ，由名词决定be动词 There is a book on the desk. ? A book is there on the desk. 由between或among等介词位于句首引起的倒装句的主谓一致 between/among等介词短语 +be +名词，名词决定be eg:Between the foothills of Andes and Pacific Ocean a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 miles . the attractions National Air and Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the presented on the five-story-tall screen. 9.the + adj. 表示一类人时，谓语为复数 如:The rich are ridiculous. 表示抽象名词时，谓语为单数 如:The good is always attractive. 美好的事物总是吸引人的 10.其他 one of +复数名词+单数谓语动词 不定式/动名词/主语从句+单谓 more than one +单n. +单谓 many a +单n. +单谓 a day or two +单谓 11.特殊名词 有些名词表面复数，实际单数:news, economics, measles 有些名词单复同形，需根据句意及前后文确定其单复数:means 谓语动词的时态和语态 时态: 主要考3种 ? 一般现在时，一般过去时，现在完成时 一般现在时:经常发生的动作或客观事实、真理和规律 一般过去时:过去发生的行为或过去存在的状态 现在完成时:过去的行为对现在造成的结果和影响或过去行为延续 至今 出题方式:主要考介词与动词形式间的矛盾 eg:The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. Since 1921 the budget of the United States became the primary responsibility of the president. Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. 分析:since后只能接时刻点，不能接一段时间。since?for for+一 段时间 ? 可用于过去时 In general prawns lived in shallow oastal waters or in streams. 分析:in general本身并不反映时态 ? 既可用于现在时也可用于过 去时 语态: 1.情态动词永远不错 2.虚拟语气不考，但会在无意中涉及表要求、命令及建议的动词或 形容词。多年来只考过4次，且只涉及过should的省略。只考过下 列结构:?S +insist / require +that +S + +动词原形. ?S +make it imperative +that +S + +动词原形. 出题方式:只考主被动 eg:Booker T.Washington viewed as one of the ablest public speakers of his time. 分析:主动:sb. view sth. as sth. 被动:sb. be viewed as sth. 重要的谓语动词 “证明” prove vt. ? prove+sth. vi. ? prove to be sth./adj. 几乎每次都考vi.，经常主动表被动 如:My advice proved to be wrong. eg:A majority of the reports received from people claiming to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 类似的“主动表被动”的词还有:hatch, feed, facing “位于” locate 通常只考被动 vt. ? 定位，确定……的位置 Bats can locate the obstacles. vi. ? 位于 My school is located near a river. locate通常只考被动，如考主动其后应该带宾语。 情感动词:please, move, annoy, surprise please be pleasing 令他人高兴 be pleased 高兴 move The story is so moving. I’m so moved by the story. need, want, require 如:My bicycle needed to be repaired. = My bicycle needed repairing. 非谓语动词 1.现在分词与过去分词的区别: 现分 过分 表主动 表被动 90% 后定/状语 表进行 表完成 10% 前定 强调动作 强调状态 不考 前置定语:the boiling point沸点 the boiled water开水 a retired general一个退休的将军 a falling fruit一个正在下落的水果 a fallen fruit一个落在地上的水果 2.现在分词与过去分词的用法: 用于名词后做后置定语，本质上都等于定语从句，正确与否取决于主被动。 用于句首或句尾做状语，正确与否取决于主被动。 3.常考的接V-ing的动词 enjoy finish forgive avoid mind spend doing celebrate advocate suggest tolerate delay escape quit have trouble/ difficult/ a hard time/ a problem + doing 做……有困难 eg:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their crops. 4.动词不定式的省略用法 help to do = help do help sb. to do = help sb. do eg:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten the lives. 分析:the指代不明，the?their 使役动词:let，make，have，bid let sb. do make sb. do have sb. do / have sth. done bid sb. do 感官动词:see，hear，watch，notice，feel see sb. doing看见某人正在做某事 ? sb. be seen doing see sb. do看见某人做某事的整个过程 ? sb. be seen to do 5.动词不定式的固定用法 the first to do 表“允许”、“迫使”的动词 allow permit enable + sb. to do sth. cause force ?allow / permit sth. allow the ripening of the fruit 表“倾向”的动词或形容词 tend to do，attempt to do 有……趋向 be likely to do/ that+句子 be inclined to do be liable to do，be apt to do 易于…… 表“目的”的名词后不定式做表语 purpose，objective aim，goal The reason +of +sth. +is to do sth. function intention 与接不定式的v.或adj.同词根的n.后也接不定式 be able to do => ability of sth. to do，enable sb. to do decide to do => decision to do attempt to do => attempt to do be ambitious to do => ambition to do try to do => make great efforts to do eg:In the early 1960’s the Civil Rights movement made great efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. 6.动词不定式的其他形式 动词不定式的将来式:表示已安排好或预计要发生的事情 主动:be to do 被动:be to be done 与过去分词的区别:表将来与表完成 如:the surfaces to be glued将要被粘结的表面 to be done表将来 the surfaces glued已被粘结的表面 done表完成 动词不定式的完成式:表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生 主动:to have done 被动:to have been done 如:A majority of the reports received from people claiming to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 其中claiming to have seen…… 先see后claim easy，difficult，simple，hard后不定式主动表被动 如:The problem is easy to solve. This plan is difficult to carry out. eg:The benefit of goat’s milk lies in the fact that it is more easily to digest by infants and invalids than is cow’s milk. 分析:to digest ? to be digested或digested 比较级和最高级 1.比较级与最高级形式上的重复 plentifulest ? most plentiful 2.比较级与最高级之间的混用 若句中含有of, in, among等表范围的介词短语，应用最高级 3.比较级与原级之间的混用 far great × far?比较级的标志词 as…-er…as… not so…-er…as… × less…-er than… × 4.常考的修饰比较级的词 a tiny longer × a minimum larger × 表示多一点:much，much more，far more，a lot 表示一点:a little，a bit，slightly much的用法: ?much不可修饰原级 be much abundant in => be very abundant in so much close to => so close to ?much可修饰不可数名词和过去分词 much time，be much attracted by 5.无than的比较结构 superior to 优于 inferior to 劣于 senior to 年长于 junior to 年轻于 6.绝对形容词无比较级与最高级 绝对形容词:perfect，absolute，vertical，correct，unique，empty the most often × => most often = very often经常 more perfect × the most perfect ? more vertical × 7.倍数表达法 倍数+as +adj.原级+as Peter is three times as old as I am. 倍数+more than Peter is twice older than I. 倍数+n.+of eg:Alaska, the largest state of the United states in area, is more than twice the size than Texas. This house is three times the size of that one. 倍数+that of His weight is three times that of mine. 8.定冠词the与比较级之间的关系 如:Alaska has the cooler temperature than Texas. × the?a 比较级可加the修饰后面的名词，但通常有对照 如:The newer……the older…… The taller boy is much more attractive than the shorter one. ?the+比较级+of the two ? 此处比较级相当于n. 如:the taller of the two boys Jones is the fatter of the two girlfriends of Bill’s. 9.定冠词the与最高级之间的关系 adv.最高级前通常无the 如:Flies live longest in cold temperature. ? adj.最高级做前置定语修饰n.时，必须加the adj.最高级做后置定语时，不加the 如:Those electrons most close to the nucleus are held there…… 离原子核最近的电子…… adj.最高级做表语时，the可加可不加 如:This is where the river is deepest. The consumers consider the best fruit to be that which is the most attractive. earliest的三种用法 [1]earliest作为名词，“早期” 如:from the earliest of Tang dynasty从唐朝的早期开始 [2]earliest作为adj.原级，“很早的” earliest在times，ages前绝对不能加the，为习惯用法 如:from earliest times从远古时代 from earliest ages从远古年代 eg:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. [3]earliest作为adj.最高级，可加the 如:the earliest language 所有格可代替the修饰最高级 eg:Salt Lake City, Utah’s capital and largest city, is industrial and banking center. 分析:Utah’s既修饰capital又修饰largest，应在is和industrial之间 加an 10.数量词+or more结构 如:35 years of age or be older × 1888 miles or more ? 1888 miles or be more × 1888 miles or more than × 七、平行结构 平衡连接词 1.单一式:and，or，but 2.短语式:as well as，rather than，other than，instead of，would rather…than… 3.相关式:from…to…，both…and…，not…but…，as…as…，such…as…，between…and…，from…until…， not only…but also…，neither…or…，the same…as…， either…or…，whether…or…接从句 平行结构的出题形式 1.A and B;not A but B;not only A but also B;between A and B;A other than B;A as well as B 2.A, B and C;A, B, as well as C 3.A, B and C 平行的性质 1.单复数平行: 如:a cell, organ, and tissues × a heart, veins, and arteries ? 平行结构中单复数可以一致也可以不一致，一致与否取决于客观事实及上下文。 eg:The main advertising media include direct mail, radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. 分析:mail不可数。广播radio和电视television不能加s，若加了s则是“收音机”和“电视机”，不是媒体media。而magazine和newspaper必须加s，一份杂志一份报纸不能称之为媒体，只有所有的杂志和报 纸在一起才能称为媒体。 2.时态平行: 平行结构中时态可以不一致，但不同的时态必须有相应的不同时 间。 eg:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated with the imagist movement, but later develops her own thyme patterns and verse forms. Because the papaya grows readily from seed, it spread from its home in Central America and now grows throughout the tropics. 3.词性平行: 平行结构中词性必须一致，但无相应形容词的名词例外。 如:city and regional planning 4.结构形式的平行: 共5种:adj. +n.，v.+宾，doing，to do，done 其中注意不定式: to do, do, and do be done, done, and done 5.语意的平行 eg:Dallas, Texas, has become a national hub of , , and . from fishing to bank × bank?banking 3.排列位置的平行: 以not only……but also……为例: 主+not only +谓+but also +谓 ? Not only +主谓 +but also +谓 × Not only +主谓 +but also +主谓 ? eg:-----the surface of metal, but also weakens it. Not only does rust corrode Not only rust corrodes Rust, which not only corrodes Rust not only corrodes 关于not only……but also……的省略 1.……not only……but …… 2.Not only主谓倒装+but +主谓 3.Not only主谓倒装，主+also +谓 4. ……not only……but……as well. 八、词性混用 1.做表语:名词、形容词、分词及副词间的混用 be +adv. =>be +adj. 副词永远不能做表语 be +n. =>be +adj. 单独一个名词不能做表语，抽象名词不能做表语 The books are no use. => The books are not useful. The books have no use. The books are of no use. Those animals are benefit. => Those animals are beneficial. be +n. +prep. => be +adj. +prep. 名词短语不能做表语，形容词短语 可以做表语 be fame for => be famous for be value for => be valuable for 表语唯一原则:be+表语+表语=> be+副词+表语 are typical more concerned with => are typically more concerned with be completed enclosed => be completely enclosed be original a poem => be originally a poem be financial successful => be financially successful 2.做宾语:名词和动名词的混用 原则:名词与动名词意思一样，优先使用名词 如:knowing?knowledge，puzzling?puzzle，supplying?supply， demanding?demand 但不同义的名词无优先性:jump/jumping，gamble/gambling 名词做宾语时其后不可以接宾语，而动名词做宾语时其后可以接宾 语。 动名词前可接the，但接the后成为一个纯粹的名词，因此其后不可 再加宾语。如:the making of any work of art 3.状语从句引导词与近义介词或近义副词的混用 when, while 与 during, in ? ? conj.+句子 prep.+宾语 考点:when/while +孤立n. × during +句子 × although=though 与 despite=in spite of ? ? conj.+句子 prep.+宾语 考点:despite +句子 × Although +句子，句子。= Despite the fact that +句子，句子。 even though 与 even eg:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided names for towns, only George Washington is remembered in the name of a state. 4.平衡连接词与近义副词之间的混用 and / also 考点:v. +also +v. × n. +also +n. × mines also quarries or / else but / instead 5.表示人的名词与表示物的同根名词之间的混用 editor?editorial composition?composer architect?architecture inventor?invention music?musician sculptor?sculpture poem/poetry?poet engineer?engineering novelist?novel educator?education settler?settlement manager?management 6.作定语:形容词和名词的混用 原则:同义的形容词比名词优先 但有3种例外: n.1修饰n2，表示n.2的内在属性、品质或种类时，使用名词作定 语，不改为形容词 如:a steel frame，a stone table，intelligence test，wildlife conservation organization eg:Because their properties differ from those of their constituents, proper alloys can great increase the corrosion resistance of a metal. 分析:great只可修饰adj.或adv.，而greatly只可修饰动词。corrosion resistance ? 当n.1+n.2有特定含义时，使用名词做定语，不改为形容词 如:exhibition flights，color monitor，beauty saloon，safety standard eg:Laminated safety glass is produced with combining alternate layers of flat glass and plastic. 分析:safety glass防弹玻璃 with?by 当名词没有同义的形容词时，使用名词作定语 如:city planning，the state government，a boy friend，the student union : 1.n.1+n.2最后考虑 2.n.1有无同义形容词。如果无，则对;如果有，则再看是否符合例外，如符合例外则对，否则不对。 3.最后结合句意进行判断:conservation organization ，conservative organization 7.作修饰语:形容词和副词之间的混用 adv. +n. => adj. +n. 陷阱1:adv.+同位语 ? 如:The common cold, normally a minor illness, can threaten the health of patients. Once a teacher, franklin…… essential a theory ? essentially a theory 陷阱2:be +adv. +n. ? 副词修饰名词时错，而修饰be时对 eg:Mexican are seeds contain moth larvae activity causes the seeds to “jump”. 分析:actually修饰are，并没有错。C中in多余。 adj. +adj. +n. ? 可对可错，正确与否取决于形容词能否修饰名词 如:an old red bicycle 其中old和red均可修饰bicycle a frequent beautiful girl × 其中frequent不能修饰girl，frequent?frequently adv. +adj. +n. ? 可对可错 正确:adv.修饰adj.，且adj.修饰n. 错误:adv.不能修饰adj.，但adj.能修饰n. eg: do artificial with food and shelter, they also serve as underwater landmarks. 分析:importantly?important，importantly不能修饰underwater。 adv. +数词+n. ? 数词+adv. +n. × 数词+adj. +n. ? adj.+数词+n. × eg:The General Sherman tree, a giant sequoia in California, has grown to be the world’ s largest plant at approximate 272 feet tall. adj.不能修饰adj./adv./v./prep./分词/数词，只能修饰n. 九、词序的颠倒 1.形容词与名词间的词序 n. +adj. ?adj. +n. 例外: 以a-开头的形容词，只可做后置定语和表语，不可做前置定语 如:alike, alive , alone be alive ? alive matter?living matter any land mammals alive ? green plants alone ? 以-ble, -ible, -able或-ful结尾的形容词可做后置定语 如:Are there any tickets available? Could you please tell me the solution possible? the lowest temperature possible a woman successful in medical science 如果形容词在词组中，通常放在名词后 如:any boy clever at games ? any clever boy at games × a desk close to the window? n. +adj.可为独立主格结构 如:Her brushes were always clean, her colors fresh and brightness. => Her brushes were always clean, and her colors were always fresh and bright. 不定代词+adj. 如:something strange 2.副词与形容词/分词/介词间的语序 副词与形容词间的词序 adj. +adv.?adv. +adj. 通常adv.放在adj.前修饰adj. 例外:enough?只可后置修饰形容词和副词 副词与介词间的词序 prep. +adv. +n.?adv. +prep. +n 如:opposite directly the Sun?directly opposite the Sun 副词与分词间的词序 分词+adv. +n.?adv.+分词+n. 如:controlled precisely?precisely controlled 3.主+系+表 结构 主系表 ? 表系主 ? 主表系 × 如:remains visible remained associated with ? became known as ? stay warm ? rest motionless ? 常考的系动词: [1]保持状态:remain, maintain, stay, rest, lie, exist, be [2]转变:become, grow, turn, get [3]感官动词:look, appear, seem, sound, feel, taste, smell 4.多种修饰成分的排列次序 限定词+数词+形容词+名词 限定词?冠词，指示代词，人称代词，不定代词 数词?序数词，基数词 形容词?描述性，形状，大小，长短，新旧，老少，颜色，国籍， 材料，内容，质地 如:The man has the first two beautiful long old red French sports cars. 5.以分词为中心的合成词，将分词置于词尾 plant-eating，cup-shaped，warm-blooded，long-bladed smooth-skined，bridge-building，shout-handed ?只要选项里有此类合成词，则为答案。 6.当more修饰形容词和副词时，应该将其置于所修饰词的前面。 如:more still abundant?still more abundant 当only, more than, less than等修饰“数量”名词时，应紧接在该名词前。 如:The bridge only is 3 feet long. => The bridge is only 3 feet long. 7.动词短语和副词的位置 如:has not reached yet the stage?has not yet reached the stage has not reached the stage yet 当动词短语为完成式或被动式时，修饰动词短语的副词通常夹在动词短语当中 如:have already done，be well done 若动词短语中有prep.，副词放在prep.前为佳 如:has come from，be made from，be confined to 8.常考的最长词序: the+最高级+adv.+分词+adj. +n. 如:the oldest continuously occupied permanent settlement the most widely praised writer the highly respected zoologist the most widely grown plant 但其中的分词和adj.的位置可以颠倒，它们离n.的远近取决于与n.的亲近程度 如:motorized, original, airplane => original motorized airplane最初的 机动飞机 the longest continuous marked footpath => the longest continuously marked footpath 十、句子结构 1.主语的重复: 名词+代词+谓语 S1，插入语，S2 V O 定语从句中的主语重复:名词+which+主谓宾 2.主语的缺失: prep. +which + V O 状语从句引导词+ V O 3.谓语的重复: 主谓…谓。 主谓，谓。 4.谓语的缺失: 句中无动词 句子中有动词，但全为非谓语动词 5.宾语的缺失:n. +that +vt.后缺宾语 如:…particles that make up ?…particles that make them up 6.主句的重复: 单句，单句。 单句+prep.+单句。 adv.+单句，单句。 7.主句的缺失: 连词+单句，连词+单句。 如:Since+单句，therefore+单句。× eg:When a pearl in half and examined under , its layers can . 篇二 : 笔记本键盘字母错乱解决办法 相信有不少用户会遇到笔记本键盘按键错乱的问题，多数情况下是自己的一些误操作造成的，也有可能是笔记本键盘故障导致的，根据多少年的经验下面与大家分享下键盘错乱的原因与解决办法，有类似情况的朋友可以参考下。两个键即可关闭数字键盘，那么这些键就会重新变成平常的字母键了，有的笔记本电脑上有个指示灯指示,,,,,,,,;,键是否开启，我们从指示灯可以判断笔记本数字键盘的开启与否。 第三、注册表被病毒修改导致键盘按键错乱的解决方法 ,、开机按,,不动到高级选项出现在松手，选“最近一次的正确配置”回车修复。重新进入系统后，看键盘按键是否正常，还是不正常的话，请看下一步。 ,、我们先点击开始——设置——控制面板——区域和语言选项——语言——详细信息删除多余的一些键盘服务项目，只保留“简体中文—美式键盘”和必要中文输入法。重启系统后，看键盘按键是否正常，不正常的话，请看下一步。 ,、如果上述方法还是没有解决问题的话，我们可以下载一个,,,杀毒，金山毒霸等电脑安全软件，这样的软件里面有电脑门诊的功能，我们在电脑门诊功能区找到键盘相关故障的修复功能，然后点击“立即修复”，软件即可自动修复因为注册表被修改而导致电脑键盘按键错误的故障。 第四、如果采用上述方法还是不能解决键盘按键错位的问题，那么就只有更换键盘了，假如你是笔记本电脑的话，可以外接一个键盘也可以直接到维修部或电脑城买一个和你的笔记本电脑相配的键盘进行更换。 二、笔记本键盘按键错乱的解决方法 ,、如果是键盘锁数字键了，那么你可以使用,,键与数字键切换就可以了，可许多不同牌子的电脑或许不存在这样的键，那么可以使用点击“开始,所有程序,附件,辅助工具,屏幕键盘”，在启动屏幕键盘后肯定会看到被红色框住显示的,,,按钮，用鼠标点击一下也是可恢复键盘功能的。 ,、如果是键盘进水或者是进入其他的什么东西的话，那么就只能是到电脑维修部进行维修了。 ,、电脑中病毒也是会使电脑的许多功能受到损坏的，可以先对电脑杀毒，最后在电脑医生中还原系统注册表表，恢复默认设置，这样对于不熟悉电脑的朋友而言也是有效的。 ,、操作系统出现故障，那么你就要对其进行修复了，你可以重新换个系统，这样你的问题也会不存在了。 ,、其中有的也可能是 由于硬件和软件的缘故引起的，可以试用外键盘，这样你才知道到底是本来的软件程序出错还是硬件的原因了。 三、笔记本键盘按键错乱怎么修复 原因一、键盘输入功能被切换 解决的方法其实很简单，关闭小键盘即可，但由于笔记本厂商各类型笔记本不同，所以关闭和打开小键盘的方式也有所不同，但几乎都是,,键，数字锁定键，或者,,,,,键，数字锁定键。 小编收集了部分品牌型号的笔记本电脑关闭小键盘的方法: ,,惠普,,系列,,,,,,，,,,,,;,键 ,,惠普康柏,,系列,,,,,,，,;,,,,键 ,,,,戴尔，,,,,,,,系列,,,,,,，,,键 ,,,,戴尔,,,,,,系列,,,,,,，,,,,,;,键 ，,,,,,,,,,,,，,,,,,;,键 联想,,,,,,,,系列,,,,,,，,,,,,;,,,,键 联想旭日,系列,,,,,,，,,,,键 联想,系列,,,,,,，,,,,键 宏基,系列,,,,,,，,,,键 由于笔记本型号众多，所用关闭小键盘的方法略有不同，小编这里就不能一一列举出所有的方法了，但方法都大同小异，需要先找到, ,,,,,,键。 原因二、输入法出问题 现在很多人都比较少使用,,,,,,,系统自带的输入法了，因为虽然稳定，但输入效率实在是低。于是都下载各种各样的新潮输入法安装在电脑里面，或者是安装了其他别的软件造成相互之间的冲突，最后导致系统不稳定、输入法崩溃的现象时有发生。 小编使用的笔记本安装了搜狗拼音输入法有时候就会卡死造成笔记本键盘打不出字的假象。这时可能需要等一会儿键盘才可以打出字，或者重启电脑。 同时小编建议不要安装多个相同功能的输入法了，国内的互联网企业大多就这样，为了自利而藐视用户权益的事情是常有发生的。所以这个时候笔记本键盘打不出字也就不足为奇了。 原因三、笔记本键盘故障 这个首先要说下笔记本键盘的,,，不明白这个概念无所谓，如果上面的方法你都试过了键盘还是打不出字来，就有可能是这个问题了。这时你把笔记本电池和电源适配器都拔掉然后重新插上试试。 如果上面的方法都试过了还是没有解决问题，估计你笔记本键盘就出现了硬件故障了，比如进水、掉键、进异物等导致笔记本键盘里面的线路出现短路、断路等现象，这种情况键盘自然是打不出字来了，送去笔记本维修点或售后那里处理吧。