句子成分分析非谓语动词

句子成分分析非谓语动词 在每年的英语高考试题中非谓语动词都占有20分以上的分数，足见它的重要性。 在解决非谓语动词的考查中，往往很多学生不知所措。个人认为对句子成分的掌握是很重 的一个因素,下面我将从句子成分的角度来对非谓语动词进行分析，以利于大家掌握。 一. 主语. (1). To clean the room is my job today. (不定式) (2). Cleaning the room is my everyday job.(动名词) (3). To teach these students will be very interesting. (不定式) (4). Teaching these students is very interesting. (动名词) 从上面的(1)和(3) 我们可以发现不定式作主语示具体或将来的动作,而动名词作主语(2)和(4)表示动作的反复发生或经常性的动作.不定式作主语的时候我们可以使用形式主语it的形式来进行表述,看下面的例子: (1).It is important for us young people to learn English well. (2).It is very kind of you to help me. 以上两个例句可以为这样的句型:it +be +adj for/of sb to do sth,与介词for 搭配的形容词经常为:important, necessary, possible, impossible, useful 等,而与介词of 搭配的形容词经常是:good, clever, foolish, wise, rude, silly 等表示与人的品性有关的形容词.既然不定式可以用形式主语,那么动名词也可以使用这种方式,见下面的例子, (1). It is no use talking about it with him. (2). His coming late to school made the teacher very angry. 第一种结构常见于以下句型: (1). It +be no good/use doing (2). It + be of no good /use /useless doing (3). There +be + no good /use /point/ trouble /difficulty doing 上面的例句His coming late to school made the teacher very angry.是动名词的复合结构作主语,其中his 不可以改为him. (在动名词作宾语中有说明) 二. 表语 (1). My job is to clean the room today.(不定式) (2). My everyday job is cleaning the room. (动名词) (3). The new is very exciting .(现在分词) (4). I was excited at the news.(过去分词) 从例(1) 我们可以知道不定式作表语表示动作的具体性,而例(2)表明动名词作表语表示动作的反复或经常性. 例(3)的现 在分词作表语表示主语的特征,翻译为“令人．．．．＂，例（４）过去分词作表语表示主语的状态，与人的心理活动有 关，这类动词为：interest, surprise ,please, disappoint, discourage等．另外我们有时候会遇到这种情况，系表结构中 主语和表语都是非谓语动词，这样的话前后要保持一致，例如： （1）．To see is to believe. (2). Seeing is believing . 前后的主语和表语不可以进行交叉使用． 三．宾语 （一）．不定式 1．只接不定式作宾语：afford, agree, decide , hope ,wish, plan, manage，promise ,want等 （１）.He wants to help me. (2) . He promised to help me do that job. 2.vt +疑问词+不定式: discuss ,wonder ,know, tell, teach (1). They are discussing how to do it. (2). Please tell me what to do next. 3.v +介词+疑问词+不定式： (1).Give me some advice on how to deal with the problem. (2).They are talking about when to go there. (二)．动名词 １．只接动名词作宾语：avoid ,finish, mind , enjoy, risk, practise, imagine, appreciate, delay, put off, give up, insist on, resist. (1). He always practices speaking English in the morning. (2). The lucky bird avoided being shot by the hunter. (3). I will appreciate hearing from you now and then. 2. love, like, prefer 接不定式与动名词的差别 （１）.He loves seeing films. He likes staying at home reading ,but he loves to go the cinema to see “The Seven Swords”. (2). He prefers to stay at home rather than go to the cinema. He prefers staying at home to going to the cinema. 3. allow, permit, forbid (1). We don’t allow smoking here. We don’t allow you to smoke here. (2). We forbid their entering the room. We forbade them to enter the room. 4. (1)try, remember, forget, regret, stop, mean 接不定式与动名词的区别 (2) want ,need ,require 接不定式与动名词的区别 四. 定语 (一). 不定式 (1). I have a lot of work to do .(将来) (2). Do you have anything to be typed ,sir? No, thanks. I had had them finished yesterday. (3). He is a nice person to get along with. 不定式作定语是经常表示将来的概念,例(1)和(2)是比较常见的考查,注意比较不定式的逻辑主语是不是句子的主语,如果 是,那么用不定式的主动形式,否则使用不定式的被动形式.例(3)提醒大家注意不定式作定语时,有时侯一些不及物动词须和相应的介词搭配之后才能作修饰成分.另举几例: (4).He is the one to send the letter to . (5).They had no room to live in. (6).They haven’t got any tool to do the work with. (二). 动名词 : 动名词作定语表示被修饰词的用途,这一点一定要和现在分词作定语区别开来,看下面的例子: (1). A swimming pool = a pool that is used to swim in （２） a walking stick = a stick that is used to walk with （动名词） (3). A sleeping boy = a boy who is sleeping （现在分词） (4). A running car = a car that is running 动名词作定语一般表示被修饰词的用途，而现在分词作定语在例（３）和（４）中表示被修饰词所处的某种状态或动 作的进行． （三）．现在分词 １．表示动作正在进行，或无确切时间． (1). Who is the man standing there? (2).There a tree standing in front of my house. (3). He showed us around the factory being built there . 2. 说明中心词所具有的动作功能，一般翻译成＂使／令人．．．．．．．＂ The moving story moved everyone to tears. The frightening noise frightened everyone present. 此处所使用的现在分词往往与人的心理状态动词有关，例如：surprise, disappoint, please, discourage, tire, move, frighten等．在过去分词作定语中我们将对它们进行比较． （四）．过去分词 １．过去分词和中心词之间是被动关系，表示时间上的完成概念． （１）．The building built last year can hold 1000 people. (２)． The question discussed at the meeting yesterday is of great importance. 2. 过去分词表示动作的完成情况． （１）．The ground is covered with fallen leaves. (２)． America is a developed country. 类似的词有：boiling/boiled, burning /burnt, falling/fallen, developing/developed等． 3. 表示与人的心理活动有关． （１）．The puzzled look on his face suggested that he didn’t understand the question.此句暗含：He was puzzled at the question 之意．试比较下句：（１）．The puzzling question made him puzzled. （２）． With the son disappointing, the parents felt very disappointed. 上面的两个例子告诉我们应该注意每个句子本身的意义然后再去决定使用哪种分词形 式，不能一概而论．出现与事物有关的就是现在分词，与人有关的就是过去分词． 五．状语 （一）．不定式 １．目的状语：不定式作状语通常可以使用in order to 或so as to 进行替换，但是我们应该注意，in order to 可以放在 句首或句中，而so as to 只能用在句子中间，看下面的例句： (1). To /In order to catch the first train, he got up early this morning . 此句可以改写为： He got up early in the morning to/ in order to/so as to catch the first train.此句也可以改写为：He got up early in the morning so that /in order that he could catch the first train. 2．原因状语：放在表示情感或心理方面的形容词或过去分词之后来说明产生情绪的原因．例： （１）．I’m very happy to see you here （２）．He was disappointed to learn that he failed again. (３)．We were frightened to hear the bad news. 3. 结果状语：通常出现于以下固定搭配中，too….to, enough to….. , so….as to…..,such…..as to…..,only,例如： （1）.My hand is too cold to write. (2). He was so angry as to be unable to speak. (3). He was such a fool as to believe this. (4). He arrived at the station, only to be told that the train had left. (二) ．现在分词 １．时间状语： （１）．Hearing the bad news, he cried= As soon as he heard the bad news he cried. （２）．Wandering through the street, I didn’t know where to go.此句可替换为： While/When wandering through the street, I didn’t know where to go . 如果非谓语的动作发生在主句的动作之前，那么非谓语可以使用完成时态，如： （１）．Having finished the work, he left the office. ２．原因状语 （１）． Not knowing what to do, he was at a loss. （２）． Having worked for a long time, we all felt very tired. ３．伴随（方式）状语 （１）．Don’t sit there, doing nothing at all. （２）．He came here running all the way. （３）．Mother is in the kitchen cooking. 4. 结果状语 （１）．They fired at the enemy, killing two. （２）．His parents died, leaving him an orphan. ５．其他状语 （１）．Having been told many times ,he still couldn’t remember the rule.（让步状语） （２）．Standing on the top of the mountain, you can see the village more clearly.（条件状语） （三）．过去分词 １．时间或条件状语 Heated ,water can be turned into gases.此句可以改写为：If/When water is heated ,it can be turned into gases. 2. 方式（伴随）状语 （１）The teacher came in, followed by his students. （２）．The man sat there ,lost in thought.此句注意,过去分词作伴随状语时，一般省略系词． 3. 原因状语 （１）．Praised by the teacher at the meeting, he felt very happy. （２）．Hunted everywhere ,the wolf had nowhere to hide. 4. 让步状语 （１）．Seriously wounded ,he still kept on fighting. （２）．Told many times ,he just couldn’t remember it.此句也可以改写为：Though having been told many times ,he just couldn’t remember it. 六．补语 （一）不定式作补语： （１）．Ｉasked him to go there. （２）．We watched him cross the street.不定式作补语要注意以下几点： A. 使役动词:5看3让2听1感觉带get, 注意主动和被动的区别,见下面的例子: （１）． We saw him cross the street. （２）． He was seen to cross the street. （３）．We got him to do the job. 这些词中let 和have 是不用被动语态的，希望大家注意． B. think, consider, suppose, believe, Imagine, prove, find等词后的补语仅限于to be 且可以省略，例： （１）． We think him (to be ) clever. （２）． We found the problem (to be ) difficult to sole. C. call on, ask for, wait for, depend on等后用带to 的补语，例， （１）．The Party called on us to work for the country. （２）．You can’t depend on him to help you when you are in trouble. D. 其他动词的补语要补好to,例 He doesn’t permit people to smoke in his room. （二）．现在分词 A. 在感官动词之后，表示动作的进行： （１）． We saw him crying when we came in. （２）． We heard a girl shouting in the next room. B. 在keep, leave, get , set, send , catch 之后用现在分词作宾补，例： （１）．They caught the young man stealing in the supermarket. （２）．Don’t leave the boy waiting outside in the rain. （３）．What he said at the meeting set us thinking. 注意：a. 现在分词不能作 make ,let 的宾补 b. 瞬间动词的现在分词不作宾补： Don’t keep your eyes shutting to this.(×) Don’t keep your eyes shut to this. (?) （三）．过去分词作状语 1．过去分词与宾语为被动关系，说明宾语的状态，表示完成或不确切时间． （１）．When he returned home, he found his house broken into. （２）．He had his hair cut yesterday. ２．过去分词说明宾语的状态，表示动作完成，没有被动关系或被动意味很弱． （１）．When he returned his hometown, we found him greatly changed. （２）．He left his wound exposed in the sun. 七．独立主格 １．名词／代词+现在分词（主谓关系），如： (1). The old man leading us the way, we found the village easily.=Led by the old man, we found the village easily. (2).Weather permitting, we will go hunting next week. 2. 名词／代词+ 过去分词（动宾关系），如： (1). Our homework finished ,we all went out to play. (2). The windows broken up, all the boys playing football ran away right away. 3. 名词／代词+ 不定式（表示将来）．如： （１）．She to lead us the way, we can find the village easily. （２）．I will a third of the money borrowed from you, the rest to follow in a year. 4. 名词／代词+ 形容词（表示状态）．如： （１）．The meeting over , we all went home. （２）．The boy stood there, his face red with anger. 5. 名词／代词+ 地点副词．如： Everyone here, we can begin our meeting now. 6. 名词／代词+ 介词短语（介词前后的名词没有任何修饰词）．如： The teacher came in, book in hand.(?) The teacher came in, a book in his hand.(×) 但是我们可以使用 with 的复合结构：The teacher came in, with a book in his hand. 分享源源不断