肉毒杆菌掺入奶粉危害究竟有多大

肉毒杆菌掺入奶粉危害究竟有多大 2013年08月06日07:06 新浪健康综合 导语:针对新西兰企业在浓缩乳清蛋白粉中检出肉毒杆菌一事，国家质检总局2日晚要求进口商立即召回可能受污染产品。新西兰恒天然公司当天发布消息，称该公司一个工厂2012年5月生产的浓缩乳清蛋白粉检出肉毒杆菌。国家质检总局对此高度重视，立即与新西兰驻华使馆取得联系，要求新方立即采取，防止问产品影响中国消费者健康。国家质检总局要求进口商立即召回可能受污染产品，并要求各地检验检疫机构进一步加强新西兰输华乳制品的检验监管。国家质检总局将对此事继续给予关注。 肉毒杆菌是毒性最强蛋白质 肉毒杆菌是一种生长在缺氧环境下的细菌，在罐头食品及密封腌渍食物中具有极强的生存能力，是目前毒性最强的毒素之一。肉毒杆菌是一种致命病菌，在繁殖过程中分泌毒素，是毒性最强的蛋白质之一。 肉毒杆菌致病，主要靠强烈的肉毒毒素。肉毒毒素是已知最剧烈的毒物，毒性比KCN强一万倍;纯化结晶的肉毒毒素1mg能杀死2亿只小鼠，对人的致死剂量约0.1μg。 肉毒杆菌产生的肉毒杆菌毒素可以用于注射美容，但也是目前世界上已知的最毒的毒素。根据毒理学研究明，1毫克的肉毒杆菌最多可以毒死1万个人，或者2亿只小鼠。在二战前，即有一些国家开while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark green leaves, grows, portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application 始考虑开发肉毒杆菌毒素作为生化武器战剂。肉毒杆菌毒素虽然是一种蛋白质，按照非专业人士的看法，其应该被人体消化道消化为氨基酸而不能通过消化道引起中毒，但是，事实却恰恰相反，由于消化道可以吸收完整的活性肉毒杆菌毒素蛋白分子，其可以抑制神经-肌肉接头的乙酰胆碱释放，而导致肌肉麻痹，全身肌肉瘫痪，甚至呼吸循环衰竭，而导致死亡。因此，肉毒杆菌毒素中毒中，绝大部分均是食源性的。 肉毒杆菌是一种严格的厌氧菌，只能在缺乏氧气的环境中进行繁殖和产生毒素，如在封闭的罐头或泡菜罐等容器中。在环境不良时，肉毒杆菌会形成抵抗力极强的芽孢，可以在100度的湿热环境中生存5小时，耐受120度的高温达30分钟。但是，该细菌本身并不致病，只有其产生的外毒素致病。肉毒杆菌产生的外毒素称为肉毒毒素，可以引起中毒。而肉毒毒素对热则较敏感，一般认为，75度至80度，10-30分钟，即可灭活，故高温加工过的乳粉应该不太会可能引起肉毒毒素中毒的。 肉毒杆菌导致的基本主要分为三个类型:食源性、创伤性和婴儿型(肠道产毒型)。其中，创伤性是由于肉毒杆菌直接感染了伤口在局部产毒，与破伤风的机制类似，极为罕见;婴儿型(肠道产毒型)是因为婴儿食用了含有肉毒杆菌的蜂蜜(其他食品的报道，我还没有看到过)，由于蜂蜜的保护，肉毒杆菌得以到达肠道，并在肠道环境产毒而引起婴儿中毒，但由于肉毒杆菌不能直接接触上皮而只生活在肠道while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark green leaves, grows, portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application 粘液中，小婴儿产生粘液能力弱，而大孩子及成年人在肠道又都存在大量的对抗肉毒杆菌的微生物，故这类病也很罕见，只发生在特定年龄的婴儿，且多与蜂蜜有关，与乳制品关系不大，故也不在此讨论了。而食源性肉毒杆菌病均为肉毒杆菌在体外环境中繁殖产生大量毒素，人因为进食了含有肉毒杆菌毒素的食品才发生中毒。 不过，由于不同国家的饮食习惯不同，引起肉毒毒素中毒的食品在各国也不尽相同。例如，在我国主要是以发酵的大豆制品为主，如臭豆腐、豆豉、豆瓣酱等等，也有生吃腌制肉类(如酸肉等等)而中毒的，个别的也有臭鸡蛋引起中毒的;日本和加拿大则主要是以发酵的鱼类制品中毒为主，例如日本就多次发生在葬礼上的宾客使用了死者制作的发酵鱼制品而引起多人肉毒中毒而多人死亡的事件;而美国则主要是以蔬菜类为主，肉类其次。值得关注的是，根据文献资料表明，除了美国之外的其他国家还没有乳制品肉毒中毒的报道，而美国也仅仅报道了3例，而且都是发酵的乳制品，如奶酪等所致。因此，在我阅读的文献中，还没有过由乳粉引起肉毒中毒的事件，乳制品的肉毒中毒也是极为罕见的。 因此，从肉毒中毒的角度来说，乳制品应该是比较安全的，乳粉就应该更安全了，所以，公众完全没有必要担心新西兰乳粉中发现肉毒杆菌可能导致的中毒。而我国有关部门要求其召回产品，是对公众负责的态度，食用过该批次乳粉的公众并不需要因此而担心。 while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark green leaves, grows, portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application 不过，由于肉毒中毒在我国还偶有发生，公众也应该掌握相关的防治知识。尽量不要食用可疑肉毒杆菌污染的食物，因为该毒素毒性强，曾经发生过仅试尝一小口食物而中毒的事件，大家应该小心，一但发生肌肉麻痹等症状，应该立即就医。目前，可以通过注射肉毒毒素抗血清或抗体进行治疗，其是针对肉毒中毒的特效药物，服用盐酸胍也对部分人有益，对于中毒症状可以进行对症治疗。 总之，公众在对肉毒杆菌及其毒素中毒保持警惕的同时，也不必对于其过于恐惧，而本次新西兰乳粉中检出肉毒杆菌事件，大家不必过于恐慌。 最后，应该注意的是，本次事件是由恒天然自己爆料后，我国有关部门才采取的行动，确实有些被动。希望今后，我国能制订一些机制，鼓励大学等有能力的第三方对进口乳粉等进行检测，以使我国有关部门能及时掌握信息，在食品安全问题上更加主动。 1岁以下婴儿最易“中招” 专家指出，肉毒杆菌是一种生长在常温、低酸和缺氧环境中的革兰氏阳性细菌。肉毒杆菌在不正确加工、包装、储存的罐装食品或真空包装食品里都能生长。肉毒杆菌食物中毒在临床上以恶心、呕吐及中枢神经系统症状如眼肌、咽肌瘫痪为主要表现，中毒者如抢救不及时，病死率较高。 while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark green leaves, grows, portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application 中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院副教授朱毅指出，目前全世界乳粉中都没有关于肉毒杆菌的限量标准。尽管肉毒杆菌对成人和1岁以上的儿童并没有太大的影响，但对1岁以下的婴儿存在较大威胁。1岁以内的婴儿肠道微生态屏障还没有完全形成，正常菌群还不够强健，因此肉毒杆菌的芽孢进到婴儿的肠道内之后，它有可能生根繁殖，释放出毒素，毒素进入到血液以后有可能导致孩子神经痉挛或麻痹的中毒症状。 临床上也有1岁以内的婴儿使用被肉毒杆菌污染的食物中毒的案例，其中半岁以内的婴儿、处于转奶或者添加更改辅食阶段的婴儿属于“高危”。 朱毅说，值得注意的是，被肉毒杆菌污染的食物需要在120摄氏度加热10分钟后才能被消灭，而家庭在冲泡奶粉的时候往往使用的都是温水，起不到相应的杀菌作用。 认识肉毒梭菌 2013年08月05日09:44 食品营养信息交流中心 近日，新西兰恒天然公司2012年5月生产的浓缩乳清蛋白粉检出肉毒杆菌。质检总局要求进口商立即召回可能受污染产品。什么是肉毒杆菌,肉毒杆菌有何危害,一起来了解下肉毒杆菌的背景。 while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark green leaves, grows, portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application 1.肉毒梭状杆菌，又叫肉毒梭菌(Clostridium botulinum)，是一种革兰氏阳性厌氧杆菌，其生长繁殖及产毒的最适温度为18,30?。当pH 值低于4.5或大于9.0时，或当环境温度低于15?或高于55?时，肉毒梭菌芽孢不能繁殖，也不能产生毒素。 2.肉毒杆菌本身是无害的，但是，肉毒梭菌在厌氧环境中可产生外毒素，即肉毒梭菌毒素(简称肉毒毒素)。肉毒毒素是目前发现的毒性最强的毒物之一，不到1微克就可以置人于死地。具有卫生学意义的检验在于是否检出肉毒毒素。若只检出肉毒梭菌，但未检出肉毒毒素，不能证明此食物会引起肉毒中毒。 3.肉毒梭菌广泛分布于土壤、淤泥及动物粪便中，其中土壤是重要污染源，它可借助食品、农作物、水果、海产品、昆虫、禽类等传播到各处。食品在加工、贮藏过程中被肉毒梭菌污染，并产生毒素，食前对带有毒素的食品又未加热或未充分加热，因而引起中毒。 4.肉毒毒素对热很不稳定，通常75-85?，加热30分钟或100?，10分钟可被破坏。但肉毒杆菌芽孢能耐高温。 5.引起中毒的食品与污染途径: 引起肉毒中毒的食品，因饮食习惯、膳食组成和制作的不同而有差别。 while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark green leaves, grows, portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application 我国引起中毒的食品大多是家庭自制的发酵食品，如豆瓣酱、豆酱、豆豉、臭豆腐等，有少数发生于各种不新鲜肉、蛋、鱼类食品;日本以鱼制品引起中毒者较多;美国以家庭自制罐头、肉和乳制品引起中毒者为多，欧洲多见于腊肠、火腿和保藏的肉类。 6.中毒症状及发生原因:肉毒中毒是神经型食物中毒，中毒发病机理为:肉毒毒素可抑制神经传导介质—乙酰胆碱的释放，而导致肌肉麻痹，重症者亦可影响颅神经。 其症状主要是神经系统症状，以对称性颅神经损害的症状为特征。如视力模糊、眼脸下垂、复视、瞳孔散大、语言障碍、吞咽困难、呼吸困难，继续发展可由于呼吸肌麻痹引起呼吸功能衰竭而死亡。肉毒梭菌食物中毒是细菌性食物中毒中最严重的一种。 7.肉毒梭菌芽孢抗热性很强，但是有芽孢不意味着有毒，芽孢还没开始生长就不产生肉毒毒素，因此，通常认为对人是无害的。但是，在儿童体内，由于肠道菌群的缺乏，肉毒梭菌的芽胞在儿童的肠道弱碱厌氧环境中是能够产毒的，也就是说即便将食物中的肉毒素破坏掉，但是对儿童的危害是不容忽视的，对成人也是不能排除的。因此，被肉毒梭菌污染的食物是不能给小于1岁的孩子吃的。 8.在食品交加工中，常添加适量的亚硝酸盐来抑制肉毒梭菌的生长。除了添加亚硝酸盐外，美国FDA提示的方法包括加酸剂(肉毒梭菌在pH 值低于4.5时生长会被抑制)、减少水分含量、加盐、加亚硝while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark green leaves, grows, portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application 酸盐等，或者集中同时使用。另外，还有通过加入发酵剂和发酵基质来抑制咸肉中肉毒梭菌的生长。 9.避免肉毒梭菌中毒的建议: (1)吃熟食。肉制品最好吃熟食，彻底加热，因为，肉毒毒素不耐热，75-85?，加热10分钟或100?，1分钟可被破坏。这个也是避免肉毒毒素危害最有效的方法。 (2)平时自己做食物时，注意加工卫生。 (3)加工后的食品迅速冷却并低温储存。 while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark green leaves, grows, portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application