恒温恒湿试验箱

恒温恒湿试验箱 ◎恒温恒湿试验箱 已日益广泛。血清、菌种、中西医药等生物制品多为一些生物活性物质，真空冷冻干燥技术为保存生物活性提供了良好的解决途径。真空冷冻干燥机制品能良好地保存加工原料的营养保健成份以及色、香、味、形。这一 优良性能在方便快餐食品中体现尤为出色，表现出了强劲的发展 技术参数: 低温试验箱 DW-25A(卧式) 容积:196L 低温试验箱 DW-25B(卧式) 工作尺寸:1080*430*470mm 低温试验箱 DW-40A(立式) 工作尺寸:410*410*500/700mm 低温试验箱 DW-40B(卧式) 工作尺寸:1376*457*625mm 低温试验箱 DW-40C(卧式) 工作尺寸:890*430*400/600*430*180mm 低温试验箱 DW-40D(抽屉式) 容积:135L 本低温试验箱，高效制冷，绿色环保 ，微电脑控制，温度数字显示，箱内温度可调 ，安全门锁实际，防止随意开启 ，高密度保温层，保温效果好 ，节能环保 ，合理的蒸发冷凝器系统设计，降温速度快 ，防腐台阶式内胆设计，适合配置各类物品框: 特点:高性能，365日不间断工作，外形美观 干燥设备选择的基本原则 每种干燥机装置都有其特定的适用范围，而每种物料都可找到若干种能满足基本要求的干燥装置,但最适合的只能有一种。如选型不当，用户除了要承担不必要的一次性高昂采购成本外，还要在整个使用期内付出沉重的代价，诸如效率低、耗能高、运行成本高、产品质量差、甚至装置根本不能正常运行等等。 以下是干燥机选型的一般原则，很难说哪一项或哪几项是最重要的，理想的选型必须根and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 据自己的条件有所侧重，有时折中是必要的。 1.适用性-------干燥装置首先必须能适用于特定物料，且满足物料干燥的基本使用要求，包括能很好的处理物料(给进、输送、流态化、分散、传热、排出等)，并能满足处理量、脱水量、产品质量等方面的基本要求。 2.干燥速率高---仅就干燥速率看，对流干燥时物料高度分散在热空气中，临界含水率低，干燥速度快，而且同是对流干燥，干燥方法不同临界含水率也不同，因而干燥速率也不同。 3.耗能低-------不同干燥方法耗能指标不同，一般传导式干燥的热效率理论上可达100%，对流式干燥只能70%左右。 4.节省投资-----完成同样功能的干燥装置，有时其造价相差悬殊，应择其低者选用。 5.运行成本低---设备折旧、耗能、人工费、维修费，备件费...等运行费用要尽量低廉。 6.优先选择结构简单、备品备件供应充足、可靠性高、寿命长的干燥装置。 7.符合环保要求，工作条件好，安全性高。 8.选型前最好能做出物料的干燥实验，深入了解类似物料已经使用的干燥装置(优缺点)，往往对恰当选型有帮助。 9.不完全依赖过去的经验，注重吸收新技术，多听专家的意见。 干燥设备选型技术概述 同其他工业技术一样，干燥技术在应用过程中也得到长足的进步。目前已开发出的干燥机的种类已达400多种，而且有约200多种干燥机已应用于工业化生产，其中出现了许多新型干燥机，它们有的是对普通干燥机进行结构上的改进，有的借鉴吸收了其他干燥机的优点，有的完全是一种新想法。 干燥又是工业耗能相当大的一个单元操作，据资料记载，发达国家工业耗能的14%被用于干燥，有些行业的干燥耗能甚至占到生产总耗能的35%，而且这个数字在不断地增大。同时，运用矿物燃料作为热源进行干燥操作产生大量的二氧化碳等气体。干燥设备的尾气(这些气体中夹带一些粉尘)对大气环境有不良的影响，这对于日益引起全球关注的“环境保护”是一个极大的挑战。 几乎所有的工业都离不开干燥操作，虽然正确地了解干燥及干燥设备的工作机理有助于成功地完成干燥过程，但是仍然需要我们不断地投人人力和物力去进一步进行干燥技术的研究和开发，以使其在生产高质量产品的同时，有效地利用能源，减少对环境的不利影响，并且更易于实现过程操作和控制。 一、干燥技木的特点 干燥技术有很宽的应用领域，面对众多的产业、理化性质各不相同的物料、产品质量及其他方面千差万别的要求，干燥技术是一门跨行业、跨学科、具有实验科学性质的技术。通常，在干燥技术的开发及应用中需要具备三个方面的知识和技术。第一是需要了解被干燥物料的理化性质和产品的使用特点;第二是要熟悉传递工程的原理，即传质、传热、流体力学和空气动力学等能量传递的原理;第三要有实施的手段，即能够进行干燥流程、主要设备、电气仪表控制等方面的工程设计。显然，这三方面的知识和技术不属于一个学科领域。而在实践中，这三方面的知识和技术又缺一不可。所以干燥技术是一门跨行业、跨学科的技术。 现代干燥技术虽已有一百多年的发展史，但至今还属于实验科学的范畴。大部分干燥技术目前还缺乏能够精准指导实践的科学理论和设计方法。实际应用中，依靠经验和小规模实验的数据来指导工业设计还是主要的方式，造成这一局面的原因有以下几方面: 原因之一是干燥技术所依托的一些基础学科，(主要是隶属于传递工程范畴的学科)本身就具有实验科学的特点。例如，空气动力学的研究发展还要靠“风洞”实验来推动，就说明它and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 还没有脱离实验科学的范畴，而这些基础学科自身的发展水平直接影响和决定了干燥技术的发展水平。 原因之二是很多干燥过程是多种学科技术交汇进行的过程，牵涉面广、变化因素多、机理复杂。例如在喷雾干燥技术领域里，被雾化的液滴在干燥塔内的运行轨迹是工程设计的关键。液滴的轨迹与自身的体积、质量、初始速度和方向及周围其他液滴和热空气的流向、流速有关。但这些参数由于传质、传热过程的进行，无时无刻不在发生着变化、而且初始状态时，无论是液滴的大小还是热空气的分布都不可能是均匀的。显然，对于如此复杂、多变的过程只凭借理论计算来进行工程设计是不可靠的。 原因之三是被干燥物料的种类是多种多样的，其理化性质也是各不相同。不同的物料即使在相同的干燥条件下，其传质、传热的速率也可能有较大的差异。如果不加以区别对待，就有可能造成不尽人意的后果。例如某些中草药的干燥，虽然同属一种药材，只因为药材产地或收获期存在区别就须改变干燥条件，否则产品质量就会受到影响。 以上三方面的原因决定了干燥技术的开发与应用要以实验为基础。但干燥搜术的这些特点往往被人有意或无意地忽视。制造厂商由于实验装置缺乏或机型不全(这在我国是一个普遍存在的现象)经常回避应做的干燥实验，而用户由于不了解干燥技术的特点，也经常放弃进行必要实验的要求。其结局是装置使用效果不佳，甚至于造成设计失败。在我国，这样的事例屡见不鲜，曾有过一套价值2000万元人民币的工业干燥装置因达不到使用要求而被闲置的教训。因此，建设工业干燥装置尤其是较大的装置之前，一定要进行充分的、有说服力的实验，并以实验结果作为工业装置设计的依据。这是干燥技术应用的显著特点。 此外，干燥设备种类繁多、各具用途也是干燥技术的一个特点。每一种技术都有自己适宜应用的领域。在工程实践中，要根据具体情况选择适用的干燥技术种类。这对投资费用、操作成本、产品质量、环保要求等方都会产生重大的影响。例如某一企业，在白炭黑滤饼干燥上曾经分别选用过箱式干燥、喷雾干燥、旋转气流快速干燥三种型式。最终结果证明这三种技术各有所长。箱式干燥生产白炭黑虽然生产效率低、人员劳动强度大，但产品质量好。与橡胶混炼后所生成的制品扯断强度值较高。旋转气流快速干燥设备紧凑、投资少、生产效率高，但所生成的橡胶制品的强度指标却是三者间最差的。喷雾干燥生产白炭黑，产品各项指标在三者间居中，但具有产品流动性好、粉尘污染小，深受用户及操作者欢迎的特点。在20世纪90年代，为白炭黑生产中采用哪种干燥方式更为先进的问，曾在我国干燥界引发过争论。其实，三种设备各有特点，选用哪种机型要看用户自身的条件和产品要求。不存在哪种技术更为先进的结论。类似的例子有很多，都表明了干燥设备种类繁多、各具用途的特点。所以在应用中要仔细比较、慎重选择技术方案，而通过干燥实验来考核技术方案也是必不可少的步骤。 二、工业干燥装置的发展现状 干燥在许多生产中是一个十分重要的单元操作，因为干燥在这里不仅是简单的固液分离过程，更重要的常常是生产过程的最后一道工序，产品的质量、剂型在很大程度上取决于干燥技术和设备的综合运用情况。从经济角度考虑，干燥器价格昂贵，工程投资较大。另一方面，干燥又是高耗能过程，热效率在15%一80%这样大的范围内波动，而设备的运转费用与干燥器的设计选型有非常密切的关系，所以企业的决策者对此历来都比较重视。被干燥物料的品种有许多，它们的理化性质又有很大差异。甚至同一品种不同的生产工艺、同一品种不同的产品要求，导致干燥条件可能都有区别，所以就决定了干燥工程的复杂性。由此可见，干燥过程较其他的单元操作具有更高的技术性。 我国干燥设备在解放前基本是空白，只有烘房、烘箱和滚筒干燥机，干燥技术落后、生产设备原始。到1957年才出现了真空耙式干燥机，1964年以后干燥技术有了较快的发展。纵观我国干燥技术及设备的发展史，在几十年间经历由简到繁、由低级到高级的发展阶段，and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 现在常用于生产的干燥设备有十余类三十多个系列，加上组合干燥设备约有五十几种，再加上专用干燥设备就更难于统计，合理地选用这些干燥设备也不是一件易事，选型的前提是了解这些设备的基本工作原理、结构特点以及适用物料范围，这样在选型时才避免走弯路。 近些年来，由于干燥技术的发展，给筛选设备带来了更多的复杂因素。即使是干燥设备的设计、制造或使用者也常常弄不清如何去选择合适的设备。由于干燥设备的推销者在市场上只是对他们推销的干燥机种类感兴趣，而对其他种类则并不介绍，这样，用户就只得借助于有关的现代干燥技术参考资料决定对设备的最后选择。毫无疑问，用户很需要由推销者提供的实验室，实验范围及技术经济方面的资料。因此，就必须熟悉大多数干燥设备，才有可能选出合理的设备。应该强调的是，在特定的生产运行状态中，很有可能有很多较适用的干燥机，但也必须知道，在特定的工作状态中，没有一个严格的规定出极精确的最佳干燥设备，每一种产品都有自己独特的生产方式。影响最佳干燥装置选择的因素很多，如选择间歇干燥还是连续干燥、矿物燃料的消耗、电耗、地方环境法或噪音污染限制等。产品产量对干燥机的选择更是一个主要因素。 三、干燥设备使用概况 前面提到，干燥设备是在许多工业生产中大量应用。多年来已有多种机型用于工业化生产中，如气流干燥器、流化床干燥器、喷雾干燥器、滚筒干燥机、耙式干燥器、冷冻干燥机、红外线干燥及组合式干燥等达几十种之多。为什么干燥设备类型很多呢,这主要是由于干燥物料型态、性质各不相同，处理的物料有各种不同的具体要求所致。 随着我国各行业的生产技术的飞跃发展，国内干燥技术和设备也得到了迅速发展。在散粒状物料的干燥方面，近几年来流态化技术获得了更加广泛的应用和新的发展。流态化干燥充分改善了气固相接触条件(蒸发表面积增大)，物料的剧烈搅动，大大减少了气膜阻力，给传热介质创造了极为有利的条件。除了国内在干燥技术中使用较早的气流干燥获得较迅速发展外，近年来流化干燥设备发展得最快。主要表现在利用流态化技术结合各种被干燥物料特性和要求创制了很多新型高效的流态化干燥器，分述如下。 直管气流干燥器是国内使用较早的流化干燥设备，经数年来的生产实践认为气流干燥对散粒状物料，特别是热敏性物料的干燥，还是比较理想的干燥设备。它无论生产量，占地面积等方面均比烘箱干燥优越，因此目前在制药、塑料、食品、化肥等工业中使用的更加广泛。但气流干燥还存在热利用率较低、设备高、气固两相相对速度较低等缺点。近年来创制了脉冲气流干燥器、旋风气流干燥器、粉碎气流干燥器等新型气流设备，克服了直管气流干燥的缺点。粉碎气流除降低高度外，还扩大了气流干燥器的使用范围，使易氧化的物料能用空气作为干燥介质，既降低了干燥动力消耗，又提高了产品的产量和质量，此外还采用了多级气流干燥流程和组合气流干燥流程，在气流干燥器的应用上，许多工程采用了二级串联方式，在有些物料的干燥上更加合理，也提高了热效率。直管气流干燥在生产操作方面已很成熟。脉冲气流、旋风气流干燥已工业化多年，操作已较成熟，但理论设计方面还很缺少。在今后的实践发展中还需进一步完善。 大部分热敏性较强和易氧化的物料，均采用气流干燥。一般能将初湿为10%一25%的物料干燥至1%-0.05%，被干燥的物料粒度一般在60-100目，产量一般在100 - 200kg/h。目前国内在制药、食品、塑料等工业中广泛使用。随着我国生产技术的飞速发展，气流干燥在今后的工业生产中必定应用得更加广泛。 流化干燥是最近年发展起来的又一干燥技术。经过生产实践证明它有很多优越性，能实现小设备大生产，由于热容系数较大和停留时间可任意调节，故对含表面水和需经过降速干燥阶段的物料均适用，特别适用于散粒物料的干燥。最近发展起来并已工业化的有下列几种型式:单层圆筒型、多层圆管型、振动流化床、卧式多室流化床干燥器、搅拌流化床以及内藏热管流化床等，其中以后者发展得较迅速。目前已在制药、化肥、食品、塑料、石油化工and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 等工业中广泛使用。经过几年的实践，国内流化干燥无论在操作、设备结构等方面均已发展到较成熟阶段。从使用情况看，卧式多室流化干燥器由于结构简单、操作方便而稳定、物料适应性广，既能获得含水均匀的产品，动力消耗又少，是流态化干燥散粒状物料较理想的设备，今后值得推广与发展。内藏热管是流化床对流传热和传导传热相结合的产物，具有较高的热效率，干燥效果也效好，是近年来很受推荐的新机型。 国内锥形流化床按操作分有三种型式:一种是浓相溢流出料，近年来国内较多在流化造粒方面使用;另一种即喷动床干燥，是由床顶出料，产品在旋风分离器内收集或间歇操作床底出料。这种结构比流化床结构简单，设备小，产量大，干燥强度高、床层等温性强、不发生局部过热。过去仅适用于大颗粒物料(聚氯乙烯)，近年来已发展至能应用于细粒物料的干燥。目前在塑料、谷物、制药等部门使用。但因动力消耗较大，使用受到一定限制。 在溶液状或浆状物料的干燥方面也获得了较新的发展，除使用得较多的喷雾干燥有了新的发展外，近年来已成功地采用了锥形流化床进行喷雾造粒生产并已逐步在发展和完善中。喷雾流化造粒干燥器首先在化肥上采用，目前已在医药、食品等工业中采用。喷雾干燥在国内使用已有二十几年，在设计和操作等方面都已较成熟。近年来喷雾干燥有以下几方面的进展: (1)干燥室除向大型化发展外，喷头雾化器性能方面有关单位也作较多的实验研究工作，并取得了显著效果; (2)除热敏性溶液更加广泛采用喷雾干燥外，近年浆液也成功地采用了喷雾干燥; (3)喷雾干燥与其他干燥技术结合以达到干燥或干燥造粒同时进行的目的，这也是我国干燥技术水平进一步发展的体现; (4)目前正在进行低温喷雾干燥的实验，它是将含湿量极低而温度不高的空气作载体，空气经过预先脱水干燥，在干燥过程中产品温度不超过35’C，因此适用于热敏性物料的干燥，如医药、食品脱水等。 干燥机的工作原理 干燥过程需要消耗大量热能，为了节省能量，某些湿含量高的物料、含有固体物质的悬浮液或溶液一般先经机械脱水或加热蒸发，再在干燥机内干燥，以得到干的固体。在干燥过程中需要同时完成热量和质量(湿分)的传递，保证物料表面湿分蒸汽分压(浓度)高于外部空间中的湿分蒸汽分压，保证热源温度高于物料温度。 热量从高温热源以各种方式传递给湿物料，使物料表面湿分汽化并逸散到外部空间，从而在物料表面和内部出现湿含量的差别。内部湿分向表面扩散并汽化，使物料湿含量不断降低，逐步完成物料整体的干燥。 物料的干燥速率取决于表面汽化速率和内部湿分的扩散速率。通常干燥前期的干燥速率受表面汽化速率控制;而后，只要干燥的外部条件不变，物料的干燥速率和表面温度即保持稳定，这个阶段称为恒速干燥阶段;当物料湿含量降低到某一程度，内部湿分向表面的扩散速率降低，并小于表面汽化速率时，干燥速率即主要由内部扩散速率决定，并随湿含量的降低而不断降低，这个阶段称为降速干燥阶段。 and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 干燥设备分类 用于进行干燥操作的设备。类型很多。根据操作压力可分为常压和减压(减压干燥器也称真空干燥器)。根据操作方法可分为间歇式和连续式。根据干燥介质可分为空气、烟道气或其他干燥介质。根据运动(物料移动和干燥介质流动)方式可分为并流，逆流和错流。按操作压力 按操作压力，干燥器分为常压干燥器和真空干燥器两类，在真空下操作可降低空间的湿分蒸汽分压而加速干燥过程，且可降低湿分沸点和物料干燥温度，蒸汽不易外泄，所以，真空干燥器适用于干燥热敏性、易氧化、易爆和有毒物料以及湿分蒸汽需要回收的场合。 按加热方式，干燥器分为对流式、传导式、辐射式、介电式等类型。对流式干燥器又称直接干燥器，是利用热的干燥介质与湿物料直接接触，以对流方式传递热量，并将生成的蒸汽带走;传导式干燥器又称间接式干燥器，它利用传导方式由热源通过金属间壁向湿物料传递热量，生成的湿分蒸汽可用减压抽吸、通入少量吹扫气或在单独设置的低温冷凝器表面冷凝等方法移去。这类干燥器不使用干燥介质，热效率较高，产品不受污染，但干燥能力受金属壁传热面积的限制，结构也较复杂，常在真空下操作;辐射式干燥器是利用各种辐射器发射出一定波长范围的电磁波，被湿物料表面有选择地吸收后转变为热量进行干燥;介电式干燥器是利用高频电场作用，使湿物料内部发生热效应进行干燥。按湿物料的运动方式 按湿物料的运动方式，干燥器可分为固定床式、搅动式、喷雾式和组合式;按结构，干燥器可分为厢式干燥器、输送机式干燥器、滚筒式干燥器、立式干燥器、机械搅拌式干燥器、回转式干燥器、流化床式干燥器、气流式干燥器、振动式干燥器、喷雾式干燥器以及组合式干燥器等多种。 产品相关知识: 浅析污泥烘干机的工作原理及性能优点 烘干机有很多种类，这款污泥烘干机则具有结构合理、制作精良、产量高、能耗低、运转方便等优点，并广泛的应用于建材、冶金、矿山、化工、煤炭等部门。那么它是怎么工作and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 的呢,它的工作原理是怎样的, 首先是将要烘干的污泥由给料机经溜槽送到干燥机的内导料板上，随着筒体的转动，污泥被导至倾斜扬料板上，也就是污泥被提升到筒体的中心位置，然后逐渐洒落并形成料幕，这时，高温气流从中穿过，使污泥预加热并蒸发掉一部分水分，当污泥洒落、移动到活动的篦条式翼板上时，污泥又与预热过的篦条式翼板夹杂在一起，将热量传给污泥，又使部分水分蒸发，同时，翼板夹带污泥提起、洒落，就这样多次重复，使得污泥与热气进行对流和接触热交换。 另外，埋在污泥物料中的清扫装置，也沿圆弧形扬料板的里侧下滑，把扬料板内壁粘附的污泥物料清扫下来。当清扫装置随筒体转过垂直线以后，又在圆弧扬料板背面拖动，并将其粘附在扬料板外壁的物料清扫下来。随着筒体的不断转动，使部分水分蒸发，污泥又得到进一步的干燥。在此过程中，清扫装置对污泥团球也起到了打碎的作用，从而提高了干燥速度。最后，污泥干燥后变成低水分的松散污泥物料，由出料口排出，从而完成整个运转过程。 选购烘干机的正确步骤和注意事项 烘干机又称干燥机，是指用来烘干一定湿度或粒度的物料，根据烘干机种类的不同，适用的干燥物料也有区别，但是在烘干机的选购方面，要注意的事项是差不多的，下面就简单介绍一下在选购烘干机时应注意的事项: 第一，在选购烘干时，应同时对比几种不同的类型，选择符合自己烘干物料要求的，结构比较精巧的，同样的功能占地少的; 第二，选购烘干机时，应尽量选择那些自动化程度比较高，易于控制的，从而减少操作人员的数量，降低的成本; 第三，应选择那些工作稳定，能耗低，热效率高的烘干机，确保烘干后物料的质量满足用户的需要; 第四，烘干机用的燃料也是考虑选购烘干机的一个重要方面，应尽量选择那些适用于多种燃料的烘干机，这样可以根据燃料的市场行情，及时调整，可以大大降低的烘干成本; 第五，烘干机的除尘设备是烘干机的一个很关键的地方，选购时，应选那些除尘设备比较好，耐用性强的，可以增加烘干机的使用寿命。 靛蓝干燥应如何选用机型 靛蓝干燥主要分为原粉靛蓝干燥和商品靛蓝干燥。一般情况下，用于出口的靛蓝多为原粉。 原粉干燥方法主要是合成后的靛蓝，经压滤机压滤后，以滤饼状态进入干燥机。目前，我国用于原粉靛蓝干燥的干燥机多为耙式干燥机、桨叶干燥机、旋转快速干燥机等。在这三种机型中，前两种干燥机传热方式属于传导传热为主，后一种属于对流传热。按生产方式分，耙式干燥机为间歇式干燥，桨叶干燥机、旋转快速干燥机为连续式干燥。 笔者认为，当生产规模较小时，应采用耙式干燥机进行干燥;生产规模较大时，应采用桨叶干燥机、旋转快速干燥机等连续式干燥机进行干燥处理。这是因为，桨叶干燥机、旋转快速干燥机一次性投资较高，达不到一定规模时不经济。当产量较大时，采用这两种机型，虽然投资较高，但生产效率高，工作环境好，劳动强度小，生产过程容易实现自动化，且产品含水量均匀。另外，不能忽视的一个问题是，靛蓝因相对密度很小(在200千克,立方米and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 左右)，很容易被干燥气体所夹带。在这三种干燥机中，按夹带量的多少顺序排列为:旋转快速干燥机、桨叶干燥机、耙式干燥机。因此，选用这几种干燥机时，配备气体过滤设备的规模是不同的。特别是以采用对流传热为主的旋转快速干燥机时，因靛蓝的粒子可以达到0.2微米左右，气固分离的过程更为重要，要求除尘器的过滤面积更大，对过滤材料的效率要求更高。 生产商品靛蓝则需选用喷雾干燥机。因商品靛蓝的生产需要进行预处理，以达到相同的强度。标准化过程处理是指在加入多种助剂后，在液体状态下进行高速打浆，原料是可流动的液体，含固量为25%,30%，所以需经喷雾干燥以获得粉状或颗粒状产品。如采用压力式喷雾干燥机进行干燥处理，产品粒度可保持在80,180目之间。靛蓝是一种比较耐热的染料，干燥热空气进口温度可以在230?,240?之间。 闪蒸干燥机的适用范围 闪蒸干燥机是发展最快应用范围最广泛的机型之一，在国内也称旋流干燥机，旋转快速干燥机。闪蒸干燥机有机地结合了流化、旋流、喷动、粉碎、分级技术，是流化技术、旋流技术、喷动技术及对流传热技术的优化组合，设备的技术含量较高，适用于膏糊状、颗粒状、滤饼状及泥浆状物料的干燥。 闪蒸干燥机具有热效率高，干燥时间短，节能效果好的优点。对膏糊状物料可直接干燥制成粉状干燥产品，节省了干燥前预处理，干燥后粉碎、筛分等工序;由于干燥速度快，物料受热时间短，不易破坏干燥物料的组分，特别有利于对热敏性物料的干燥;干燥过程全封闭，无杂质混入，成品质量高，操作环境好。目前，闪蒸干燥机已根据不同的物料设计出了多种机型，并形成了系列产品，在化工、制药、轻工、食品、矿产等行业的应用范围越来越广泛。 比较典型的干燥物料有: 无机物:硼砂、碳酸钙、氢氧化物、硫酸铜、氧化铁、碳酸钡、三氧化锑、各种重金属盐、合成冰晶石、碳酸锰、碳酸镁、亚硫酸钠、磷酸氢钙、氧化铝、氧化铁红、氢氧化铝、醋酸钠、白碳黑、膨润土等。 有机物:月桂酸隔、苯甲酸、安息香酸、草酸钠、醋酸纤维素、三聚氰胺、三苯基醋酸锡、甲基纤维素、溴氨酸、DSD酸、2，4—D酸、H酸、J酸等。 农药:阿特拉津(农药杀虫剂)、巴丹、杀虫单、代森锰锌、扫螨净、灭多威、精喹禾灵、三环唑、苯噻草胺、多效唑、莠去津、莠灭净、吡虫啉等。 颜料染料:酞菁染料、靛蓝染料、铬橙、铁黄、酒石黄、耐晒黑G、钛白粉、立德粉、中络黄等。 硬盐系列:硬质酸钙(镁、铝、锌、钡、铬)、二盐基亚磷酸铝、三盐基硫酸铝等。 建材矿业:碳酸钙系列、高岭土、膨润土、铝钒土、氢氧化镁、超细石英。 食品:大豆蛋白、胶凝淀粉、酒糟、小麦糖、淀粉、豆沙、特殊面粉等。 医药:医药中间体、核黄素、蛋白粉、黄莲素、VB、磺胺嘧啶。 陶瓷:高岭土、二氧化硅、黏土等。 工业废料:生物泥浆、铁锰渣、糖醛渣等。 and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 锯末烘干机几项基本知识 随着社会的发展，烘干机的需求越来越多，当然随之而来的是对烘干机也提出了更高、更多的要求，使得烘干机也由原来的形式单一、功能少变得种类繁多，功能齐全。今天我们就具体讲述一种为迎合粉粒体状湿锯末干燥的烘干机——锯末烘干机的基本知识。这种烘干机是采用螺旋输送机将要烘干的物料输送到干燥管内，通过高速热气流的输送和分散来使湿物料中的水分蒸发，从而达到烘干湿物料的过程。 锯末烘干机主要组成部件有风机、加料器、旋风分离器、气流干燥管和空气加热器等。其中，气流干燥管是最重要的一个部件，其有以下四个特点:第一，由于物料在气流中高度分散，颗粒的全部表面积就是要干燥的全部有效面积，所以气流干燥器与其他的干燥器相比，具有更强的干燥强度;第二，因为气流干燥器的干燥强度大，从而使得干燥湿物料的时间大大减短，也有效的降低了烘干机的运作成本，延长了使用寿命;第三，气流干燥器除了拥有干燥强度大、干燥时间短外，还有一个明显的优点，就是它的结构非常简单，占地面积非常小，建造和维修时非常方便。另外，气流干燥器的适用范围也非常广，可以适用于木炭机械、锯末压块、秸秆压块燃料、木屑颗粒燃料、农牧业工程等行业。 矿粉烘干机设备的构件组成部分、产品特点介绍 矿粉烘干机是由热源、打散装置、带式上料机、进料机、回转滚筒、带式出料机、引风机、卸料器和配电柜构成的新型专用干燥设备，可广泛应用于煤泥、原煤、浮选精煤、混合精煤等煤炭行业物料的干燥;高炉矿渣、粘土、澎润土、石灰石、沙子、石英石等建筑行业物料的干燥;各种金属精矿、废渣、尾矿等选矿行业物料的干燥;以及化工行业非热敏性物料的干燥。产品特点: (1)矿粉烘干机的干燥工艺先进，采用高温快速干燥工艺，传热系数大，热效率高，干燥强度大。 (2)高速搅拌干燥与气流干燥相结合，能将粘性物料充分分散，大大提高了物料与热介质的接触面积，有利于干燥过程进行。 (3)矿粉烘干机内采用特殊的刮料装置，避免了物料粘壁的现象。 (4)适应范围广、操作简单、维修量小、产品质量稳定。 (5)矿粉烘干机机专门为干燥矿粉而设计，具有旋转叶片角度可变，转轴转速可调。 (6)矿粉烘干机机体上部设较湿物料返流层，气流干燥器设特殊搅拌器等特点。 煤泥烘干机的用途及注意事项 木材烘干机干燥机抗过载能力强，处理量大，燃料消耗少，干燥成本低。转筒烘干机广泛用于建材、冶金、化工、水泥工业烘干矿渣石灰石、煤粉、矿渣、粘土等物料等。矿用烘干机则具有制作精良、性能稳定、工艺先进、产量高，能耗低，占地面积小、机械化程度高等优点。是您烘干物料中不可缺少的设备。 此中的筒套列布局使水泥烘干机长度可成倍收缩。多筒式水泥烘干机在内外筒中分别提供内烟管和环形烟管煤泥烘干机，架于托轮组上，由和外筒相连的集料箱下端下料煤泥烘干机，中诺诠释烘干机发展前景内外筒内设有螺旋叶片和间接旋扬料板。由连接于机体的齿轮或别的传动体系继承外力使机体回转活动煤泥烘干机，以致热耗低沉煤泥烘干机，经径向支and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 承等等相互连成一体煤泥烘干机。从而使物推测达烘干物料的目的。各烟管间用径向烟道雷同煤泥烘干机，这种布局实用不能触烟的物料，粮食烘干机所表现出的10大特征可起到同样高效节能的结果煤泥烘干机，水泥烘干机事情原理是怎样的呢, 水泥烘干机事情原理为:首先是将物料放入回转筒体煤泥烘干机，议决筒体内的螺旋叶片和间接螺旋扬料板的作用煤泥烘干机，筒内还安置有内烟管、环形烟管和外烟罩等装置，节能烘干机的工作原理是怎样的,水泥烘干机是指议决加热干燥装置将物料举行干燥的设备，由径向支持联成一体煤泥烘干机，这造成散热面大幅淘汰，架在托轮组上煤泥烘干机，环形烟管及外烟罩及雷同各烟管的径向烟管2个经排烟口排口煤泥烘干机。它具有内外筒体同轴套列煤泥烘干机，热气既可和物料混触共流，也可由筒体内的内烟管，物料由各筒内的螺旋叶片和间断螺旋扬料板运送和扬起，由集料箱上端排挤。而倍增的热互换面使热效大大提高。 木屑专用烘干机适用物料、烘干原理 木屑专用烘干机是专为锯屑、小木片、木皮烘干而设计制造。具有烘干产量大、节能效果显著、低维护等特点。 主要工作原理是:木屑进入回转滚筒内由喷吹管与回转筒体共同作用，在筒内沸腾流化，热风与物料充分触，完成干燥。气流式锯末烘干机，所谓气流干燥机是指把粉粒体状湿锯末，采用螺旋输送机将其连续加入干燥管内。在高速热气流的输送和分散中，木屑烘干机使湿物料的中的水分蒸发，得到粉状或粒状干燥产品的过程。主要由空气加热器、加料器、气流干燥管、旋风分离器、风机等组成。 伽利略木屑烘干机广泛适用于木屑、锯末、刨花、树皮、稻壳粉、苜蓿粉、牧草、酒精糟、啤酒糟、白酒糟、木薯渣、万寿菊、银杏叶、中草药原料、秸秆粉、蔬菜粉等物料干燥，热效率高达80%，明显高于国内同类设备。河南省郑州市伽利略重工专业生产烘干机，主要产品:污泥烘干机、矿粉烘干机、粮食烘干机、鸡粪烘干机、木屑烘干机、箱式烘干机等烘干机设备。 伽利略重工坚持奉行&ldquo以科技为先导，以质量求发展&rdquo的宗旨，木屑烘干机在国外先进技术的引导下，大胆尝试，自主研发，使产品不断更新换代，科技含量大大提高。产品畅销全国十几个省、市、自治区，并出口非洲、俄罗斯、巴基斯坦、澳大利亚、印度等国，深受消费者一致好评。 干燥箱温度过冲太大怎么办 温度过冲太大是指第一次开机时，工作室温度超过设定温度5?以上后，再慢慢降低并稳定在设定温度上的现象。一些医药、生物、化工、食品、电子等行业对这种现象是比较敏感的。 and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 虽然电热鼓风干燥箱标准中没有温度过冲的限制指标，但本非常重视用户的意见。曾经专门设计了101C系列电热鼓风干燥箱来满足用户这方面的要求。随着控制技术的不断改进，本101A(包括101A-XE)系列的电热鼓风干燥箱的温度过冲一般都已被控制在2,3?以下。通过精调，理想状态时仪表读数甚至显示不出有温度过冲现象。因此101C系列已经停止投产。 彻底消除温度过冲是不可能的。使温度过冲达到可以接受的程度是有办法的。对于以前购买老式(位式控制仪表)产品的用户来讲，这里有3种办法可供用户选择: ?二段升温法;先把仪表温度设定在离需要温度差5—10?处(具体差多少合适，用户可以根据当时的环境温度和试品的多少确定)，稳定后再把仪表温度重新设定在所需要的烘干温度上。 ?空箱恒定法;先空箱把工作室的温度升到并稳定在所需要的烘干温度上，然后再把试品迅速放入工作室。这种办法要注意保护操作者避免烫伤。更要注意被烘试品的挥发物因挥发速度太快而可能产生的新危险。 ?选用我厂最新出厂的101A或101A- xE型系列电热鼓风干燥箱替代。101A-xE系列电热鼓风干燥箱又是101A型干燥箱的改进型产品。该系列干燥箱，全部采用智能型温度控制仪表，不锈钢内胆。具有造型新，温度过冲小、操作简单的优点。 微波真空冷冻干燥设备主要用途及优点 目前微波真空冷冻干燥设备主要用于高价值和高品质的食品的生产，如保健食品、高档调味料等。可细分为: 一、是用于调味品的生产。若以高温对生姜和大蒜进行处理，则这两种物料中的香辛味物质很容易遭到破坏，从而导致其含量下降。如果采用微波真空冷冻烘干机设备对大蒜和生姜进行处理，则能较好地保留原料中的呈味物质和营养物质，可以生产出高品质的大蒜粉和生姜粉。 二是用于保健品的生产。包括蜂王浆冻干粉、纯蛇粉、龟鳖粉、冬虫夏草、鹿茸、人参、螺旋藻粉等。 三是用于高附加值农产品加工。如脱水蔬菜、脱水肉制品、脱水海产品，这些采用微波真空冷冻烘干机方法生产的半成品或者产品，重量很轻、复水性能十分良好、复水后的色泽和状态新鲜如初，且便于携带、储存和运输，在常温下可以保存3年。这些加工后的脱水产品，作为一种高档配料，可用作方便食品如方便面、方便米粉的调味包的配料。 干燥机种类及适用范围 传导干燥也称接触干燥，对于潮湿颗粒非常适应，而传导干燥机热效率较高。蒸发的水蒸汽或有机溶剂由真空抽出或用少量气流排出，气流是湿分的主要载体，对于热敏性颗粒状物料建议用真空操作。在传导干燥机中，桨叶干燥机用于干燥膏状物料。具有内流管的旋转式干燥机现已设计出来并已投入使用。真空干燥的操作费用昂贵，只是物料必须要在低温或缺氧状态下干燥时，或物料在加热介质和高温下干燥会变质时，才推荐用真空干燥。对于一定的蒸发效率，采用高温操作更有效，这样可以降低气体流速，减小设备体积。对于低温干燥操作，可以选择适当的低温废热或太阳能收集器作为热源，但干燥机的体积比较大。冷冻干燥是真空条件下干燥的一个特例。在这里，温度在水的三态点之下，水(或冰)直接升华and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 为水蒸汽。尽管升华所需要的热量比蒸发低几倍，其它方面的动力消耗较大，故真空干燥费用还是昂贵的。 传导传热中，由夹套、搅拌、传热管等将热量供给干燥物料，用热媒而不用热空气。代表性的设备是槽型的圆筒干燥机。圆锥搅拌干燥机、夹套和内置加热管回转干燥机、鼓式干燥机、耙式干燥机、真空带式干燥机、真空冷冻干燥机等。在热空气干燥中，恒速干燥时期的温度相当于湿球温度。而在传导传热干燥中，需要人为地创造加热面，使传热面积小而传热系数增加。这样，结构就比较复杂，设备投资比热空气干燥机大。 传导干燥法通过金属等蜀面间接传递干燥所需要的热量。干燥速率比直接干燥法低。恒速干燥期间产品温度与加热源的温度没有关系，大体与装置内气体压力的饱和温度相同。为了提高干燥速率和防止干燥不均，通常用机械搅拌或使容器本身旋转，以增加或不断更新物料的传热面，因此有必要深入研究传热机构的附着问题。干燥装置本身价格昂贵，但其特点是集尘系统的负荷小，热效率高，溶剂容易回收，总的费用比直接干燥法便宜得多。 (1)空心桨叶干燥机(叶片干燥机) 空心桨叶干燥机又称叶片干燥机，主要由带有夹套的W形壳体和两根空心桨叶轴及传动装置组成。轴上排列着中空叶片，轴端装有热介质导入的旋转接头。干燥水分所需的热量由带有夹套的W形槽的内壁和中空叶片壁传导给物料。物料在干燥过程中，带有中空叶片的空心轴在给物料加热的同时又对物料进行搅拌，从而进行加热面的更新。是一种连续传导加热干燥机。加热介质为蒸汽，热水或导热油。加热介质通入壳体夹套内和两根空心桨叶轴中，以传导加热的方式对物料进行加热干燥，不同的物料空心桨叶轴结构有所不同。 该机适用于处理各种膏糊状、粒状、粉状等热稳定性较好的物料，在特殊条件下也可干燥热敏性物料及在干燥过程中回收溶剂。常用于碳黑、轻质碳酸钙、钛白粉、碳酸钡、腈尿酸、石膏、粘土、二氧化锰、尼龙和聚脂切片、聚乙烯、聚丙烯(回收溶剂)等物料的干燥或冷却。 (2)真空耙式干燥机 干燥物料从真空耙式干燥机的壳体上方正中间加入，在不断转动的耙齿的搅拌下，物料与壳体壁接触时，表面不断更新，被干燥物料受到蒸汽(或热水、导热油)间接加热，而是物料水分汽化，汽化的水分由真空泵及时抽走。被干燥物料受到热载体的间接加热，使物料中的水分汽化，汽化的水分由真空泵及时排出。 由于操作真空度较高，一般在400,700mmHg范围内，被干燥物料表面水蒸汽压力远大于干燥器壳体内蒸发空间的水蒸汽压力。从而有利于被干燥物料内部水分和表面水分的排出，有利于被干燥物料的水分子运动，达到干燥的目的。真空耙式干燥机适用于热敏性、在高温下易氧化的物料或干燥时易板结的物料，以及干燥中排出的蒸汽须回收的物料。典型干燥物料有丙烯磺酸钠、CMC、酞菁蓝、染料中间体、羧甲基淀粉、麦芽糊精、蒽醌磺酸等。 (3)带式干燥机 带式干燥机由若干个独立的单元段组成。每个单元段包括循环风机、加热装置、单独或公用的新鲜空气抽入系统和尾气排出系统。对干燥介质数量、温度、湿度和尾气循环量操作参数，可进行独立控制，从而保证带干机工作的可靠性和操作条件的优化。带干机操作灵活，湿物进料，干燥过程在完全密封的箱体内进行，劳动条件较好，避免了粉尘的外泄。用于透气性较好的片状、条状、颗粒状物料的干燥，对于脱水蔬菜、中药饮片等含水量高而物料温度不允许高的物料尤为合适。 (4)滚筒刮板干燥机 滚筒刮板干燥机是通过转动的圆筒，以热传导的方式，将附在筒体外壁的液相物料或带状物料，进行干燥的一种连续操作设备。需干燥处理的料液由高位槽流入滚筒干燥器的受料槽内。干燥滚筒在传动装置驱动下，按规定的转速转动。物料由布膜装置，在滚筒壁面上形and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 成料膜。筒内连续通入供热介质，加热筒体，由筒壁传热使料膜的湿分汽化，再通过刮刀将达到干燥要求的物料刮下，经螺旋输送至贮槽内，进行包装。蒸发除去的湿分，视其性质可通过密闭罩，引入相应的处理装置内;一般为水蒸气，可直接由罩顶的排气管放至大气中。该机主要用于处理液体物料，既可通入蒸汽、热水或热油加热干燥，又可通入冷水冷却结片。可根据不同的物料性质和工艺要求采用浸入式、喷淋式、碾辅式等加料方式。 (5)双锥形回转真空干燥器 双锥回转真空干燥器身略如橄榄状，两端有盖，中间设两轴以支承器身。器身有夹套以加热，干燥时器身可回转，使物料与器壁经常更换接触，克服了真空烘箱中物料主要依靠加热筒传导而热效率低的缺点。回转真空干燥器在精细化工、医药等方面已应用较广，对粘度大或在回转过程中附着性强的物料不适用。该设备主要用于医药，化工、食品等行业的粉状、粒状及纤维状物料的浓缩、混合、干燥及需低温干燥的物料(如生化制品等)，更适用于易氧化、易挥发、热敏性强烈刺激、有毒性物料和不允许破坏晶体的物料的干燥。 (6)真空烘箱 由于减压以后，物料蒸发所含挥发物的蒸发温度可以降低，适用于各种热敏、易氧化物料的干燥。此装置常为园筒或其他可承真空操作的外壳，内以电热或热水、导热油通过加热板或加热管进行供热，适用于小批量间歇生产。 烘箱是通用干燥设备，适用面较宽，属盘架式间歇干燥设备，应用于制药、化工、食品。轻工、重工业等行业物料及产品的加热固化、干燥脱水。如原料药、生药、中药饮片、浸膏、粉剂、颗粒、冲剂、水丸、包装瓶、颜料染料、脱水蔬菜、瓜果干、香肠、塑料树脂、电器元件、烘漆等。 (7)冷冻干燥机 冷冻干燥机是将料液先冷却冻结，随后减压使冰升华而获得干物料。 由于整个过程在冰点以下进行，常用于热敏物品的干燥。因真空下对冻结物料的给热比较困难，以及在减压下冷凝升华的水蒸汽需要较大的制冷系统，因此干燥费用较大。冷冻高热敏性物料中的水分，并将在高真空下保持到冰点以下温度。使水分升华而与物料分离。物料中有效成分损失少，但干燥速率低。 关于干燥方式和干燥设备的选型问题 目前的干燥设备种类很多，给药厂选择干燥方式创造了极大的空间，但恰恰因为可选空间大，药厂在选择干燥设备时又容易限于无所适从的境地，不知道该选择那一种干燥方式和哪一种型号的干燥设备。 一、沸腾制粒. 许多制粒设备都兼有干燥的功能，所以制粒设备也多以干燥设备厂制造。为用户选型的方便，在此书中对制粒设备也有一些简单介绍。流化床技术在制药界广泛运用于粉粒干燥、造粒、冷却。无论是基础理论，还是工程运用，均已为人们熟知。已将流化床技术作为粉粒包衣、制丸，并开发了气动旋转流化床，喷动连续作业流化床等先进技术。目前国内已开发底喷流化床制粒包衣及侧喷离心流化床制丸包衣，至今已在多家制药厂得到运用。在中、西and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 药片剂生产中，混合与制粒是压片前的重要工序，颗粒的质量是决定药片质量的关键。 制粒的基本任务是混合、制粒和干燥。混合的目的，是将药品的多种成份均匀地混合在一起，以满足含量均匀性的要求。制粒是将混合后的药粉制成均匀细小的球状颗粒，使其具有良好的流动性，以满足高速压片对颗粒真球度及均匀性的严格要求。高质量的颗粒直径应在20~80目之间呈正态分布，并含有一定量的细粉。二、一步制粒.一步制粒机是将物料辅料在密闭的容器中混合、制粒、沸腾干燥一次完成，也是平时所说的制备颗粒要有三个步骤，在密闭容器中一次完成，叫一步法制粒。一步法制粒机是国外产物，自从70年初开始引进中国，在药厂使用将近30年左右，到90年代初开始大量生产，此设备一般被用到新建的《GMP》标准的厂房中去。因为一步法制粒机是三合一机器，它把三种工艺参数集为一体，所以一开始操作此机器是有难度的。尤其是小厂技术力量比较薄弱，更是难以操作。一步法制粒机也是这样，只要在原来的制粒基础上，改变处方，从小样开始实验。工艺参数据成熟了，再开始放中样，直到车间大批量生产。 一步法制粒机是利用洁净的热气流把在密闭容器的物料及辅料从底部吹沸呈流化状态(负压)。物料辅料在容器内作无规则复杂的上下飘动，并在飘动中混合达到均匀状态。然后喷入粘合剂使粉状物料湿润凝集，再经热空气干燥，形成多孔状颗粒。它是将传统制粒中的混合，搅拌制粒、干燥等多道制粒工序合并在同一容器中完成。在理想参数中完成作业，故称一步法制粒。 结构及操作特点:(1)一步法是由上、中、下三个筒体构成一个密闭容器，并且在筒体上有一特定的定向泄爆口，筒内万一出现较大正压，泄爆门将自动打开，泄爆物沿着泄爆通道排出室外。(2)进排风管道内各安装一个快速截止阀，一旦发生爆炸，进排风管道内的快速截止阀迅速关闭，强迫正压只能从泄爆口排出。(3)上筒体内装有捕集除尘装置，通过气缸的往复运动实现捕集袋的摇振除尘，捕集袋的材料为抗静电涤纶布，在此布面中织有导电纤维，不易产生静电，改善了静电吸附粉尘现象。捕集袋采用整体吊装的形式。安装拆洗较为方便，且在袋架中装有充气密封圈，保证活动的捕集袋架能紧密的固定在筒壁上。并装有防坠落装置，保证设置与人员的安全。而国内多数制造厂则将捕集袋翻卷在筒体外，安装与拆洗不方便。且难以达到《GMP》要求。(4)下筒体的顶升托架采用套缸式，用双大口径气缸实现升降，从而使三个筒体能完全密封。筒体的法兰之间采用法兰线与硅橡胶密封垫密封，无泄漏，可靠性高。并且在下筒体与托架的套缸型式中，装有下充气密封圈，保证活动的套缸能完全密封不泄漏。(5)过滤加热器，采用不锈钢制作，箱体外包镜面或花纹不锈钢，过滤器为亚高效过滤器。(6)风门采用进口伺服系统，使风门能按等百分比控制开启度。改变了以往采用的传统手动方式，从根本上保证了沸腾状态的可控性。现场操作柜采用全气动方式，各种开关、按钮、仪器仪表都为气动元件，无电火花产生，适用于有溶剂的工艺操作。 一步制粒形成的颗粒比其他方法做出来的颗粒要好，优点多。主要是颗粒比较松，呈多孔状，且粒度分布均匀，一般在40~80目左右。沸腾制粒的优点多于其它制粒方法。如压片成型、片重差异性、质量均匀性等都优于其它制粒方法。一步制粒省时、省工、省力、减轻劳动强度，完全可以避免环境与药物的交叉污染。在沸腾制粒室中操作，绝对看不到粉尘飞扬，既能做到文明生产又符合《GMP》要求，而且还给企业带来经济效益，因此，沸腾制粒机是值得推广的一种高新技术的制剂设备。 企业选用沸腾制粒机，一定要掌握以下几个关键事宜:(1)要设计与一步制粒相匹配的新处方，因为沸腾制粒工艺处方与传统制粒处方不同，老处方用于沸腾制粒是绝对行不通的。处方更改不到位，是沸腾制粒机不能正常生产的主要原因之一。更改处方时要注意原料的理化、酸碱、溶解等物化性质。含量小可以用老工艺做，含量增大时，要根据它的水溶性来定，难溶于水要加些水溶性的辅料方可制粒。如质量轻、比重小则要加粘性强的辅料作粘合剂以便制粒顺利进行，由于一步法粘合剂由喷-枪喷出，形成雾区，因此要求粘合剂要流动性好、and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 粘度低、易雾化。国外一般用PVP流动性较为理想，成粘速度快，质量好。国内一般用混合浆，价格低，但不能保证药物溶出速率。(2)沸腾制粒机不能正常生产，未完全掌握操作技术、各种参数调节不当也是主要原因之一，如:投料量、物料细度控制、喷-枪高度控制、进料温度控制及喷-枪雾度和速度等，都是成粒的直接影响因素。(3)喷头的改进。国内喷雾头在使用中容易堵塞，因此，喷雾不好，覆盖面不大。而国外喷头有较理想的保护区，使用的喷头在工作中永不堵塞，这种结构，制造单位可以参考，以便制作更好的喷头为用户服务。三、制粒工艺制粒工艺是国外首先开发成功的，用喷嘴喷入粘合剂粘结物料，物料在流化状态下形成颗粒，根据不同的工艺需要，喷嘴的位置和喷雾方向也不同，一般有三种位置。切线喷雾，主要用于制丸、制粒、包衣及包裹敷层;底向上喷雾，主要用于性能良好的包衣及包裹敷层;顶向下喷雾，普遍用于干燥、制粒及某些包衣。该系列设备是一种多用途的流化床制粒装置，其设计是为了在同一设备中可进行干燥、制粒、包衣、制丸及包裹敷层。另外，还提供多种条件，物料输送、控制系统、溶剂回收、现场清洁及除尘系统。保证了灵活性及优良的适用性。系统由几个主要部分组成:空气输送系统、机身及鼓风机。空气通过空气输送系统的各种处理进入机身。空气输送系统主要由下列部分构成:过滤器、加热器、加湿器及除湿器。机身由多组件:进风管道、工艺主件及过滤室组成。这些组件都固定在两边的支撑柱上。进风空气通过进风管进入机身，通过物料槽下面的筛网均匀分配气流量。机身上部为过滤室，装有两个完全一样的过滤袋，每个过滤袋都装在分隔的密闭过滤室内。空气最后通过过滤室离开机身。气流量的调节是通过装在鼓风机上部的出风风门来实现。这种“双过滤室系统”保证了持续的流化状态，因为当其中一个过滤袋清除吸附的粉尘时，另一个过滤袋可以通过所有的流化空气。在清除吸附的粉尘时，一个密闭的出风风门阻止了气体的流动，使得粉尘重新回到物料槽中。(一)底喷工艺底喷流化床，是喷动床原理设计的制粒设备，常称为底喷系统。因在流化床中心形成上升区，而环隙形成下降区，类似喷泉状，将随机的流态化改变为规则流，因而在工业上用于包衣作业。底喷工艺在1992年研制，是底喷技术中最先进的一代。这种专利技术可保证较大的批量，提高了效率，而且第一次可以对粒径小于50μm的颗粒进行包衣而不产生粘结。底喷工艺装置是由一个圆锥形的物料槽组成，料槽内部装有一个两边开口的圆柱形隔圈，料槽底部装有不同开口形状的筛板，以分配隔圈内及隔圈外的气流状态。开口面积最大的地方位于隔圈的正下方，这样，流化的空气大部分通向这一部位，有足够的气流保证物料的运动。隔圈与筛板之间有一定的间距，以保证物料能顺畅地从隔圈外流向隔圈内。隔圈内的物料由于进风气流的推力，向扩展室内运动，当物料自身重力克服了越来越弱的推力后，落入隔圈外，形成了一个循环的流动状态。包衣液是通过安装在筛板中心的气动雾化喷嘴加入到系统中。喷嘴自下而上喷液，方向与物料运动方向相同。当雾化液滴接触到隔圈内的颗粒时，在颗粒表面辅展、接合。当颗粒流化至扩展室时，包衣液中多余的水分被蒸发掉。有序的流化状态，使得包衣膜厚薄均匀连续，这在控释制剂中是一个非常重要的因素。(1)粉体包衣底喷流化床将流化及气流输送相结合，形成中心的上升区及环周的流化区。由于上升区的气速较大，粉体处于高度分散状态不致发生粘结，因而，运用底喷流化床可进行粉体包衣。底喷床达到“喷泉”效果是满足包衣的先决条件，对于粉末还应视物料的流动性、粉体大小、热物理性能、合理地匹配上升区、流化区风量比例，才能良好的完成包衣操作。(2)颗粒(丸)包衣颗粒剂或丸剂包衣主要由底喷流化床或侧喷流化床来完成。用于包衣的颗粒应满足基本条件有:一定的强度、表面积小、微孔少而表面致密。因此，需进行包衣的颗粒、丸均应选用旋转流化床进行丸、粒制备。应用范围?高分子聚合材料的水溶剂或有机溶剂的普通薄膜包衣。?缓释、控释包衣。?肠溶包衣。?微细粒子的包衣(50μm或更小)。?活性药物的包裹敷层。(二)切线喷工艺切线喷装置是由一个圆柱形物料槽及一个扩展室组成。转盘位于物料槽底部，静止时，转盘边缘紧贴料槽壁。开机后，可提升转盘，使得转盘与料槽壁之间产生一个间隙，以便气流通过。转盘的高度可以调节，这样and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 在不改变进风气体速度的情况下，就可以调节进入料槽的气体量。这一关键的特性保证了在进行直接制丸或用粉末进行包裹敷层时，干燥速率保持在较低的水平。而制粒或包衣时，要求能快速蒸发介质，这时保持空气流速恒定时，调节转盘高度，就可明显地增加气流量。这种灵活性，保证了在同一机器内，可以出色地进行制粒、包衣及包裹敷层。在切线喷射装置中，物料的流化状态接近于螺旋状，这是由于三个力的作用导致的。转盘转动产生的离心力，使得物料放射状地向料槽壁方向运动。通过间隙进入的气流推动物料向上运动，形成流化。物料自身的重力又会克服气流的推动，重新落入转盘中。液体或者粉末状固体可以通过安装在槽侧壁上的雾化喷嘴加入，喷液方向与物料运动的方向相同，呈切线状喷入。1.侧喷流化床处理过程离心流化床与常规流化床主要区别在于一个速度可调的旋转盘，转盘与床体具备一窄缝。物料投入床内，并受到三个力的作用:离心力、空气的举力及本身重力作用，呈螺旋的绳股状运动。就单个粉粒而言，其轨迹基本恒定。雾化器设置在床壁，并顺着旋转方向同向喷入。2.制丸离心床内物料所产生的物料自转、公转运动及相互摩擦作用，能生产出真球度高、表面光滑的药丸。影响药丸真球度的因素有喷液流量、风量大小、转子转速、雾粒大小及供粉速度。就某种药丸而言，必须匹配好这些参数，方能得到重复性良好的工艺。3.粒丸包衣每个粉粒均匀附着包衣材料、及单个粉粒表面任一部分形成连续、厚薄一致的衣膜，是包衣成败的关键。4.制大颗粒大部分中药冲剂生产标准都沿袭摇摆制粒的指标，基本在10~30目之间。按GMP所开发的新设备如沸腾制粒机粒度为10~65目，高速混合制粒粒度为20~80目。保持药的粒度生产指标不变，又能采用符合GMP规范的生产装备，选用离心流化床进行中药颗粒剂，胶囊剂生产是行之有效的方法。5.致密颗粒沸腾制粒机、高速混合制粒机在片剂生产中最大的困难是片子强度低。而用于中药颗粒剂生产，粒子较脆，包装、计量困难，粉末较多、离心流化床成粒紧密，强度高、特别适合选用。应用:?制粒:提高崩解、改善可压性、增加密度、圆化颗粒表面;?制丸:增加密度、制球形颗粒、高效能药丸、使颗粒表面光滑;?包裹敷层:溶液、混悬液包裹敷层、粉末包裹敷层、高效能药丸、粒径范围分布集中、增加密度;?包衣:薄膜衣、肠溶衣、缓释包衣、热熔融包衣。(三)顶喷工艺顶喷装置是一个锥形的物料槽及扩展室组成。 由于物料槽是锥形的，槽壁有一定的角度，保证了物料在料槽内的流化状态很强烈。入风气流推动料槽内的物料向上运动，进入扩展室。由于扩展室的直径比料槽直径要大，空气流速就比料槽内的空气流速要低，扩展室内物料的流化状态没有料槽内的流化那么激烈。当物料自身重力克服了入风气流自下而上的推力后，物料下落，回料料槽中，在整个生产过程中，物料在料槽及扩展室内来回运动。但流化状态是不规则的，没有受到严格的控制。流化床是个极佳的干燥设备。流化过程中颗粒悬浮在空气中，颗粒表面与热空气完全接触，达到了最佳的热交换状态。这保证了颗粒受热均匀，多余水分能均匀地蒸发，防止了局部过热现象。在物料温度稍超过室温的情况下，可以使用较高的进风温度，以加快干燥速率。在制粒或包衣的过程中，液体通过气动的雾化喷嘴加入到系统中，扩展室上有多个喷嘴安装口，可调节喷嘴的高度。在制粒过程中，为了保证最终颗粒的粒度分布均一，喷-枪的喷液范围要符合物料流化时的最大范围。在包衣过程中，喷-枪的位置应调节到使喷液喷到被包物运动的最密集区，这样，使得包衣液滴与被包颗粒之间的距离降到最小，以便液滴在颗粒表面能良好地辅展，形成均匀的薄膜。应用范围:?干燥:缩短时间、干燥均匀、适用于热敏物质;?制粒:减少粉尘、提高流动性、避免分层、提高颗粒可压性、改变堆密度、提高崩解、促进溶出、制速溶颗粒、改善分散性、提高孔隙率、促进表面活性剂分布均匀;?包衣:温释、热熔融、掩味、抗潮解、抗氧化包衣、改善外观。近处来，国内在消化吸收国外技术的基础上，先后开发出多种制粒设备，用以满足制药等行业各种制粒工艺的需要。四、PGL型喷雾干燥制粒机喷雾干燥制粒机是一种将喷雾干燥技术与流化床制粒技术有机结合为一体的新型一步制粒设备。是间歇式操作方式。并能根据要求调整粒度。应用领域:医药:流浸膏、and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic 维生素、动物胶、植物胶、酵母、蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶等。食品:奶蛋制品:奶油、富脂奶粉、代乳粉、蛋清黄等。食物植物汁:鸡精、咖啡、速溶茶、鱼猪肉蛋白质、土豆、大豆、花生蛋白质等。糖类:玉米、玉米淀粉、葡萄糖、果胶、山梨酸钾、麦芽糖等。洗涤剂:乳化剂、增白剂、分散剂、苏打粉、肥皂粉、普通洗衣粉、高效洗衣粉等。化工:染料、颜料、树脂、白炭黑、陶瓷、农药等。 本机特点:?集混合、喷雾干燥、制粒、颗粒包衣多功能于一体;?可进行微辅料、小 制出的颗粒速溶、冲剂易于溶出、片剂易于崩解;?利用剂量、低糖或无糖制剂的造粒;? 液态物料作为润湿粘合剂、可节约大量酒精;?设备于封闭负压工作，内表面光洁、无死角、符合“GMP”要求;?自动化程度得到进一步提高，操作简便，可有效保障产品质量的稳定性;PGL型喷雾干燥制粒机 and special tools for emergency response equipment and facilities. Emergency preparedness and response plan 1) emergency response (1) If a major accident occurs, the project should set up emergency response teams, chaired by the project manager, head of production and safety coordinators, professional foreman for the crew, primarily responsible for the orderly rescue when an emergency occurs or processing, outsourcing, team manager and support staff, assisting the Deputy Project Manager for related auxiliary work. (2) after the accident, the project manager is responsible for field commander, advance the establishment of emergency response team personnel, accountability, seriously injured officers sent out rescue, have procedures to deal with accidents, incidents, maximum reduction in casualties and property loss. (3) If an accident occurs, press Division in advance for emergency personnel cleared, concentrate manpower and material and financial resources to rescue the injured, decrease of the maximum loss. (4) after the accident processing work (5) identified the cause of the accident and the person responsible. (6) the written report to the supervisor in writing, including the time and place of the accident, injury (death) person's name, sex, age, trades, injuries, injuries. (7) the development of effective preventive measures to prevent such accidents from happening again. (8) education of all personnel of the organization. (9) informed criticism of those responsible. (10) all personnel read out the results, and responsible disposal. (11) maintenance of emergency supplies, maintenance and testing ? strengthening the day-to-day management of the various fire fighting equipment fire-fighting equipment, authorities should be staffed, equipped with fire extinguishers. Fire hydrants identified person responsible for regularly inspecting, testing, at any time in good condition. ? Guard monthly check-fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment. ? once every quarter, inspections and tests of a fire hydrant in good condition. 2), plans to develop (1) casualties occurred in construction, such as accidents or accidents of the direct economic