师范英语专业毕业论文

师范英语专业毕业论文 成绩: 江西科技师范学院 题目,中文,: 英汉翻译中的语域分析 ,外文,: Register Analysis in E-C Translation 院,系,: 外国语学院 专 业: 英 语(师范) 学生姓名: 黄秋金 学 号: 20092642 指导教师: 付林艳 2013年 3 月 20 日 Contents I. Introduction.................................................................................1 II. Register Theory and Its significance in E-C Translation...............2 1.1 Language Variety...................................................................2 1.2 Register Analysis.................................................................2 2.2.1 Various Definitions of Register...................................2 2.2.2 Situation........................................................................2 2.2.3 Genre.............................................................................3 2.2.4 Dialects..........................................................................4 III. Register Analysis under the perspective of functional grammar...........................................................................................3 3.1 Field Equivalence in E-C Translation.............................3 3.1.1 Lexical Choices....................................................................3 3.1.2 Markers ..........................................................3 3.2 Mode Equivalence in E-C Translation.............................3 3.2.1 The Degree of Formality...............................................4 3.2.2 Features of Modes of Discourse 3.3 Tenor Equivalence in E-C Translation.............................3 3.3.1 On Phonological Level 3.3.2 On Grammatical Level 3.3.3 On Textual Level 3.3.4 On Lexical Level 3.4 Application of Three Variables in E-C Translation.........5 V.Conclusion.............................................................................19 Bibliography……………………………………………………9 Different Cohesive Devices and Its Translation in Chinese and English Abstract: Cohesion is one of the distinctive trait of a text. By using cohesive devices, linguistic components can be formed into an organic text. According to the theory of cohesion by Halliday & Hasan, there are five categories of cohesive devices: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion. Every language has its unique way of cohesion，English and Chinese are totally two different languages, therefore their cohesive devices are not the same. For this reason, the translator should pay attention to the contrast of the cohesive devices of the two languages and their great influence on translation. Based on the cohesion theory provided by Halliday and Hasan, the thesis mainly discusses the similarities and dissimilarities of cohesive devices between English and Chinese through a detailed analysis of numerous examples. And the author will put forward some strategies for the translation of cohesive devices. Key words: text; cohesion; contrastive study; translation I Introduction Under China's grammarian Wang Li's “bear says” enlightenment,British linguists Halliday in 1962 put forward the concept of “cohesion” for the first time,turning a common word into a linguistic term,and cohesion is divided into grammar cohesion and lexical cohesion since then. Before this,Jakobson's analysis of literary discourse in the syntax structure in 1960 is supposed to be the earliest study on text cohesion. Later Hasan have published in 1968 Grammatical Cohesion in Spoken and Written English, which made a more detailed study on grammar cohesion.In this book,it pointed out “the purpose of the study of cohesion is to find out the distinctive features of a text which help to distinguish itself from a group of sentences”. It is a relatively early study on cohesion. Then,in 1968,the German textual linguist Harweg made a groundbreaking analysis on the relationship between coherence and cohesion which combined by various alternative means. And then,Gutwinski made studies on cohesion in literary text from the perspective of grammar cohesion and lexical cohesion in 1976. Even so,the linguistic field deemed that the publication of Cohesion in English of Halliday and Hasan in the year of 1976 marked the birth of Cohesion Theory. From then on,Halliday and Hasan had not discontinued the research on cohesion. 1.1The purpose of the study Each language has its unique way of cohesion,which should be observed to achieve effective communication. English and Chinese belong to different language families and naturally each one has particular pattern of expression,which can be represented by different adoption of cohesive devices. With the trend of globalization mending its pace,cross-culture communication has become one of the commonest issue nowadays. The phenomenon can be reflected in the field of linguistics where contrastive research has reached its highest in recent years,and among the various research objects,cohesion is one of the most important one in the textual contrastive study. In this thesis,I'll strive to find out the similarities and dissimilarities between English and Chinese in the cohesive devices on the level of text. Besides,the paper will also discuss the reasons for these differences from the perspective of language and culture,hoping to make a significance contribution to translation course. 1.2 The Significance of the Study Every language has its own phonetics,grammar and semantic patterns,English is no exception. Since English and Chinese come from two language families,there exists great difference in their way of expression which can be showed by different application of cohesive devices. For this reason,it is of great theoretical and practical significance to make a contrastive study on the cohesive devices used in Chinese and English. By means of contrast,we can get a clear picture of cohesion theory and contrastive linguistics and figure out the similarities and differences of cohesive devices adopted in English and Chinese. By means of contrast,we can propose methods to make appropriate shifts and adjustments in C-E or E-C translation and create a natural,fluent text.What's more,it will play an important part in promoting communication between the two languages. II Literature Review 2.1 Cohesion Theory 2.1.1 Background Knowledge about Cohesion Theory The publication of Cohesion in English collaborated by Halliday and Hasan in 1976 marked the birth of Cohesion Theory. In the book,Halliday divided cohesion into grammar cohesion and lexical cohesion. Grammar cohesion includes reference,substitution,ellipsis and conjunction. Lexical cohesion creates cohesive relations by selecting certain lexical words,the main methods include repetition,synonym,hyponymy and collocation. These cohesive devices provide us with direct overt language clues,which are quite enlightening and play a very prominent role in creating and understanding a text. And it is one of the most important means in constructing coherence relations. 2.1.2 Cohesion and Coherence 1.Cohesion There is no recognized definition of cohesion,the academic field has various claims. According to Halliday and Hasan,cohesion is a sort of semantic tie,and cohesion refers to a phenomenon that different compositions in a text are linked in the sense of meaning. This connection may exist in the different elements within one sentence,or in two adjacent sentences,at times it occurs in two distant elements. If one part of the text plays a key role in understanding another part of the text,then the two parts have cohesive relation. Halliday deem that it is of little significance to study cohesion within sentence in textual analysis. However,cohesion between sentences makes a group of sentences a organic whole. From the perspective of semantic and textual constructure,Crystal (1985) pointed out that cohesion refers to the connection of language forms of surface structure in the sense of syntactics and semantics. VanDijk (1985) ,from the viewpoint of semantic and textual level,indicated that cohesion is a specific type of coherence and regarded the surface structural cohesion as semantic coherence of expression system,and he also thought that cohesion is the grammatical presentation to explain deep semantic coherence. Hoey (1991) thought that cohesion is the grammatical characteristics of some sentences within the text,and cohesion is a method to link the sentence and the sentences before and after it. A text is created by the organization of those elements and the comprehension of these elements depend on the surrounding sentences. 2.Coherence Textual coherence is a semantic concept,it refers to the connection of different parts within a discourse in the sense of meaning. Halliday and Hasan (1976:23) in the book of Cohesion,put forward that a text is coherent in two aspects:in the sense of situational context so it is coherent in register. The text is coherent,therefore it is cohesive. Neither one can be neglected,nor can one contain another. Van dyke (1977) in his Discourse and Context stated that text coherence can be demonstrated in two levels:“linear or sequence coherence”and the“whole semantic structure”,which means coherence on“macro structure”. Garnham(1991) treated coherence from the psychological linguistics point of view. Matthew (2000) agreed that coherence is the connection of the content of discourse or text. Zhu Yongsheng(1997) regarded coherence as a semantic concept. From different definitions of coherence that the above scholars had given,we can see that the concept of coherence is a controversial one. However,in the process of translation,the translator can take good advantage of all the strengths of each one,and adopt various means of cohesive devices to make a text coherent. 3.The Relationship of Cohesion and Coherence Although cohesion and coherence share the same root“cohere”,they have different connotations. What cohesion realizes is the link of the surface form and statement,but coherence refers to the unified relationship of communicative behavior. Cohesion is a textual phenomenon,it refers to speaker's grammatical means to demonstrate experience or language coherence in interpersonal relationships. While coherence is a psychological phenomenon,it exists in the speaker' mind and no clues can be found on discourse level. Huang Guowen,in his Introduction to Functional Grammar,put forward that cohesion is the tangible network of a text,coherence is the intangible structure of the whole text. The coherence of a text depend not only on cohesion of different sentences on the surface level,but also should accord with semantics,pragmatics and cognitive. As far as the author is concerned,a text cannot realize its coherence without the presence of cohesion. Both the semantic cohesion and coherence belong to the pure textual theory of Halliday's functional grammar,which have strong practical utility and practicalness,the concept of coherence is often involved when it comes to the phenomenon of cohesion in a text. III Different Cohesive Devices in English and Chinese Since the appearance of the Cohesion Theory,it has drawn wide attention of the academic circle. It is important because it plays a non-negligible part in the development of discourse analysis,translation theory,man-machine communication and stylistics research. In recent years,many scholars in the linguistic field have had a lot of discussions and made plenty of studies on it. Among them the most authoritative one is the book written by Halliday and Hasan-Cohesion in English. On the basis of the functions of language,this book had elaborated the realization of cohesive devices,the categories of cohesive devices and the theories concerning the status in the research of linguistics comprehensively,systematically and incisively.The publication of this book have initiated a fresh dimension for the research of textual structure and made a brilliant contribution to the further development of linguistics. According to the classification of Halliday and Hasan,cohesive devices mainly fall into two categories:grammatical and lexical cohesion. The former includes reference,substitution,ellipsis and conjunction,while the later reiteration and collocation. 3.1 Reference According to Halliday and Hasan,reference refers to the relationship represented by grammatical means,the relation of mutual explanation in one language element and another language element within a text. Namely,it is a process of using one element as the referent point of another element. They are some lexical words of signal function and cannot serve the role of semantic explanation,so the transmitted information has to be found in the object which the words refereed to. Although the relation of reference in a text is presented by the way of certain language devices,the reference item and the referent form refer relationship through semantic links. The application of reference allows the speaker to express the content of the context which had been refereed or are going to be refereed,and helps to achieve the effect of brevity of the text in the sense of rhetoric. What's more important is that it makes the structure of the text more compact and the text a organic whole. 3.1.1Personal Reference Personal reference is realized by personal pronoun (such as “they”,“she”,“him”)、possessive determiner(such as “his”,“your”,“its”)and possessive pronoun(such as “hers”,“theirs”,“mine”).In Chinese,the referential relationship is also created by the personal references such as “他”、“它”、“她们”etc. In personal reference,only the third person pronoun can serve the function of inner textual cohesion. Because the third person reference is mainly used in anaphora,and the first and second personal reference represent the speaker and the recipient respectively. It is used more frequently in exophora reference,therefore it dose not have the function of textual cohesion. English and Chinese have their own personal reference system,though they can not correspond with each other,the function is much the same. For example(改为,下同) [1] He himself is a doctor. [2]我儿子只有四岁，却可以自己吃饭，自己穿衣，自己洗漱。 3.1.2Demonstrative Reference Demonstrative reference refers to the phenomenon that the speaker ascertain the referent by indicating the proximity in time and space of things. In English,it is mainly presented by demonstrative pronouns,demonstrative adverbs,articles and the corresponding determiners such as: “this” and “that”, “here”and “there”, “now” and “then” and the article “the”,etc. These words reflect the concept of space and time. But the proximity of time and space take the temporal and spacial position of the discourse participants as the referential point. This/these/now/here refer to persons and things that is proximate in space and time,that/those/then/there refer to persons and things that is distant in space and time,while “the” is somewhat neutral. The selection of these words enables a text to get a clear framework in time and space. The demonstrative pronouns “this” and “that” are often used as anaphora to the preceding part of the text. The anaphora of what oneself had said is presented by“this”,while the anaphora of what the other said is presented by“that”. For instance: [3a]There seems to have been a great deal of sheer carelessness. This is what I can't understand. [3b]There seems to have been a great deal of sheer carelessness. —Yes, that's what I can’t understand. (Halliday&Hasan,1976:60) The selection of “this”and “that”in example[3a]and [3b] indicate the distance relationship between the referent and the speak. What oneself said was closer,thus “this”was used,while what the other said was further,thus “that” was adopted. The difference in demonstrative reference of English and Chinese text mainly lies in the referential function of deictic words. Since deictic words in Chinese are mainly composed of “这”and“那”, then a contrastive analysis will be made to figure out the difference between “这”、“那”and “this”、“that”.There are not much differences when used as exophora. “This”and “这”、 refer to closeness,“that”and “那”refer to faraway objects or concepts. It is because in the sense of semantic,“this”correspond with “这”,“that”corresponds with “那”. 3.1.3Comparative Reference Comparative reference refers to the referential relationship which is represented by the comparative forms of adjectives and adverbs or words of comparative meaning. The comparative reference serves the function of linking the previous and following text. Since at least two entities or matters are involved in any form of comparison,if there is any word which express comparative meaning,discourse participants or readers will try to find out other words with which comparative relation is formed. The function in textual cohesion of comparative reference works in such a way. The comparative reference in Chinese and English is quite similar. [4a]Soon raising his head again,he struck twice or thrice upon the door-evidently with no other object than to make a noise there. With the same intention,he drew the key across it,three or four times,before he put it clumsily into the lock,and turned it as heavily as he could. [4b]一会又抬起头来敲了两三下门— 显然只要敲出声来，没有别的目的。 出于同样的意图，他又用钥匙在门上划了三四下，这才笨手笨脚地把它插进锁孔， 使劲地转动，尽量使它发出响声来。 In the above examples, the cohesion of both English and Chinese text is achieved by “same”and “同样的”respectively. 3.2 Substitution Substitution is one of the most important devices of textual cohesion. It is applied to avoid unnecessary repetition,and thus substitutive words are adopted to replace the content which had appeared in the preceding part of the text. Substitution can be divided into three types:nominal,verbal and clausal substitution. 3.2.1 Nominal Substitution In English,nominal substitution is realized by “one”, “ones”and “the same as”.In Chinese, the corresponding nominal substitution include “的” 、“者”(only in written language),“东西” 、“事情” 、“人”etc. [5a]说到了牵牛花，我以为以蓝色或白色者佳，紫黑色次之，淡红色最下。 [5b]As to morning glories,I like their blue or white flowers best,dark purple ones second best,and pink ones third best. In the above examples, “ones” in English realized the nominal substitution,while “者” in Chinese,as the nominal substitution,occurred only once,nowhere else had nominal substitution appeared any more. 3.2.2Verbal Substitution Verbal substitution means using verbal substitute “do”or its variational forms “did”,“done”,“have done”,“had done” to replace verbal phrase,or using“do so” to substitute verb plusing object or verb plusing adverbial.For instance: [6]She sings better than she did last year. [7] John drinks a lot. Does his brother do so? As to the verbal substitution in Chinese,Wang Li thought that “这么着”can serve the function of substitution,Zhao Yuanren regarded “来” as the most frequently used verbal substitution in Chinese. [8]黛玉. . . . . .便说道: “你既这么说,为什么我去了你不叫丫头开门呢?” 宝玉诧异道: “这话从哪里说起? 我要是这么着立刻就死了。” (曹雪芹 《红楼梦》) [9]“你画的不像,等我来。” 3.2.3 Clausal Substitution It is a type of substitution which use a substitutive word to replace a whole sentence or the majority part of the sentence. In English,“so”and“not”is adopted with high frequency. [10] A: “It was difficult to learn Chinese.” B: “I thought so, too.” [11] A: “Can you come back next week?” B: “I’m afraid not.” In example [10]“so”substitute“It was difficult to learn Chinese”. And in example[11]“not”substitute“I can’t come back next week”. In Chinese,“这样/么” 、“那样/么” 、“然” 、“要不然(的话)”are applied to substitute for the clause. [12]别人和我开玩笑,他也这样。 [13] A:他学习很用功。 B:我不以为然。 In[12],“这样”substitute for“跟我开玩笑”,in[13]“然”Substitute for“他 学习很用功”. 3.3 Ellipsis According to Halliday and Hasan (1976) ellipsis“can be interpreted as that form of substitution in which the item is replaced by nothing” (Halliday M A K& Hasan, 1976: 88). Ellipsis,as substitution,is a means to avoid repetition as well as a way of linking the context. They can replace each other. Some linguists even sort ellipsis as “Zero-substitution”. It can be divided into nominal ellipsis,verbal ellipsis and clausal ellipsis. 3.3.1 Nominal Ellipsis English is a hypotactic-prominent language,while Chinese is a paratactic-prominent one. In Chines,the subject is often omitted,while the predicate is rarely omitted.For instance: [14]老赵:要是听我的话，我会帮助你，找条正道儿;要是不听我的话，你 终究是玩完～ (老舍 《龙须沟》) Translation:Old Zhao:If you follow my advice,I'll help you to get on the right track. If you don't,then you are done for. [15]上头说把沟堵死。好吗，沟一堵死，下点雨，咱们这儿还不成了海, (老舍《龙须沟》) Translation:The authorities said the Ditch would be filled in. Well then,the place would have turned into a lake on rainy days,wouldn't it? 3.3.2 Verbal Ellipsis In English sentences,nouns occupy a more important position,while in Chinese sentences verbs take an upper hand.Compare the following sentences: [16]Reading makes a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man. (F.Bacon“of Study” ) Translation:读书使人充实;谈论使人机智;写作使人精确。 [17]We must adhere to the socialist road,the people's democratic dictatorship(i.e. The dictatorship of the proletariat),the Communist Party's leadership and Marxism-Leninism and MAo Zedong Thought. Translation:我们必须坚持走社会主义道路，坚持人民民主专政，坚持共产党 领导，坚持马列主义、毛泽东思想。 3.3.3 Clausal Ellipsis Halliday pointed out that the clausal ellipsis include three types of subject-object relationship:conditional,additional and citational. It can be arbitrarily combined in the parallel structure or subject-object structure in compound sentence. It can be shown in the following examples: [18] —John was about to attend the meeting,but some body called in and had something urgent to tell him so he had to put off the meeting. —Who? 3.4 Conjunction Conjunction refers to the logical relationship between sentences,namely in what sense sentences are linked,and it is related to semantic. Halliday And Hasan divided it into four types:additive,adversative,causal and temporal. The following examples will demonstrate the similarities and dissimilarities in conjunction between Chinese and English from the four types respectively. Additive [19]There was I,straight as a young poplar,with my firework,and my bayonet,and my spatter dashed,and my stock sawing my jaws off,and my accouterments sheening like the seven stars! (Thomas Hardy:The Return of the Native) Translation:我那时候腰板儿像一棵小白菜那么直，带着火枪和刺刀，打着裹 腿，硬领差点儿把我的下巴颌儿锯掉，我的装备如同北斗星一样闪亮～ Analyze the above example,we can find that in the original text,the adoption of additive“and” achieve the effect of integrity of grammatical structure. While Chinese pay more attention on semantic,the translation is not equivalent to the original text. Adversative [20]Are not there little chapters in everybody's life,that seem to be nothing,and yet affected all the rest of the history? (W.M.Thackeray:Vanity Fair) Translation:在每一个人的生涯中，难道不是有一些小小的篇章看起来似乎 无关紧要，然而却影响了他的以后的全部历史么, [21]那女人虽是山里人模样，然而应酬很从容，说话也能干，„„。 (鲁迅《祝福》) In example[20],the original applies the word “yet” to indicate transition,and the same concept is presented by the adoption of the transitional word “然而”;In example[21]“然而”is applied and link the preceding and following sentences,indicating the total difference between the preceding and following sentence. Clausal [22]Normal people need very little of these vitamins which they get easily in an ordinary diet,so there is no advantage in taking vitamin pills. —College English Translation:一般的人对维生素需要量并不大，他们可以从日常饮食中轻而易 举地获取。所以，再吃维生素药丸没多大益处。 [23]我喜欢这绚丽灿烂的秋色，因为它表示着成熟和繁荣，也意味着愉快和 欢乐。 (峻青《秋色赋》) A conclusion can be drawn from the above two simple examples:In the aspect of expressing causal relation,there is very small difference in the application of cohesive devices in English and Chinese. Temporal When indicating the temporal concept,the difference between English and Chinese is not too obvious.For instance: [24]Thomasin blushed again,and when a few more words had been said of a not unpleasing kind,Venn mounted his horse and rode on. (Thomas Hardy:The Return of The Native) Translation:托马荪的脸又红了。他俩接着又说了几句不算中听的话，韦恩就 马上走了。 [25]献忠将长胡子一抛，身子向椅靠背上猛一仰，哈哈大笑，声震屋梁。 (姚雪垠《李自成，第一卷下册》) In example[24],“and when” connected the three sequential movements in the sentence;Although there is no word indicating time,“一抛” ，“一仰” ，“大笑” in example[25] described the process of the movement and are very impressive. 3.5 Lexical Cohesion Lexical cohesion refers to the relationship of two or more items beyond sentences. It has to achieve coherence by the selection of lexical words in a text. These lexical words may occur repetitively or replaced by other words or occur together. In this way, the text is coherent and integrative,and ensures that the theme of the text is unified. The lexical cohesion consists of many forms. In the book of Cohesion in English written by Halliday and Hasan,it was classified into two types:reiteration and collocation. Reiteration means that a word item appear in the form of the original word or its synonym. The semantic cohesion of the text is realized through the way of application of these words.Reiteration is composed of four main types:?repetition,?synonym,near-synonym,?superordinate,?hyponym,?general word. Collocation refers to a conception in a relatively broad sense,it mainly demonstrates a syntagmatic relationship of the same context among words. IV Translation of cohesion in English and Chinese Different languages have different cohesive devices,therefore the adoption of textual cohesive devices in Chinese and English is not the same. Chinese stresses on “paratactic”,which means the realization of semantic cohesion does not necessary depend on linking words,and semantic paly an essential role in the coherence among sentences and the context;In the aspect of structural form,Chinese text apply the combination within sentence or among sentences,lacking in overt cohesive devices in the form. But what can be assured is that it is coherent in the sense of semantic through the way of logical reasoning or intuitional judgment.In this sense,we can conclude that Chinese is composed of highly context-dependent text. The contemporary English regard “hypotactic” as the main method of cohesion. The structure of most part of English text constitutes sentences which are orderly arranged,the form accord with reference,the structure is rigorous. The thinking patterns of different people result in the difference in the application of cohesive devices,which means that we should make corresponding strategical shifts when we are doing the bilingual translation in order to make the version to meet the thinking pattern and writing habits of target readers. 4.1 Strategy One:When reiteration and ellipsis are used in Chinese,it will often adopt the means of substitution in English. On the basis of Halliday and Hasan's classification of English cohesive devices,Pan Wenguo(1997:350) reclassified the cohesive devices in Chinese. The first category is reiteration,including synonym,near-synonym,superordinate,general word. The other category is composed of the combination of Halliday's reference and substitution. This distinction had obvious revealed the difference of Chinese and English in discourse organization:Chinese tend to use reiteration while English favors substitution. The synonym substitution and pronoun are rarely adopted in Chines in order to avoid obscurity.For instance: [26] 那是一个寒冷潮湿的晚上, 这样的晚上大部分人呆在家里。 Translation:It was one of those cold,wet evenings when most people stay at home . In this example,the relative adverbial “when” was used to guide attributive clause,and serve the function of substitution,thus avoiding the repetition of the Chinese original. In addition,the repetitive words and structure in Chinese text need to be replaced by other pronouns or structure. For example: [27] 独自享乐是一种快乐, 独自悲伤也是一种快乐。 Translation:Happiness enjoyed alone is a plea sure , so is sorrowed tasted privately. Except for rhetorical need,the same word or structure will rarely be repeated. However,reiteration appears in Chines with very high frequency.In English,the elements that can not be omitted will often be replaced by pronouns,synonyms,near-synonyms and substitutional sentence pattern. While in Chinese,the same word or the words and structure which is corresponding to the preceding text are more frequently adopted. 4.2 Strategy Two:When reiteration is used in Chinese text, it should be translated into reference for most cases in the English version. Most of the reference in English is represented by personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns to indicate the semantic relationship,yet in Chines,zero-substitution and nouns are frequently adopted .For example: [28] He hated failure ; he had conquered it all his life , risen above it , despised it in others. This example can be translated into“他讨厌失败, 他一生中曾战胜失败, 超越 失败, 并且藐视别人的失败”, the three third personal pronouns “it” are regarded as anaphoric reference to refer to the previous mentioned “failure” ,linking the context in the sense of meaning. While Chinese often repeat the noun which is refereed by the personal pronoun. [29] Men and nations working apart created these problems ;men and nations working together must solve them. Translation:人与人之间、国与国之间离心离德, 便产生这些问题; 人与人之 间、国与国之间齐心协力, 定能解决这些问题。 From this example,we can see that “these problems” in English wasn't repeated in this text,the cohesion of the whole text was realized by personal reference“them” . While in Chinese,“这些问题”which is refereed by personal pronoun“them” would often be repeated. The difference between the source language and the target language makes the cohesion devices somewhat different.Whether the difference can be properly handled can affect the quality of translation. Given the “paratactic” feature of Chines,referential devices should be less used while constructing a text,and when it is transferred to English,necessary addition should be applied according to the feature of “hypotactic” . For instance: [30] 她的黑发蓬松地飘拂在宽宽的前额上, 脸是短短的,上唇也是短短的, 露出一排亮亮的牙齿; 眉毛又直又黑, 睫毛又长又黑, 鼻子笔直。 Translation:Her dark hair waved untidy across her broad forehead , her face was short , her upper lip short , showing a glint of teeth, her brows were straight and dark , her lashes long and dark , her nose straight. The source language is the typical expression of “paratactic” feature of Chinese,but in order to accord with the English “hypotactic” principle,seven “her” was used in the version. It is necessary to add reiteration pronouns,otherwise,the version would go against the referential habits of English. The version of example[39]is not obscure at all,on the contrary,it is more brief,fluent and natural. When translating Chinese into English,certain adjustment can be conducted according to the feature of the target text. When translating English into Chinese,referential device should be lessened accordingly to meet the feature of “paratactic” of Chinese and avoid the redundant information. 4.3 Strategy Three: When ellipsis is adopted in Chinese text, it will often be replaced by conjunction in the English version. In terns of the means of sentential cohesion,some transitional words would be adopted among sentences or group of sentences to achieve structural integrity. While the Chinese sentence structure is arranged according to the time sequence or logical sequence,which is relatively fixed and the relation is clear and there is no need to apply too much conjunctions to indicate the mutual relation. Therefore,compared with other cohesive devices,conjunction is the biggest difference exists between English and Chinese. To sum up,the main differences between English and Chinese lie in two aspects:The distinction of dominance and recessivity and the distinction caused by the difference of clause. For this reason,the translator should make some shifts of the logical linking method of the version according to the feature of the target language,some addition of the relative elements is necessary. For example: [31a] 知己知彼, 百战不殆; 不知彼而知己, 一胜一负; 不知彼不知己, 每战 必殆。 [31b] ( 若) 知己( 而又) 知彼, ( 则) 百战不殆; ( 若) 不知彼而知己, ( 则) ( 将) 一胜( 及) 一负; ( 若) 不知彼( 而又) 不知己, ( 则)每战( 将) 必殆。 ( 潘文国, 335 ) [31c]You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win our battle and lose one battle if you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark without the enemy. You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark. ( 刘宓庆, 159 ) The character“而”in example[31a] is not an essential word. But if “而”is to be omitted,we should follow the Chinese rule and change it to“知己不知彼”. If we add the omitted and implied element,it will be the version of [31b]. Compare [31a] to [31c],the feature of hypotactic and paratactic is quite obvious. The implied elements in Chinese cannot be omitted in English,in the version there are many conjunctions to reflect the feature of sentential relation and to straighten out the semantic relation of sentences,making the recessive link to become dominant and accord with the hypotactic feature and the demand of the writing requirements. In addition,we should pay attention to the five “you” in the English version,yet there is none such word in the original. It is very common to see that functional word or subjectless sentence is applied in Chinese,but in English,it can not be omitted because of the principle of agreement of the subject and the object. V Conclusion Based on the above study,the conclusion can be naturally drawn: reference,substitution and conjunction are used more frequently than in Chinese; while in Chinese,ellipsis occurs more frequently. By means of contrast and comparison,some important strategies in E-C translation and C-E translation are summed up:1.When Chinese text adopt reiteration,it will often be transferred into substitution in the English version;2.When reiteration is applied in Chinese text,it should be transferred into reference in the English version;3.When Chinese text omits or imply the conjunction,it is essential to add the conjunction while translating it into English. Although the thesis had shed a a ray of light on the issue,there are still some limitations.The thesis only touch upon the surface level of the problem,mainly focus on the aspect of the cohesion on language structure,while the cohesive devices of non-language structure are also of much importance.As to the translation,there are many other factors involved such as context, text type and cultural factors.So the author hopes that studies on these problems will be carried on in the future. In fact,the research of contrastive study on cohesion in Chinese and English is just at its beginning stage,and there is a long way to go in this field.Research of cohesion from different perspectives will bring about the convenience of clear expression and shed new light on the filed of foreign language teaching.The author sincerely hope that further research will break new ground on the issue. References [1] Hasan,Ruquaya.Grammatical Cohesion in Spoken and Written English[M]. London:Longman.1968. [2] Halliday, Hasan.Cohesion in English[M]. London: Longman.1976. [3] Halliday,M.A.K. An Introduction to functional Grammar[M]. London: Longman.1985. [4]朱永生. 韩礼德的语篇连贯标准[J]. 外语教学与研究出版社.1997,(1). [5]黄国文.语篇简要分析[M]. 长沙:湖南教育出版社，1988. [6]刘榕.从形合与意合看英汉语篇衔接的差异[J ]. 江西师范大学学报，2005，(3). [7]潘文国. 汉英语对比纲要[M]. 北京:北京语言文化大学出版社，1997. [8]刘宓庆. 汉英对比研究与翻译[M]. 南昌:江西教育出版社，1991. [9]张培基. 英译中国现代散文选[C]. 上海:上海外语教学出版社，1999. [10]朱永生等. 英汉语篇衔接手段对比研究[M]. 上海:上海教育出版社，2001. 英汉衔接手段的对比及在翻译中的处理方 式 摘要:衔接是语篇当中最显著的特征之一。通过衔接手段的运用，语言成分得以形成为一个有机整体。根据韩礼德和哈森的衔接理论，衔接手段主要分为五大类:指称，替代，省略，连接和词汇衔接。 每种语言都有其独特的衔接手法。英语和汉语属于两种不同的语系，因此他们所采用的衔接方式也各不相同。鉴于此点，译者应当注重英汉两种语言之间的对比以及它们对翻译的重要影响。在韩礼德和哈森的衔接理论的基础上，本文将通过分析大量例证，致力于探讨英汉两种语言在衔接手段上的异同之处，并提出相应的翻译策略。 关键词:语篇;衔接;对比研究;翻译 修改意见: 论文语法的问题你这几天好好自查一下，主要问题还在于格式---空格。但凡有符号(不论是逗号还是句号等)都需和内容保持空格～ 亲爱的各位老师， 您们好～我叫xxx,我的毕业论文题目是《数字图书馆资源共享中云计算的现状、颈瓶与对策研究》。首先，感谢我的论文指导老师龚蛟腾老师对我的悉心教诲和指导，使我能够顺利完成我的毕业论文。其次，我对这次答辩小组的全体老师表示深深的感谢，感谢您们在百忙之中抽出时间对我的论文答辩表示关注，最后，我对我在大学四年所有的老师们表示感激，感激老师们的辛勤付出。在此，我诚心地希望我的老师们能够幸福安康～ 我的毕业论文选题开始是《云计算在数字图书馆中的应用研究》，后来我的指导老师说我的选题范围太广，应该抓住重点来写，经过几番斟酌，我最终选定了我的毕业论文题目《数字图书馆资源共享中云计算的现状、颈瓶和对策研究》。 我的毕业论文是分:现状分析、颈瓶分析、对策分析以及愿景这四部分来展开的。云计算作为新一代的信息技术，对互联网络世界以及数字图书馆建设产生了深刻影响。资源共享在图书馆信息化建设中起着举足轻重的作用，其发展水平是衡量数字图书馆建设的重要标志。云时代数字图书馆资源共建共享，既是图书馆事业发展的重大趋势，也是克服数字环境下信息孤岛桎梏的重要措施。首先，论文分析了数字图书馆资源共享中云计算的发展现状，如“云时代”的数字图书馆、数字资源共建共享的云模式以及数字图书馆资源共享的云运用等基础性的问题。然后，在此基础上充分研究了数字图书馆资源共享中云建设的共享难题、制约因素和实施问题等一系列发展瓶颈。最后，根据数字图书馆资源共享中云计算的发展状况及其缺陷，提出了数字图书馆云计算的4大发展对策:一是总体规划，合理布局;二是更新理念，增强合作;三是统一平台，集合设计;四是虚实结合，合理组合。数字图书馆建设应当充分利用云计算技术，充分实现图书馆资源的共建共享，彻底打破数字信息孤岛。通过全面考虑与统一规划，建立数字数字图书馆共享数据中心，形成一个唯一可信的信息数据源，使整个新系统和不同时期已经存在的系统进行有机集成，保证整个数据的统一和一致，并为数字图书馆管理中的信息查询和决策分析提供可靠的、足够的、全面的数据保障，为数字图书馆资源共享在云时代的进一步实现奠定平台基础，从而实现资源共享和服务共享。