碑学：涵义的生成

碑学：涵义的生成 碑学:涵义的生成 周勋君 内容摘要:‚碑学?是近代书法史上最重要的概念之一～但当事人从未对它的含义做出令人信服的说明～现代研究者对其定义进行了讨论～迄今也没有得出令人满意的结果。其中有多种原因～最重要的～是清人自己对此从未有过明确的意识～从‚碑学?的兴起到晚期的康有为均如此。本文致力通过对文献的细致解读～清理出众多现象下隐藏的线索～阐明‚碑学?涵义积淀、形成的内在理路。 关 键 词:碑学 康有为 篆隶 杂沓笔端 体在××之间 作者简介:周勋君～助理研究员～中国社会科学院中国社会科学网综合编辑室副主任。文学博士～艺术学博士后。研究方向:书法史论。 一 概念的纠纷 “碑学”这个概念作为指称一个历史时期特殊而显著的书法现象来说是确定无疑的，但这一概念自身的含义却并非如此。故一百多年来人们不断对之作出追查和讨论，尤其是今天。纵观诸名家的有关著述，人们对“碑学”的阐释和定义不外从以下七个角度切入: 一、字体角度(取法或创作的字体为篆、隶、楷、行、草中的一种、几种或全部) 二、时间角度(取法对象是六朝书、唐以前书、秦汉书，或更早) 三、材质角度(取法对象为金石、简牍或纸、帛墨书) 四、功能角度(取法对象为碑版、法书或刻帖) 五、风格角度(书迹精美或粗率) 六、书者身份角度(取法对象的作者为名家或无名氏) 七、地域角度(取法书迹是北方书或南方书) 诸学者或名家多从中撷取一个或几个角度来对各自的碑学概念予以限定。 例如，白蕉紧贴“碑”、“帖”的本意，从材质和功能两个角度对碑学、帖[1]学的概念予以区分。王学仲先生以为“帖学出于贵族，碑学多师乡土书家”，[2]仅从书者身份角度对碑学予以定义。韩玉涛先生选取从字体和时间两个角度来定义他的碑学概念。他说“所谓碑学，简言之，即以北魏民间楷书为学习目标的[3][4]楷书运动。” 丛文俊先生定义碑学的出发点与韩氏雷同，但在字体上他做了延伸，以为只要是引入了方笔拙势的行、草书，习惯上也当归入碑学。至于“篆[5]隶”，那是古体书法，当与碑学、帖学“鼎足而三”。白谦慎先生对碑学的定义没有涉及字体，但更见细致，他分别从时间、书者身份、材质和风格四个方面对碑学的含义进行了封锁——“指清代以后取法唐以前二王以外的金石文字，以[6]求古朴稚拙意趣的书法。” 以上是比较明确的定义，但即使在这些定义中，已经显露出若干不能自圆其说的疑问。 1 [7]以韩玉涛先生而言，他一再申明“碑学”是专指楷书(真书)的，同时他[8]说碑学的不可饶恕之处在于“篆隶振兴，草法澌灭”，韩氏这句话的本意旨在道出碑学与草书的势不两立。却不料暴露出另外一个问题:他对碑学的定义是学习“楷书”的“楷书运动”，为什么碑学振兴的却是“篆隶”,字体窜位的矛盾[9]在其他地方也不时显露出来。可以肯定韩氏的碑学概念里是不包括草书的，但篆隶与碑学究竟是一种什么关系,一边数度表明碑学是针对楷书而言，一边又处处混进“篆隶”，这是否可视为他认知上的含混之处,在同一问题上态度雷同的[10]是以治书法史知名的刘涛先生。他一方面说“以书体论，指楷书”，一方面以类似丛文俊先生的逻辑为参有“北碑笔法”的隶、行、草书打开碑学的方便之门[11]，奇怪的是，他独独落下了篆书，用北碑笔法写篆书，是不是也该纳入“碑学”的阵营,此外，究竟何为“北碑笔法”,后面我们将看到，这不是个别现象，对于“碑学”中的字体问题，许多学者都流露出类似的含混态度。 以白谦慎先生而言，他不能令自己满意的是风格的限定。上文中所引他对碑[12]学的定义在时间上最迟不超过2006年，在2007年元旦完成的一篇序言中，白氏修正了自己的观点。在这篇文章中，他采纳了华人德先生的意见，认为碑学、帖学的“本质区别”在于:帖学的取法对象是历代名家法书，碑学的取法对象是唐以前无名氏书迹。这让人联想起王学仲先生的观点，突出从书者身份的角度出发来区分碑学和帖学。至于先头强调过的风格，白先生这次承认:“‘碑学’取法的无名氏书迹，既有粗糙的，也有极为精美的。”而“精美”一词，本是他对[13]帖学风格的限定。现在，他否认了风格说，弱化了材质说(不再突出“金石文字”，以“书迹”笼统代之)，把目光集中到了书者身份和时间这两个节点上。 以上几家暴露的分别是从字体和风格上对碑学进行定义的困难。 其他更复杂的定义和阐释可从刘恒、华人德两位先生的著述中窥见一斑。 刘恒先生对碑学的直接定义读来非常简略:“‘碑学’则是指重视汉、魏、南北朝碑版石刻的书法史观、审美主张以及主要以碑刻为取法对象的创作风气。”[14]似乎他更关注的是对所谓“书法史观”、“审美主张”、“创作风气”三者的区分，就我们所拟七个具体要素来说，他仅涉及取法对象的时间和材质。但从同一著作中对“碑学”长篇累牍的阐释来看，他对基本问题的思考还分别涉及以下[15]方面:以字体论，他认为碑学从写篆、隶开始，然后扩展到楷书;以取法对象[16]的时间论，当是“汉、魏、南北朝”时期的书迹;以风格论，当是“俗”和“古[17]厚朴拙”的。这些论述看起来井然有序，但令人意外的是，作者对材质的慷慨接纳随即使这些从不同角度建立起来的边界被瓦解。 刘恒先生认为，就取法对象的材质、功能论，从“钟鼎彝器碑、碑版摩崖”，到“凡举钱币、镜铭、玺印、兵器、墓志、造像、陶文、瓦当、砖文等材料”，再到“安阳殷墟甲骨文和西域汉晋简牍残纸文书”，但凡现在已知的古代文字遗[18]迹，无不在碑学的取法范围内。 把简牍、残纸文书与最早的碑版摩崖等一同纳入“碑学”取法的范围，无疑彻底突破“碑学”中“碑”字所能延伸到的极限，而直接与达成了与“帖”的交汇、共融。同时，这些材质中所含字迹的字体是篆、隶、真、行、草无所不备，风格也是典雅精致与古厚朴拙并存——原先字体和风格的限定就此同时失效。在这一点上同样大度，但适可而止的是华人德先生。华氏说“从碑学者，言必汉碑。[19]以后更从汉魏碑刻延展至钟鼎、甲骨、砖瓦、简牍等。”他说到简牍就以指意不明的“等”字止住，没有顺势把“残纸文书”扯进来，因为他对碑学的一个定[20] 义是“崇尚碑刻的书派”，“碑刻”是他严守的一个阵地。但他没有料到的 2 是，把“简牍”纳入碑学的范围已使情况悄然生变:它是墨书，它不乏笔迹流美者。同时，简牍含行、草书，而华氏在不远处又曾说“碑学书派与草书„几乎是[21]隔绝的”。 两位先生一边定义，一边突破自己定义的边界，致使“碑学”、“帖学”在取法和创作的字体、风格或材质上不再存有区别，使“碑学”的“碑”字失去意义。于是，前者为其“碑学”概念留下的有效因素只有一个广泛的时间范围了:[22]取法六朝以前(含六朝)的书迹。后者为自己留下的有效因素只有“名家”与[23]“非名家”之说。 如此，尽管众人竭力从这许多不同方向来对“碑学”的含义做围追堵截的游戏，却始终难免不得要领之感。那么，除了踟蹰于这些因素之外，事情究竟有无推进的可能, 二 回到《广艺舟双楫》:问题及其内在逻辑 要追究这个问题，不能不回到《广艺舟双楫》。 《广艺舟双楫》有着众所周知的问题:学识浅陋，自相矛盾，口出大言。对[24][25][26]于这几点，与康有为同年的进士商衍鎏，后来的学者商承祚、书法家白蕉、[27][28]沙孟海以及学者兼鉴定家启功等人均作了不留情面地批评。其中，对《广艺舟双楫》“夸大过甚、自相矛盾”、“比拟附会、模糊不确”、“浑泛不知所谓”的著文风格辨析得最为淋漓尽致的莫过于民国时期著名的蜀中学者刘咸炘及其[29]小著《弄翰余沈》。 对康有为类似的批评在书法之外也能寻找到若干应证。 梁启超在《康有为先生传》中对康有为有过这样的描述:“先生最富于自信力之人也，其所执主义，无论何人不能动摇之。于学术亦然，于治事亦然，不肯迁就主义，以徇事物，而每熔取事物以佐其主义。„故短先生者，谓其武断，谓[30]其执拗，谓其专制。”又说:“先生脑筋最敏，读一书，过目成诵，一事片言[31]而决，凡事物之达于前者，立剖析之。”而这样的剖析常常是“不悉当者”。糟糕的是，在治学时，这种情形依然照旧: 乃至谓《史记》、《楚辞》经刘歆入者数十条～出土之钟鼎彝器皆刘歆私铸埋藏后以欺后世～此实为事理之万不可通者～而有为必力持之……而有为以好博好异之故往往不惜抹杀证据～或曲解证据以犯科学家之大忌～此其所短也。有为之为人也～万事纯任主观～自信力极强而持之极毅。其对于客观的事物或竟蔑视～[32]或必欲强之以我～其在事业上也有然～其在学问上也亦有然。 据康有为的研究专家萧公权先生的有关著作来看，康的这种性格特征也反应在他的政治举动上。如，戊戌年(1898)当皇帝下诏变法时，大批保守的官僚士大夫加强抵制康有为的活动，他却说在给友人的信件中说“举国欢欣”。又如庚子年(1900)时，他宣称筹有巨款和相当数目的军队来保护皇帝，其实根本没那[33]回事。为此梁启超专门致信给他说: [34]常作大言～与中山无异～徒使人见轻耳。 3 这样看来，康有为及其《广艺舟双楫》似乎除了供人做反面的学术例子之外实在没有别的用处。 但问题在于，既然康有为和《广艺舟双楫》对“碑学”的描述如此混乱、不[35]堪一击，为什么这个概念却得以保留并沿用至今,使用这些概念的专家学者们并非也都是“浑泛不知所谓”之辈。那么，它以及《广艺舟双楫》的合理性在哪里, 细读《广艺舟双楫》，我们会察觉一种类似的东西在不同地方频繁闪现，若把这些断点贯穿起来，我们会发现，它们在底部连成一气，从深处左右着作者的神经兴奋点，影响着他对事物的选择和判断，这就是时刻对“杂沓笔端”(笔下兼具数种字体的笔意)和“体在××之间”(结体上兼具数种字体的体意)的认知与把握。 比如，在说到所推崇的时代及具体作品的时候(无论北碑、南碑还是汉碑，[36]也无论篆书、隶书还是楷书)，康有为的着眼点基本没有离开过这两点: 汉人承之而加少变～体在篆隶间。 南北朝碑莫不有汉分意～《李仲璇》…用篆笔者无论,若《谷朗》…皆用隶体,《杨大眼》…犹是隶笔。 余谓隶中有篆、楷、行三体～如《褒斜》《裴岑》《郙阁》～隶中之篆也,《杨震》《孔彪》《张迁》～隶中之楷也,《冯府君》《沈府君》《杨孟文》《李孟初》～隶中之草也。 …《杨淮表纪》皆以篆笔作隶者。《北海相景君铭》～曳脚笔法犹然。若《三公山碑》《是吾碑》～皆由篆变隶～篆多隶少者。以汉钟鼎考之～…则体皆扁缪～在篆隶之间矣。 若吴之《谷朗碑》～…皆在隶楷之间～与汉碑之《是吾》《三公山》《尊楗阁》《永光阁道刻石》在篆隶之间者正同。 [37]在《说分第六》中列举三组心仪的碑刻后，康有为每一组后分别都加上这样的说明: 右以篆笔作隶之西汉分。 右以隶笔作缪篆。 右由篆变隶～隶多篆少之西汉分。 在对所推崇的书家(无论所谓帖学名家，还是碑学大家)进行辨析时，康有[38]为这种“杂沓笔端”的意识显得尤为集中: 后人推平原之书至矣～然平原得力处～世罕知之。吾尝爱《郙阁颂》体法茂密～汉末已渺～后世无知之者～惟平原章法结体独有遗意。又《裴将军诗》～雄强至矣～其实乃以汉分入草～故多殊形异态。 鲁公书举世称之～罕知其佳处。其章法、笔法全从《郙阁》出。若《裴将军诗》～健举沉追～以隶笔作之～真可谓之‚草隶?矣。 杨少师变右军之面目而神理自得～盖以分作草～故能奇宕也。 宋人书以山谷为最～变化无端～深得兰亭三昧。至其神韵绝俗～出于《鹤铭》而加新理～则以篆笔为之。吾目之曰‚行篆?～以配颜、杨焉。 4 汀洲精于八分～以其八分为真书～师仿《吊比干文》～瘦劲独绝。怀宁一老～实丁斯会～既以集篆隶之大成～其隶楷专法六朝之碑～古茂浑朴～实与汀洲分分隶之治～而启碑法之门。 完白山人之得处～在以隶笔为篆。 我们知道康有为在《广艺舟双楫》中的两个核心思想，一是求“古”，二是求“新(变)”。他的“古”和“新”究竟具备怎样的特征呢, 他的“古”是紧密地与“多参隶意(隶笔)”、“多用篆笔”、“杂用草隶[39](草情隶韵)”、“在篆隶之间”联系在一起的: 北周文体好古～其书亦古～多参隶意。 吾于汉人书酷爱八分～以其在篆隶之间～朴茂雄逸～古气未漓。 又有太康五年杨绍瓦～体势与《瘗鹤铭》同～杂用草隶～此皆正书之最古者也。 六朝大字～犹有数碑～…余多参隶笔～亦复高绝。 《景君铭》古气磅礴～曳脚多用籀笔～与《天发神谶》似。 今世所用号称真楷者～六朝人最工。盖承汉分之余～古意未变～质实厚重～宕逸神隽～又下开唐人法度～草情隶韵～无所不有。 [40]同时，他对“新”(“变”)的标志性解释是: 及悟秦分本圆～而汉人变之以方～汉分本方～而晋字变之以圆。凡书贵有新意妙理～以方作秦分～以圆作汉分～以章程作草。笔笔皆留～以飞动作楷～笔笔皆舞～未有不工者也。 右军欲引八分隶书入真书中～吾亦欲采钟鼎体意入小篆中～则新理独得矣。 逸少曰:‚夫书须先引八分、章草入隶字中～发人意气。若直取俗字则不能生发。?右军所得～其奇变可想。…杨少师变右军之面目而神理自得～盖以分作草～故能奇宕也。 其他散布各处的论及“新理”、“神理”、“变态”、“新理异态”、“新意异态”、“新体异态”、“殊形异态”、“奇态异变”等等的地方无不与这层意思相同:以此种字体的体意、笔法入彼种字体的体意、笔法。 至此，康有为的“古”和“新”在原理上原来是一回事，就是“笔意杂沓”、“体在××之间”。这种“古”与“新(变)”的同一性、并发性有时在同一句[41]话中能得到更好的体现: 故有魏碑可无齐、周、隋碑。然则三朝碑真无绝出新体者乎,曰:齐碑之《鋋修罗》《朱君山》～隋之《龙藏寺碑》《曹子建》～四者皆有古质奇趣～新体异态乘时独出～变化生新～承魏开唐～独标俊异。四碑真可出魏碑之外～建标千古者也。 隋碑渐失古意～体多闿爽～绝少虚和高穆之风。一线之延～惟有《龙藏》。《龙藏》统合分、隶。…观此碑真足当古今之变者矣。 新理异态～古人所贵。 5 而康有为毕生的挚友沈曾植的一句话堪当对康有为“古”、“今”概念的绝佳阐释: 隶之生动多取于行～篆之生动多取于隶。隶者～篆之行也。篆参隶势而姿生～隶参楷势而姿生～此通乎今以为变也,篆参籀势时而质古～隶参篆势而质古～此[42]通乎古以为变也。夫物相杂而文生～物相兼而数赜。 顺字体的演变而发展便是“姿生”，为“今变”;逆字体的演变而取法便是“质古”，为“古变”。但无论古变还是今变，原理上都是一致的:以此种字体的体势参入彼种字体的体势。一种已经高度发展、自成一家的字体是谈不上变，也不古的，不在他们的眼目之中。这实在是以不能再恰当的说法打通了康有为所谓“古气”、“新理”、“变态(异态)”的关系。有了这一层理解，刘咸炘等人对于康有为缘何一面大谈求古一面又呼喊求变的矛盾也就顷刻间化为乌有了。[43] 虽然《广艺舟双楫》的整个写作基调由于过分的激情和想象力而显得不知所云，但话语所及之处，康有为会准确无误的传达出自己的书学理想。比如，《说分第六》中在对邓石如、伊秉绶等人的书法做完评析之后，他做出了这样的总结: 合篆、隶陶铸为之～奇态异变～杂沓笔端～操之极熟～当有境界。亦不患无[44]立锥地也。 在《碑品第十七》中，他再次明确无误地传达了相关的理想境界——“古尚质厚，今重文华。文质彬斓，乃为粹美。孔从先进，今取古质。华薄之体，盖少后焉。若有新理异态，高情逸韵，孤立特峙，常音难纬，睹慈灵变，尤所崇慕。”即“古质”与“新理异态”的对接，而“古质”和“新理异态”的对接点在哪里，我们已经十分清楚，正是“杂沓笔端”、“合篆隶陶铸之”。 综上所述，如果说康有为的立场往往随着话题的改变不断处于变化中，并因此导致了全文“浑泛不知所谓”的局面，在“合篆、隶陶铸为之”、“杂沓笔端”这一点上他却是始终如一的。但凡他所论及的对象，无论刀书还是笔书，南书还是北书，穷乡儿女之书、野人之书还是名家之书，也无论正书还是篆、隶、行草，唐以前书迹还是唐以后书迹，峻厚的风格还是秀丽的风格，只要具备“杂沓笔端”、“体在××之间”的特征，就是符合其书学理想的，也就是他为之兴奋和高歌的对象。 因此，我们说，虽然在本文第一章中离析出来的七项内容康有为在《广艺舟双楫》中几乎无一不涉及，并且大有障人耳目之感，但真正在深处发生作用的却是作者对“杂沓笔端”、“体在××之间”的牢牢把握。我们以为，这才是所谓“碑学”概念的关捩所在。 三 十七世纪末到十九世纪的书法思潮:新说法及其根本取向 假如再回到十七世纪以来的有关新说法，我们会发现这一关捩点与时代的契合之处——自十七世纪末以来它以一种特殊的方式得以衍生并根植到人们的意 6 识中。于此同时，围绕在它周围，一些相关说法应运而生。它们盘根错节，相互混杂，一时间让人主次难分。 首先说关捩点，“杂沓笔端”意识的最初表现及其明确形成。 十七世纪时，最初的表述集中为两点:学“楷书”务必从篆、隶中来，否则是不求“原本”、不得“正宗”，终成“俗格”;由此而引发的结论是篆、隶、真、草在用笔上本来是一贯的，不能分为“四途”，不然“其人必不能书”。比如: 楷书不知篆隶之变～任写到妙处～终是俗格。…及其篆隶得意～真足吁骇～[45]觉古籀、真、草、隶本无区别。 欲学钟王之楷而不解分隶～是谓失其原本。…是并不知钟王发源处～未得为[46]书家正宗。 篆籀、八分、隶、正、行草～总是一法～一者何,执笔用意是也。六朝、初唐人去汉魏未远～皆从篆隶入手～所以人人知之。中唐以后～人分篆、隶、正、[47]草为四途～以为学正、草者可废笔法～噫～何其愚也。 [48]分篆、隶、真、草为四者～其人必不能为书。 [49]余故谓悟得篆、籀、隶、楷一贯之道方可学书。 到十八世纪，不仅是“学楷书”务必通篆、隶了，只要是“学书”(无论真、草)就得作篆隶。并且，此说已成规模，理论性显得更强: 作书不可不通篆隶～…通篆法则字体无差～通隶法则用笔有则～此入门第一[50]正步。 [51]不作篆隶～虽学书三万六千日～终不到是处～昧所从来也。 古人用笔皆有意义～虽写真楷～而常出入于篆隶八分～时兼用飞白章草～故[52]其书法能变化不测也。 学书当先识篆隶。但真书近篆者少～近隶者多～而行草俗体～犹或出焉。于是有尊崇篆体、浅薄隶书者。岂知颜鲁公得孔和碑之雄劲古拙～褚河南得韩敕碑[53]之纵横跌宕～隶书体笔法实开真书之秘钥乎。 [54]真行宜方～草宜圆。真参八分～草参篆籀。 [55]学者自幼正楷～其能者或喜涉隶以通于篆～此正路也。 对篆、隶及其用笔的这种溯源性认识和强调，使人们开始从另外一个角度对名家之作进行解析: [56]《黄庭》出隶入楷～古篆八分无法不备。 [57]钟王虞永多用篆体～欧阳、褚、薛多用隶体。 [58]龙门三龛记～褚河南中年书～平整刚健～多参八分笔意。 [59]颜鲁公茅山李玄靖碑古雅清圆～带有篆意。 [60]郑簠谷口八分书学汉人～间参草法～为本朝第一。 草参篆籀～如怀素是也。而右军之草书～转多折笔～间参八分～如欧阳询、褚遂良是也。而智永、虞世南、颜真卿楷～皆折作转笔～则又兼篆籀。以此见体[61]格多变～宗尚难拘。 7 楷“参八分笔意”、“用篆体”、“用隶体”，草参篆籀，楷兼篆籀，草间参八分，八分间参草法——体势和笔法的相参、相兼逐渐成为一种新的批评视角和价值。这实际上就是“杂沓笔端”的具体说法。而“篆法森严，隶书奇宕，运用篆法，参合隶书，可谓端庄杂流丽矣。乃于字势之长短大小又因其自然，则[62]直与天地为消息，万物为情状，错综变化，意趣无穷。”则可以视为“笔意杂沓”、“体在××之间”的美学表述，与沈曾植所说“夫物相杂而文生，物相兼[63]而数赜”遥相呼应。 到康有为降临的十九世纪，这种观点已成定论: [64]作真行书者～能写篆籀则高古今。 [65]论其通～则分、真、行、草～亦未尝无玉箸之意存焉, [66]凡隶体中皆暗包篆体。 [67]隶行与篆反～隶意却要与篆相同。 [68]楷则至唐贤而极～其源必出八分。 同时，它在批评中体现得更见广泛: [69]二王楷书～俱带八分体势。 右军行草书～全是章草笔意～其写《兰亭》乃其得意笔～尤当深备八分气度。[70]初唐诸公临本～皆窥此意～故茂逸超迈之神～如出一辙。 尝论右军真行草法皆出汉分～深入中郎。大令真行草法导源秦篆～妙接丞相。[71] [72]兰亭善承家法～又沉浸隶古～厚劲坚凝～遂成本家极笔。 有唐一代～书家林立～然意兼篆分～涵抱万有～则前惟渤海～后惟鲁国～非[73]虞、褚诸公所能颉颃也。此论非深于篆分真草源流本末者～固不能信。 [74]唐人颜柳从篆出～欧褚从隶出。即宋人米、蔡亦从隶出也。 [75]欧、褚两家并出分隶～于遒逸二字各得所近。 [76]虞永兴掠磔亦近勒努～褚河南勒努亦近掠磔～其关捩隐由篆隶分之。 这种观察视角和批评风气推动了“草隶”、“草篆”、“草分”等新术语的出现: 唐人草法～推张长史、钱醉僧、杨少师三家。长史书源虞、陆～故醉僧以为洛下遇颜尙书～自言受笔於长史～闻斯八法～若有所得。世所传《肚痛》、《春草》《东明》、《秋寒》诸帖～皆非眞迹。惟《千文》残本二百餘字～伏如虎卧～起如龙跳～顿如山峙～挫如泉流～上接永兴～下开鲁郡～是为草隶。醉僧所传大、小《千文》亦是伪物～惟《圣母》、《律公》～导源篆籀～浑雄鷙健～是为草篆。少师《韭花》、《起居法》～皆出仿写～至《大仙帖》～逆入平出～歩步崛强～有猿腾蠖屈之势～周、隋分书之一变～是为草分。其餘如《屏风》、《书谱》、[77]《絶交》诸帖～虽俱托体山阴～止成藁行而已。 在《广艺舟双楫》中，康有为以相同的逻辑继续创造了“隶楷”、“楷隶”、“行篆”等专门用来指称这种兼具数种字体体势、笔意的新概念。 8 如果说以上论述还不足以说明兴起于17至19世纪的书法思潮的真正方向，那么有一段话也许能堪当此论的点睛之笔: 六朝佳书～取其有篆隶笔法耳～非取貌奇～以怪样欺世。求楷之笔～其法莫多于隶。盖由篆入隶之初～隶中脱不尽篆法。古人笔法多～今人笔法少～此余所以欲求楷中多得古人笔法而于篆隶用心～且欲以凡字所有之点画分类求其法之不[78]同者。 人们取法六朝佳书，关键之处非“貌奇”和欺世的“怪样”，乃在于“取其有篆隶笔法耳”，为什么,因为“古人笔法多，今人笔法少”。至此，一个时代书法思潮的指向、康有为所谓“碑学”在“笔意杂沓”这一点上的内在逻辑便打成一气，互为应证了。 围绕上述关捩点，在17世纪末至19世纪之间还有一些其他相关说法，诸如阁帖失真说、北碑说、书者身份说等等，它们不仅在当时，直至现在，都对人们把握那个时代的书法思潮构成相当大的干扰。 先看阁帖失真说。端倪亦始于十七世纪，最初的表述尚不失客观，到19世纪则被放大为足以被某种心理利用的程度: [79]古人书法入神超妙～而石刻木刻千翻万变～遗意荡然。 唐人碑版至今日不漫漶磨泐～则重摹洗剔～失却本来～如思古斋《黄庭经》、《庙堂碑》、《九成宫》之类是也。惟明清间出土者～笔画完好如新～往往精彩[80]可爱～然亦须及时收拓～数十年后恐遂不可问矣。 [81]余尝说晋唐小楷～经宋元来千临百模～不惟笔妙消亡～并其形似都失。 [82]宋帖辗转摩勒～不可究诘。 汇帖一出～合数十代千百人之书归于一时～钩摹出于一手。…《戏鸿》《停云》疵议百出～弊正坐此。…以余臆见揣之～共炉而冶～五金莫别～宋人书格之[83]坏由《阁帖》坏之。 北碑画势甚长,虽短如黍米,细如纤毫,……若求之汇帖,即北宋枣本,不能传[84]此神解,境无所触,识且不及,况云实证耶。 但即使在当时，已有人意识到这种说法的偏颇: 石刻精致～真迹苍茫～笔锋与刀痕异也。学石刻～即宋拓亦不能有苍茫之致。贵乎心领名制～留神古翰～再览旧镌～乃其至也。及能苍茫～几于妙矣。镌刻之[85]家～各以本家笔掺入前人妙迹～遂移步换形～风致为之变矣。 从镌板展模钩者～未必知书,镌者又未必精～而精蕴泯灭矣。据以为楷则尽[86]此～或未得当也。 [87]就算康有为本人，虽然屡屡大谈阁帖失真，以此作为“不得不尊碑”的一[88]大理由，但在不经意时仍会透露底细。不妨看一段有趣的引文: 论书不取唐碑～非独以其浅薄也。平心而论～欧、虞入唐～年已垂暮～此实六朝人也。褚、薛笔法～清虚高简～若《伊阙石龛铭》《石浣序》《大周封禅坛碑》～亦何所恶,良以世所盛行～欧、虞、颜、柳诸家碑～磨翻已坏～名虽尊唐～ 9 实则尊翻变之枣木耳。若欲得旧拓～动需露台数倍之金～此是藏家之珍玩～岂学子人人可得而临摹哉,况求宋拓～已若汉高之剑～孔子之履～希世罕有～况宋以上乎,然即得信本墨迹～不如古人。 在这段话里，康有为的论述层次分明，层层把我们带进从深处左右他判断的内在逻辑，也即我们要探究的他的底细。第一层意思:康有为说，“平心而论”，他不取唐碑并非因为唐碑不好，唐碑是有好的，问题是写出这些好的唐碑的作者 “实六朝人也”，言下之意，这些唐碑实际上当归为隋碑;第二层意思:退一步说，就算它们是唐碑，确实很好，那也都被“磨翻已坏”，尊它们是名为尊唐，实为“尊翻变之枣木耳”;第三层意思:话又说回来，好拓本并非没有，是有的，但这些好的“旧拓”太贵，就算购得也将成为藏家的珍玩，哪里是普通学子们能拿来日日临习的,就算有钱，宋拓已经难得一见，宋以前的就更别提了。第四层意思:话再说回来，即使得到唐人的墨迹真本，那也不如古人。 有趣之处在于，说到这里，康有为露出了狐狸尾巴。不是拓本失真、有没有好拓本的问题，甚至唐人墨书真迹也不稀罕，关键乃在于无论原拓还是墨书真迹，终究抵不过比它们更早的“古人”。“古人”二字暴露了真相:问题的根本在于谁更古。康有为以及他标榜的碑学家们追求的是更古老的、罕见的文字遗迹。而据第二章的分析，我们知道康有为意中的“古”究竟要落实到什么具体环节上。 可以说，无论在康有为所生活的时代，还是今天，“碑学”中真正具有迷惑[89]性的说法是取法“北碑”。除了上文所引陈介琪的那句话外，何绍基还说过:“余既性嗜北碑，故摹仿甚勤，而购藏亦富。化篆分入楷，遂尔无种不妙，无妙[90]不臻。”——致使他性嗜北碑的根本理由是北碑“化篆分入楷”;而被视为碑学理论奠基者的阮元自完成《南北书派论》、《北碑南帖论》后几乎毕生都陷入对北碑、南帖根本区别的排查中，地域、材质、书者身份，他都一一做过长时间[91]的思考，但这些最后都被淘汰，他最终的结论是:“凡字中微带隶意者，皆是[92]北派。”——落脚点仍为笔意的交杂而非其他。把所有这些现象汇聚一处大概能说明“北碑说”背后的支点实当归为“笔意杂沓”，而非“北碑”自身。 结论 十七、十八世纪之交兴起的“碑学”，既受当时文化风潮的影响，又成为蔓延数百年之久的书法浪潮，但是在清理有关“碑学”的思想时，却发现晚至康有为才明确提出“碑学”一词，而“碑学”的内涵、观念却从无清晰的表述，同时文献中充斥矛盾、抵牾之处。这给后世对“碑学”的研究带来困惑。 我们通过对文献的梳理，发现反映在观念上的与书法风潮有关的思想其实存在一条隐藏的线索，人们对书法创作的追求，有意无意都朝着一个方向奔趋，那就是“杂沓笔端”、“体在××之间”。从字面来看，它不那么新鲜，也不那么精彩，但是当它成为一个历史时期的理想、欲望的表达时，我们察觉到其中所汇聚的丰富的信息。 “碑学”作为历史已经远去，但作为距离我们最近的、影响深广的书法现象，对它的深入思考将有着长远的意义。 参考文献: 10 [1]‚,一,碑:立石叫做碑,以文字勒石叫做碑。碑上的字～由书人直接书丹与石～然后刻的。包括纪功、神道、墓志、摩崖等等石刻。,二,帖:古人没有纸～书于帛上者叫做帖。帛难以保存久远～因之把古人的书迹摹刻到石或木上去的叫做帖。在此～书与刻是间接的。包括书牍、奏章、诗文等等的拓本。?白蕉《碑与帖》～《二十世纪书法研究丛书 历史文脉篇》页148-154 [2]在《碑、帖、经书分三派论》一文中～王学仲本是为了在碑学、帖学之外为写经派建立一个合法的地位～客观上却为碑学、帖学这对概念提供了他认为唯一的、根本的区别。这个区别就在于～帖学的书写阶层是‚贵族士大夫?～碑学的书写阶层是‚乡土书家?。取法帖学就是取法‚贵族士大夫?～取法碑学就是取法‚乡土书家?。他说‚碑学与帖学～是前人对书学发展的历史总结～惟经学书系为书史所疏漏～而早期帖学出于贵族～碑学多师乡土书家～经派出于书僧、信士～起端已明～三派的书手迥然不同～壁垒争盟～在书史上并驾齐驱。?王学仲《碑、帖、经书分三派论》～《二十世纪书法研究丛书 历史文脉篇》页260-277 [3]韩玉涛～《中国书学》～页164～东方出版社1991。对字体的限定还能通过这句话得以确证:‚全书二十七篇～洋洋洒洒～俨然一部系统的碑学。…翻来覆去～欲以十几方南北碑～囊括整个书史～胆子可谓极大。然而明眼人一眼就能看出～他,康有为,的整个体系是为真书立命的。?页168。 [4]‚与帖学相对而言的碑学～指北朝碑版之学～亦即楷书。清代的碑学著作已论述清楚。?参见丛文俊《后期书法史》～《书法史鉴》～页180～上海书画出版社2003 [5]‚风尚所及～草、行亦或援入方笔拙势～习惯上也列入碑学。篆隶书法贯穿清代始终～不待碑学而生～通常亦不取北碑文字形质～以其和碑派书法关系紧密～成就清代书法格局～遂有碑学及碑派书法扩大化～兼及三代秦汉篆隶古体之说～不确。康有为着《广艺舟双楫》～臵《体变》、《分变》、《说分》、《本汉》四节于前～本包世臣《历下笔谭而增广之～旨在明确北碑宗统源流～正其名分。如果以倡碑导源于篆隶和金石学～因而泛言碑派书法～则易模糊碑学与篆隶复古之自身的学术意义。故尔本文将循清人原意～于碑学仅取楷、行、草三体。?参见丛文俊《后期书法史》～《书法史鉴》～页180～上海书画出版社2003 [6] 白谦慎同时给了碑学一个狭义的定义～这个定义从取法对象的材质与时间两个角度进行——‚仅指晚清以后取法北魏碑版的书法?。均见白谦慎《傅山的世界》～导言页2注2～三联出版社2006。 [7] 参见注3。 [8] 韩玉涛～《中国书学》～页168。 [9] 例如～韩玉涛认为同是推进碑学～包世臣就比康有为‚阔大?得多～因为包世臣既‚提倡碑学～也提倡草书?。于是～他说‚这是非常重要的～‘草法’‘灭绝’～都写真书～或者篆隶～书坛将是什么模样,那就没有生命了。碑学造就的～正是这样一批奴才?——把篆隶混入‚碑学?是无法避免的事。见韩玉涛～《中国书学》～页169。 [10] 刘涛《书法谈丛》～页256～中华书局1999。原文为:‚南北碑所见书体～有篆书、隶书、楷书,真书,～但以楷书为大宗。阮元、包世臣提倡北碑～康有为推崇魏碑～以书体论～指楷书。康有为在《广艺舟双楫 原书第一》里明白无误地说:‘今用真楷～吾言真楷。’书法家取范北碑者～自然也在楷书。? [11] ‚北碑楷书盛行之后～书家也用北碑笔法写隶、写行、作草书～求取新姿异态。……这些习北碑楷书而获成就～以北碑笔法开隶书、行书、草书的书家～今人径称为‘碑派’。这是清代书坛出现的新流派～为宋朝以来所未见～康有为名之曰‘今学’、‘新党’。?刘涛《书法谈丛》～页258～中华书局1999 11 [12] 白谦慎《华人德书法史研究的理论价值代序》～《华人德书学文集》页7～荣宝斋出版社2008。 [13] 参见白谦慎《傅山的世界》～导言页2～三联出版社2006。 [14]刘恒《中国书法史 清代卷》～页4 [15]‚清代碑学书法的兴起～实际上是以篆、隶书体的复兴为先导的。?‚清中期～碑派书法是以篆、隶书体的学古为滥觞的。?‚随着访碑、录著活动的日益广泛～古物出土越来越多～六朝墓志、造像开始受到重视～碑派书家的实践也开始从篆隶二体扩大到楷书。?‚道咸时期～碑派书家的努力已从篆、隶书体扩大到楷书领域。…对魏晋南北朝 碑刻楷书的崇尚和临习～标志着碑派书法的真正确立和成熟。?刘恒《中国书法史 清代卷》～页6、7、9、6～江苏教育出版社1999 [16]参见注14～另作者还有其他相关表述～如‚碑派书家因其取法临摹的范本多为汉、魏、六朝的碑刻、墓志、造像之类～其笔法、结构均与唐代以后的书风大不相同?。刘恒《中国书法史 清代卷》～页6 [17]‚经过乾、嘉时期金石学在研究考证、资料整理方面的有力支持和一批敢于标新立异的书家的实践～碑派书法兴灭继绝、遗文返质的指导思想～以俗代雅、与古为新的审美追求～以及崇尚古厚朴拙的创作原则均已基本形成。?刘恒《中国书法史 清代卷》～页6 [18]‚碑学从金石学中孕育而生～其目的是通过对钟鼎彝器、碑版墓志、摩崖石刻、瓦当砖文及钱币玺印等各类文字资料的研究～辨析拓本优劣～品评书艺高下、阐释书风源流并指导创作取法。?‚此一时期～碑学所涉及的范围已大大扩展～除钟鼎彝器、碑版摩崖外～凡举钱币、镜铭、玺印、兵器、墓志、造像、陶文、瓦当、砖文等材料～无不成为金石学家搜集的内容和碑派书家取法借鉴的对象。…19世纪末～安阳殷墟甲骨文和西域汉晋简牍残纸文书的发现及公之于世～成为学术界的重大事件。这些古代书迹同样引起书法家的关注～并立即被纳入到碑学的研究范围内。?刘恒《中国书法史 清代卷》～页160、页7 [19]华人德《评碑学与帖学》～《书学论集》页218～荣宝斋出版社2008 [20]华人德《清代的碑学》、《评碑学与帖学》～《书学论集》页168、214 [21]华人德《评碑学与帖学》～《书学论集》页221 [22] 按照刘恒先生的逻辑～取法对象的时间往前当是可以无限推进的～往后当止于六朝。 [23]华人德《评帖学与碑学》～《书学论集》页218-219 [24]‚夜阅《广艺舟双楫》～见其论汉瓦处～颇多错误。余学问简陋～其余谬误浅略者想尚不止此～无怪识者诏其书之陋也。?商衍鎏～《藻亭日记》～庚戌,1910,二月廿七日记。谢光辉、刘春喜编《商衍鎏、商承祚藏朱次琦康有为信翰》～文物出版社2008 [25]‚康有为自诩宗魏～遂有尊魏卑唐之论。今见此～知康书所自。从第三行酌酒二字可概其余。师魏之说誇诞大言～遂被揭破～可谓其愚不可及也。?商承祚,锡永,《千秋亭记》题跋～谢光辉、刘春喜编《商衍鎏、商承祚藏朱次琦康有为信翰》～文物出版社2008 [26]‚他们,包世臣和康有为,虽然都祖述于阮元～但是已经走了样。他们两人的学术～既颇粗疏～态度又很偏激～修辞不能立诚～好以己意～逞为臆说之处很多。?白蕉《碑与帖》～载《20世纪书法研究丛书〃历史文脉篇》页152～上海书画出版社～2000年 [27]‚他,康有为,有意提倡碑学～太侧重碑学了。经过多次翻刻的帖～固然已不是二王的真面目～但经过石工大刀阔斧锥凿过的碑～难道不失原书的分寸吗,我知道南海先生也无 12 以解嘲了。…他在《述学篇》里只说一通冠冕堂皇的话儿～不曾道出真的历史来。?沙孟海～《近三百年的书学》～《沙孟海论艺》页21-22～上海书画出版社2010 [28] ‚,康有为,所述书法宗派～某出于某～更凭兴会所至～信手拈来。包慎伯巳骋舌锋于前～此更变本加厉焉。最可笑者～今文家斥古文经为刘歆伪造～指其书籍而言也。康氏则云:‚古文为刘歆伪造～杂采钟鼎为之。?又云:‚若钟鼎所采～自是春秋战国时各国书体～故诡形奇制～与《仓颉篇》不同。?又云:‚若论笔墨～则钟鼎虽伪～自不能废。?又云:‚钟鼎虽为伪文～然刘歆所采甚古～考古则当辨之。?其所言～自相矛盾。……可见此老于何为古文似尚瞢瞢也。?启功《启功书法丛论》第206页～文物出版社～2003年。 [29] 参见刘咸炘《弄翰余沈》～页25-26、33-34、61、150、155等～巴蜀书社1991 [30] 梁启超《康南海先生传》～《饮冰室合集》～《文集 六》～页87-88～中华书局1989 [31] 梁启超《康南海先生传》～页88 [32] 梁启超《清代学术概论》～页128-129 [33] 萧公权《康有为思想研究》～页13-14～新星出版社2005 [34] 丁文江《梁任公先生年谱长编初稿》～页105-106～转引自萧公权《康有为思想研究》～页14 [35] 甚至有人因此主张取消‚碑学?概念～参见叶培贵《碑学、帖学献疑》～《书法研究》2000年第6期～页34-42 [36] 引文依次见于康有为著、崔尔平注《广艺舟双楫注》页62、86、88、62、67～上海书画出版社2008 [37] 康有为著、崔尔平注《广艺舟双楫注》页81-82 [38] 引文依次见于康有为著、崔尔平注《广艺舟双楫注》页86、204、84、204、32、76 [39] 引文依次见康有为著、崔尔平注《广艺舟双楫注》页55、82、124、179、90、41 [40] 引文依次见康有为著、崔尔平注《广艺舟双楫注》页74-75、75、84 [41] 引文依次见康有为著、崔尔平注《广艺舟双楫注》页108、110、164 [42] 沈曾植《论行楷隶篆通变》～《海日楼札丛》卷八～页324～辽宁教育出版社1998。 [43]‚康氏又谓:…～夫既主变矣～则何又以未变为是～而变为非耶,…既主变～而又主存古～其矛盾甚矣。?刘咸炘～《弄翰余沈》页49。 [44] 康有为著、崔尔平注《广艺舟双楫注》～页77。 [45] 傅山丁宝铨刊本《双红龛集》～《清前期书论》页87～湖南美术出版社2002。 [46] 姜宸英《湛园题跋》～《清前期书论》页132。 [47] 杨宾《大瓢偶笔》～《明清书法论文选》页532～上海书店出版社～1993 [48] 杨宾《大瓢偶笔》～《明清书法论文选》页532 [49] 同上～页531 [50] 王澍《论书剩语》～《明清书法论文选》页599～上海书店出版社1993 [51] 陈玠《书法偶集》～《书学集成》,清,页53～河北美术出版社2002 [52] 王澍《翰墨指南》～《书学集成》,清,页216 [53] 蒋和《学书杂论》～《书学集成》,清,页385 [54]梁献《承晋斋积闻录》～《书学集成》,清,页279 [55] 翁方纲～《明清书法论文选》页724 [56] 陈玠《书法偶集》～《明清书法论文选》～页580 [57] 王澍《翰墨指南》～《书学集成》,清,页216 [58] 梁献《承晋斋积闻录》～《书学集成》,清,238 13 [59] 同上～页239 [60] 同上～页269 [61] 同上～页260 [62]蒋骥《续书法论》～《书学集成》,清,页355 [63]参见注42 [64]梁章钜《退庵随笔》～《明清书法论文选》页807 [65]刘熙载《书概》～《书学集成》,清,页503 [66]刘熙载《书概》～《书学集成》,清,页505 [67] 刘熙载《书概》～《书学集成》,清,页506 [68] 刘熙载《书概》～《书学集成》,清,页520 [69]跋牛雪樵丈藏智永千文宋拓本～何绍基 [70]何绍基～跋褚临兰亭拓本～转引‚书法空间-书论精粹-何绍基?条目内容 [71] 包世臣《述书上》～《书学集成》,清,页406 [72] 何绍基～跋道因碑拓本 [73] 何绍基～跋道因碑旧拓本 [74]梁章钜《退庵随笔》～《明清书法论文选》～页807 [75] 何绍基～跋僧六舟藏米书老人星赋墨迹 [76] 刘熙载～《书学集成》,清,页520 [77] 包世臣《历下笔谭》～《书学集成》,清,页417 [78] 陈介祺《习字诀》～《中国书论辑要》页171～江苏美术出版社2000 [79] 郑燮《跋临<兰亭序>》～《郑板桥集》补遗 [80] 杨宾《大瓢偶笔》～《明清书法论文选》页558 [81] 陈玠《书法偶集》～《明清书法论文选》页583 [82] 阮元《南北书派论》～《历代书法论文选》页632～上海书画出版社2000 [83]何绍基～跋贾秋壑刻阁帖初拓本 [84] 包世臣～《历下笔谭》～《书学集成》,清,～页416 [85]陈奕禧《隐绿轩题识》～《明清书法论文选》第492 [86] 同上～页499 [87] 参见《广艺舟双楫》‚尊碑第二?、‚购碑第三?、‚宝南第九?、‚行草第二十五?中的有关段落。 [88] 康有为著、崔尔平注《广艺舟双楫注》～页118-119 [89]参见注78 [90] 何绍基～《跋魏张黑女墓志拓本》 [91] 阮元对地域及材质的思考基本可见于《南北书派论》、《北碑南帖论》二文～地域无疑是南北之分～而材质～虽名为对碑、帖的区分～随着所见出土旧物的增多～阮元论及的对象很快扩及摩崖、砖石、瓦当～故他后来多用北派、南派这对概念～不用北碑、南帖～实则很快就放弃了对材质的区分～放弃了‚碑?的概念。他对书者身份的留意和考察从以下跋文、书信中可见一斑:‚此砖新出于湖州古冢中～近在《兰亭》前后数十年。此种字体～乃东晋时民间通用之体。墓人为圹～匠人写坯～尚皆如此～可见尔时民间尚有篆、隶遗意～何尝似羲、献之体。所以唐初人皆名世俗通行之字为隶书也。羲、献之体～乃世族风流～譬之麈尾、如意～惟王、谢子弟握之～非民间所有?《晋永和泰元砖字拓本跋》,‚终唐之世～民间劣俗砖石～今存旧迹～无不与北齐、周、隋相似～无似《阁帖》者～无似羲、献者～盖民间实未能沿习南派也。?《复程竹盦编修邦宪书》,‚考此镬乃彼时民间所造～民间所写～其写字之人亦惟是当时俗人～其字亦当时通行之体耳～非摹古隶者也～而笔法半出于隶～全 14 是北周、北齐遗法。可知隋、唐之间字体通行皆肖乎此～而赵宋各法帖所称锺、王者～其时世远在此等字前～何以反与后世楷字无殊耶,二王书犹可云江左与中原所尚不同～若锺书则更在汉、魏之间～其伪也不爽然可想见乎。?转引自金丹《阮元与淳化阁帖》～《上海文博》2003年第3期 [92]阮元《唐魏栖梧书善才寺碑跋》～日本三井文库藏～二玄社出版 阴山工作室,微信公众号yinshanStu,搜集整理 15 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen 16 party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations 17 repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth 18 Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political 19 Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision 20 of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and 21 to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on 22 a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a 23 total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > 24 real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years 25 implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, 26 exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should 27 be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective 28 convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts 29 of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application 30 of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation 31 made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give 32 expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental 33 organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post 34 processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in 35 the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in 36 the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management 37 of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, 38 around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one 39 size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are 40 relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < 41 new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform 42 comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation 43 of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 44 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily 45 blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres 46 should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection 47 with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace 48 with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of 49 the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline 50 must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be 51 held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations. 52