家庭养鱼有什么好方法

家庭养鱼有什么好方法 要将玻璃缸放置在近窗户通风又有阳光的地方。要注意放养密度，根据容器的大小，合理安排，宁可少养，不可多养。因为室内空气不大流通，养多了水易浑浊，容易造成金鱼缺氧而死亡。如有空气泵则可多养一些，发现金鱼有浮头现象则需开空气泵充氧，尤其是在夜间，更需要充氧。 养鱼所用的饵料以活鱼虫最为理想，水质不容易坏，喂干鱼虫、人工合成颗粒饲料也可以。现在市场上有活鱼虫出售，不过要天天购买也很麻烦。对市场上卖的干鱼虫，要选比较新鲜的颗粒松散的喂鱼，不要买陈旧发霉的干鱼虫来喂养。人工颗粒饲料以用营养成分齐全的全价饲料为好，市场上有卖。 为了保持水质清纯，投饵量要严格定时定量，通常每日投饵1次至2次为宜，每次投饵量以在半小时内吃完为宜，饵料不要喂得太多。喂多了其害处有二:一是鱼吃饱了，代谢水平提高，耗氧量增加，容易引起金鱼缺氧窒息而死亡;二是饵料剩下，容易腐败发酵，使水质变坏，也会造成缺氧。其实金鱼是比较耐饿的，一两周不喂，也不会发生问题。 养金鱼保持水质清纯至关重要，要经常用乳胶管吸除积渣，把玻璃缸底部的粪便、残饵连同混浊水吸干净，然后徐徐地补进已放置一天的新水。倘若操作过程中出现水草浮起或假山被碰倒等情况，要及时恢复原状。 养鱼越久，沉渣积累越多。虽然每天清除，也不能全部清除干净。如果沉渣增多，影响玻璃缸的清晰度，就要彻底换水洗刷玻璃缸，才能保持水质清纯，便于观赏，也为金鱼保持优良的生活环境。 一般所用的长方形玻璃缸因体积较小，不可多养，宜少不宜多。如在长40厘米、宽25厘米、高30厘米的容器内，可饲养5厘米至7厘米长的金鱼6尾至8尾。鱼体身长超过8厘米的成鱼，不宜在小型的玻璃缸中饲养，而需在豪华型的大玻璃缸或陶瓷缸中饲养，并配以小型充氧机备用，以防缺氧。以上放养密度只是参考，还要看水温的高低、鱼体的大小和水质的好坏来决定，不能机械行事。一般说来，鱼体大，要少养;冬季可多养，夏季要少养;水温低时可多养，水温高时要少养。 选养金鱼 选体形健壮、颜色鲜艳的鱼 选任何品种的金鱼，都要选鱼体阔壮，胸、腹、尾鳍齐全，尾巴开畅大者。无背鳍的鱼，背脊要选光滑、无残缺背鳍或结节的。而鱼的色彩要选红者娇红，白者纯白，蓝者湛蓝，黑者墨黑，花者色彩调和，花纹细致，一定要有蓝色者才可称为五花。有的鱼体是半红半黑或是身红而鳍的边缘黑者，眼下很美，其实不久就会变成全红的，要有预见。 在选鱼中，对其在特征、体形或颜色方面都别具一格的佼佼者，应予以破格录选，加以观察培养。 选健康无病的鱼 一般说，在池(盆)中游动活跃、合群、体形丰腴，胸、腹鳍畅开常划动，身上无白点、无白绒毛样黏液，尾、鳞无血丝、溃烂、不常浮于水面，也不侧卧、倒立、沉底的，大便发黑而粗大的为健康鱼，有觅食的鱼儿，以上情况均可以大胆选购。 选特征明显的鱼 各种鱼儿均有本品种的特征:如选寿星头、狮子头、鹤顶红、鹅头红等品种，它们都以头部长有肉瘤而扬 名，所以，我们要选头部鳃盖上的肉瘤最发达、宽大的。此外，鹤顶红、鹅头红等有红色肉瘤的鱼以红顶方正(幼鱼时头顶色较深)者为上品，选珍珠鳞鱼要注意有大、小尾两种，大尾为佳。但不管大尾或小尾，都要选头部尖小，珠鳞粗大无缺，排列整齐直至背脊，但鳞不可竖立，否则多数为鳞立病。腹膨粗圆，尾畅，这种特征才是纯种。水泡或龙睛，都是以眼部的特征命名的，所以，要选水泡圆大而匀称，泡质软而透明者。选龙睛时，要选眼盘大而突出状如棋子者。 养鱼先养水，已经成为不争的经验。如何在家庭中“养”好一缸清澈、无毒害的水显得至关重要。家庭养鱼不同于鱼场养鱼。水体空间狭小，而且要求水质清澈 透明，便于观赏金鱼。鱼场养鱼则是为了使金鱼快速生长，有专业鱼工时时监看水质，水体宽大，适于金鱼长大。家庭养金鱼有自己的优势。比如水温，由于家庭养鱼普遍在室内，因此不受刮风下雨等影响。再有在家庭养鱼由于水量较小，便于水质观察和药物控制。家养金鱼养水主要与以下五个因素有关。 1过滤系统:由于家庭养鱼的密度普遍较大，单纯依靠水体自身分解很难去除水中杂质、废物。建立一个良好的过滤系统可以有效的保持水质。好的过滤系统可以综合化学、生物、物理等过滤方式。化学过滤是依靠专用药品将水中微小悬浮杂质凝聚在一起，使其沉淀或者被物理过滤掉。生物过滤是由水中有益生物菌群将水中的废物分解，将有害物质分解为无害。物理过滤是通过过滤物质的微小孔隙吸附、滤除杂质颗粒。针对金鱼特点和家庭养鱼条件，可以使用以下方式建立过滤系统。根据水族箱大小，配置外置过滤器，可以是顶置或者是过滤桶。水的流量可以在水泵的说明中查到。一般而言每小时可以将水体循环7次左右为宜，例如:长80，宽40，高40的水族箱的容积是128升，过滤水泵流量选在900升/小时为宜。对于更大型 水族箱，为防止水流速度过强，建议在入水口加装内置过滤器，在出水口增加弯管，以减小水流对于金鱼的冲击。在过滤盒(桶)中放置生化海棉、活性炭，并根据水体污染程度进行更换。但过于频繁更换，不宜于有益生物菌群的建立，一般1月更换一次即可。 2生物分解:在自然环境中，河流的流经过的地方附生大量有益菌群，他们可以将水中生物所产生的代谢物及外来污染物分解。以保持水质清洁、无害。在水族箱中建立有益菌群，可以长时间保持水质，不用经常换水。在水族箱中添加硝化细菌是建立生物分解系统的捷径。市面上销售的硝化细菌主要分为两类，活性硝化细菌和人造硝化细菌。活性硝化细菌是以活体菌群作为主要物质。人造硝化细菌则是以促进水中已有硝化细菌生长的物质。活性硝化细菌起效时间短，根据水温通常在2-5天内即可，水温在25-30度作用最为明显。但是保存时间短，通常不超过12个月。人造硝化细菌由于不含活性菌株，保存时间长，通常在2年左右。但是起效时间较长。在建立生物系统前，可以结合使用水质澄清剂使用。 3养鱼密度:再大的水族箱，其养殖的金鱼的数量也是有限的，金鱼活泼好动，能吃能拉。水质较小型热带鱼难与保持。合理的养殖密度对于初学者而言很重要。通常每尾金鱼1龄鱼要占用10升水体。即长80，宽40，高40的水族箱的容积是128升，可以养1龄鱼12尾。再高的密度就很难长时间保持水质了。另外不同金鱼品种对于养殖密度的要求也是不同的，珍珠、蝶尾、水泡等名贵品种的饲养密度要小一些。 4饲料选择:给金鱼喂的饲料对于保持水质也有很大关系。金鱼是杂食性动物。食物范围很广。主要包括:水蚤、线虫、血红虫、颗粒饲料、粉状饲料、薄片饲料等等。活水蚤是最佳选择。不仅在喂食中，水蚤可以吸食水中有机悬浮物。并且金鱼产生的代谢物也不易分散。线虫、血红虫、粉状饲料或由于会寄附在沙床中，或悬浮在水中，不利于水质的清洁。优质人工合成饲料中会包含酵母菌，可以使金鱼的代谢物迅速分解，有益于保持水质。而劣质合成饲料不仅没有营养，且包含人工色素，会使水体变色。另外最好不要使用食用鱼饲料，如鲫鱼饲料喂金鱼，也会败坏水质。在饲喂过程中要关闭过滤系统，以免被吸入过滤盒中，不仅造成浪费，也会在过滤盒中发霉产生毒害物质。 5养鱼环境:光照、布景等对于保持水族箱中水质也有一定关系。过强的光照会使得水中大量滋生水藻。适samples if possible first enters the processing ... Sterilization containers: from plastic bags to sterilized gallon paint bucket, can be used to have a sharp edge products such as crab, shrimp, and so on. Sampling tools: sampling tool including: a teaspoon, spoon, needle-nosed pliers, angle fovceps tongs beakers and beaker, tool type is generally decided by the sample products. All sampling and date of sterilization of the container should be checked and sterilization time should be indicated on the label and packaging of equipment facilities, some facilities can be purchased at a local laboratory sterilization or disinfection equipment, laboratory and sterilization of instruments and facilities can be kept on the ground for at least two months, expired facilities must be sterilized again. Sterile gloves: sterile gloves must not be enabled in a sample, if a product is in the process of sample collection must be contacted to do it's best to let the factory production line workers (workers processed products), in the sample into a collection container, since the workers in the production process to reach the product, so we cannot think of their products and have the additional pollution. When the gloves must be a way to avoid contamination, wear, gloves must be fit to work needs. No bacteria cotton swab child: General for swab take instrument facilities and factory environment regional, using cotton swab child General has a right of program, open cotton swab child stripping off epidermal, then must carefully of put in tube head Shang, note don't contaminated cotton swab childliquid to dissolve in liquid. Often referred to as solvent of liquid components in the solution ...AVolume of water solution. 6. the titre (t) titer is the solution concentration is another method. It has two meanings, said on its per milliliter of solution of solute in grams or milligrams. Titration of sodium hydroxide solution NaoH = 0.0028g/mL=2.8m g/mL for t, second per ml of solution corresponds to the measured substance grams or milligrams. If titre of reagent T=3.5 card, 1mL card reagent is equivalent to 3.5 grams of water content, and when the determination of silver nitrate and sodium chloride, says there are two concentrations of silver nitrate: AgNO3 t t NaCl =1.84mg/mL, =1mg/mL, 1mg, indicating a 1mL solution containing silver nitrate, which represents the 1mL solution 1.84mg of sodium chloride, NaCl t =1.84 said, Known titre multiplied by the number of volume consumed in the titration of the standard solution, can be worked out of components to be measured, quite easy to calculate. Worth noting is that there are a lot of books or reagent also follows the concept of normality in the directory indicated by n, such as hydrochloric acid concentration is 0.1N indicates 1L hydrochloric acid solution containing 0.1 equivalent, also called volume parts per million. Was one of the original international concentration, is based on the equivalent law. Now with the new concept of "amount of substance, such as rules" instead of the equivalent law, so equivalent concentrations are no longer applied. On the relationship between n and m, the equivalent relation between concentration and Molarity, is not the same for different substances. Such as sulfuric acid: 1M h 2 SO 4 =2N h 2 SO 4, General writing m (1/2H 2 SO4) =0.1000mol/L, and potassium permanganate: 1M KMhO4 =5N KMnO 4, General writing m (1/5KMnO4) =0.1000mol/L. Third, the solution has not been made and saved (a) preparation of standard solution method 当用窗帘遮蔽，以及定期清理会有效治理。在水族箱底部适当放置沙床也会有利于水体清洁。不仅可以吸附杂质，还可以给硝化细菌提供温床，一般厚度在4厘米左右，颗粒在4毫米左右，沙床太薄起不到吸附作用;沙床太厚会使底层沙床缺氧造成生物体腐败。颗粒太大会使饲料沉入到缝隙中，不利于金鱼采食;太小不利于颗粒间水流及氧气传送，不利于硝化细菌生长。 注意以上几点，您一定会拥有一缸清澈的水，为您心爱的鱼儿创造出理想的生存空间。【 养水小贴示: 快速建立良性水质:在自来水中加水质安定剂，放置等待水温与旧水相同时倒入水族箱中。放活性硝化细菌，1-2天后放水质澄清剂滤清。之后每周添加人造硝化细菌即可。 金鱼具有“水中花”的美称，拥有一缸赏心悦目的金鱼，是广大鱼友梦寐以求的。中国是金鱼的故乡，在大中城市的观赏鱼市场之中都能看到金鱼的踪影。金鱼的祖先是鲫鱼，经过千百年来的人工选育逐步产生变异，目前主要分类包括:龙种鱼,以龙睛、蝶尾为代。文种鱼,以狮头、珍珠、帽子为代表。蛋种鱼，以水泡、虎头、望天为代表。近20年来，在广大养殖户和爱好者的共同努力下，中国金鱼不断涌现出一些新的品种，如:福州兰寿、红头虎头、皇冠珍珠等等，作为金鱼爱好者可以从以下五个方面进行金鱼的选择。 1选择时机。金鱼不同于热带鱼，在鱼场中普遍养殖在室外，经过千百年的繁育，已经建立自身的生物钟，根据地域不同，每年春季2-6月产卵。一般在9-11月为当年金鱼上市的最佳时期，这一时期的金鱼已有3-6月龄，已经可以突现部分品种特征，且退色已经完成，具有初步的观赏特征。在7-8月间可以在市场上看到鱼场淘汰下来的2-4年的种鱼，和隔年的金鱼，在其中也不乏精品。不过由于气温较高，不利于金鱼的长距离运输，因此供应量较少。 2选择品种。根据个人喜好不同，可以在现有数十个品种中任意挑选。但最好能够在选择前了解各个品种的差异，这样有益于养好金鱼。例如:皮球珍珠由于变异太大、肠道短、游动笨拙，对环境要求严格的多，需要在水清、浅水中饲养，饲料要求精良且便于入口。水泡金鱼不适合与其他金鱼混养，在没有任何饰物的裸缸中饲养，以免造成水泡破损。对于初学养金鱼的朋友可以先从饲养容易、价格便宜的金鱼养起。如:文金(琉金)、龙睛等。 3选择良品。尽管中国金鱼已经过千百年的选育，但对于一个物种而言还是太短。因此许多金鱼品种还不是很稳定，个别新型品种的良品率在万分之几。一条金鱼在家中养数月乃至数年之久，选择一条良品金鱼，可以得到更多美的享受。总的原则要选品种特征明显，游动自如，体形匀称，没有残疾的金鱼。 下表中是对各品种金鱼良品所应具备品种特征: 分类品种特征缺点 龙种龙睛眼睛为棋盘子，对称，体色艳丽。四叶尾型飘逸品种不名贵 蝶尾体态丰满，身长短小，尾型宽大，如同开屏之孔雀成鱼尾易下垂 文种狮头头瘤丰满不松散，能将眼睛部分包住，游动自如，尾型长头瘤容易溃烂 帽子头瘤丰满紧密，不外扩至腮盖和鱼身，高身，游动自如头瘤容易溃烂 珍珠鳞片突起明显，不缺鳞，游动自如，身如圆球，嘴尖，尾柄细鳞片容易脱落 文金头小，背部隆起，身体肥壮，尾型飘逸。色彩艳丽无明显缺陷 蛋种水泡水泡硕大、对称、通透。鱼身短小，尾型长水泡容易破损 望天眼睛向上，身体肥壮，背型光滑不宜水族箱观赏 虎头头瘤丰硕，体态丰满，尾型短小，游动自如成鱼容易栽头 兰寿头瘤丰满紧密，体态丰满，背型成圆弧，尾鳍与脊柱成90度夹角成鱼容易栽头 不仅如此，良品金鱼还要各鳍完整，蛋种鱼背部光滑，觅食踊跃，游动自如。选择良品如同石中选玉，这也是选鱼的乐趣所在。 4、选择鱼龄。家养金鱼的寿命大多在4-6年，2-3年是最佳观赏鱼龄，此阶段金鱼品种特征明显、身体强健、游动自如。4-6年就属于老龄金鱼，体色退去，懒于游动，食欲减弱，极易生病。而6个月以内的金鱼由于身体发育刚开始，品种特征不明显，颜色没有定型。不良品比率很高，而且限于家庭养殖条件，不易养大。因此选择6-18月龄的金鱼最为合适。这一阶段金鱼，食欲旺盛，游动自如，品种特征初步显现，而且价格合理，可以在家中连续饲养2年左右。 5选择色彩。金鱼的色彩十分丰富，红色、黑色、蓝色、紫色、青铜、白色、五花等等，以及2种或多种颜色之间还可以搭配产生出更多组合和奇趣图案。如:三色、喜鹊花、玉印头、鹤顶红等等。家庭中可以根据个人喜好和饲养环境进行选择。金鱼在幼鱼期颜色都为灰色，也是一种生物保护色。通常会在6月龄内脱色。在2龄以前比较容易产生一些过度色及图案。白色和红色是最为稳定的颜色。其它颜色根据鱼龄和饲养环境会产生变化，特别是老龄金鱼。 颜色良品特征老龄色彩变化 红色色彩为鲜红色为上品。与其它色彩搭配时色块边缘清晰。黄红色 蓝色色彩为青中泛蓝，类似蓝黑墨水，俗称墨水蓝为上品灰白色 黑色漆黑如墨，肚皮也为黑色为上灰白色 紫色色彩为棕红色，体色均匀黄红色 五花以浅蓝底为主，分布黑、红、黄、白，色彩颗粒均匀红白 如希望长时间保持色彩，就需要从饲料、水质、光照等多方面进行完善才行。这将另文表述。 选鱼小贴示: 每年9-11月是最佳选金鱼时机，初学者可向朋友请教，或者到有规模的鱼店选购。金鱼的品种也很重要。 samples if possible first enters the processing ... Sterilization containers: from plastic bags to sterilized gallon paint bucket, can be used to have a sharp edge products such as crab, shrimp, and so on. Sampling tools: sampling tool including: a teaspoon, spoon, needle-nosed pliers, angle fovceps tongs beakers and beaker, tool type is generally decided by the sample products. All sampling and date of sterilization of the container should be checked and sterilization time should be indicated on the label and packaging of equipment facilities, some facilities can be purchased at a local laboratory sterilization or disinfection equipment, laboratory and sterilization of instruments and facilities can be kept on the ground for at least two months, expired facilities must be sterilized again. Sterile gloves: sterile gloves must not be enabled in a sample, if a product is in the process of sample collection must be contacted to do it's best to let the factory production line workers (workers processed products), in the sample into a collection container, since the workers in the production process to reach the product, so we cannot think of their products and have the additional pollution. When the gloves must be a way to avoid contamination, wear, gloves must be fit to work needs. No bacteria cotton swab child: General for swab take instrument facilities and factory environment regional, using cotton swab child General has a right of program, open cotton swab child stripping off epidermal, then must carefully of put in tube head Shang, note don't contaminated cotton swab childliquid to dissolve in liquid. Often referred to as solvent of liquid components in the solution ...AVolume of water solution. 6. the titre (t) titer is the solution concentration is another method. It has two meanings, said on its per milliliter of solution of solute in grams or milligrams. Titration of sodium hydroxide solution NaoH = 0.0028g/mL=2.8m g/mL for t, second per ml of solution corresponds to the measured substance grams or milligrams. If titre of reagent T=3.5 card, 1mL card reagent is equivalent to 3.5 grams of water content, and when the determination of silver nitrate and sodium chloride, says there are two concentrations of silver nitrate: AgNO3 t t NaCl =1.84mg/mL, =1mg/mL, 1mg, indicating a 1mL solution containing silver nitrate, which represents the 1mL solution 1.84mg of sodium chloride, NaCl t =1.84 said, Known titre multiplied by the number of volume consumed in the titration of the standard solution, can be worked out of components to be measured, quite easy to calculate. Worth noting is that there are a lot of books or reagent also follows the concept of normality in the directory indicated by n, such as hydrochloric acid concentration is 0.1N indicates 1L hydrochloric acid solution containing 0.1 equivalent, also called volume parts per million. Was one of the original international concentration, is based on the equivalent law. Now with the new concept of "amount of substance, such as rules" instead of the equivalent law, so equivalent concentrations are no longer applied. On the relationship between n and m, the equivalent relation between concentration and Molarity, is not the same for different substances. Such as sulfuric acid: 1M h 2 SO 4 =2N h 2 SO 4, General writing m (1/2H 2 SO4) =0.1000mol/L, and potassium permanganate: 1M KMhO4 =5N KMnO 4, General writing m (1/5KMnO4) =0.1000mol/L. Third, the solution has not been made and saved (a) preparation of standard solution method 金鱼-饲料篇 金鱼属于杂食性鱼类，食物范围很广。这对于金鱼的饲养带来很大方便。但是要想取得很好的喂养效果，就要仔细了解金鱼的习性和各种饲料的特点，以使得您养的颜色鲜艳、体格健壮。好的金鱼饲料成分中应该包括:蛋白质、纤维、脂肪、各种维生素和微量元素。 金鱼的饲料主要分为两类:水生生物饲料和人工合成饲料。 水生生物饲料包括金鱼可以摄食的水生动植物的活体或干品。包括:水蚤(俗称“红蹦”)，剑水蚤(俗称“青蹦”)、血虫(俗称“红虫”)、水蚯蚓(俗称“线虫”)、浮萍等等。 在所有水生生物饲料中，经过实践验证，水蚤的营养是最全面的，也是全部饲料中最适合饲喂的金鱼的。用水蚤饲喂，金鱼不仅特别爱吃，并且消化很好，产生的代谢物不易浑水。并且水蚤活体还可以吞噬水中悬浮的细小污物，从而起到净化水质的(俗称“拿水”)的作用。但是水蚤一般要依靠自然界的产出，受到季节和天气的影响。因此每年只在4月-11月左右才能买到，不能满足家养金鱼全年生长的需要。另外水蚤活体不易保存，一天就会变质，因此对于工作繁忙的现代人而言，完全依靠水蚤喂养金鱼不易实现。可采用冷冻或者晒干的办法延长保存时间，但其营养成分也会大量流失。 其他水生生物饲料的营养成分不如水蚤全面，并且往往携带病菌，引起金鱼生病，因此要采取消毒和交替饲料喂养的办法避免以上缺点。 近十年来，市场上逐步出现了人工合成饲料，并且配比成分趋于合理，使用人工合成饲料替代传统的水生生物饲料喂养金鱼，不仅卫生、方便，而且只要掌握好饲喂方法，同样可以达到很好的效果。 人工合成饲料根据形态的不同，可以分为:颗粒饲料、粉状饲料、片状饲料、贴片饲料四种。 颗粒饲料:是最常见的金鱼饲料。一般以浮上型的居多。投入饲料后，颗粒饲料漂浮在水面上，金鱼需要游到水面，张口吞食。特别适合喂养望天类金鱼，可以保持望天类金鱼眼睛向上觅食的形态，从而保持品种特征。由于颗粒饲料不下沉，不易漏入水族箱底砂的缝隙中，发生腐败。但对于由于体形、品种影响，只能在水底觅食的金鱼就会因为找不到食物而挨饿。 粉状饲料:颗粒细小，可以用来喂养幼鱼，常见于食用鱼的饲料品种。投入饲料后，粉状饲料徐徐下沉，金鱼可以在下沉过程中强食。但如果有铺设底砂，可能会落入缝隙中，使金鱼难于吃到。一般观赏鱼用粉状饲料，会将粉状颗粒膨化。使其可以较长时间悬浮在水中。粉状饲料的缺点是比较容易浑水。 片状饲料:又称为薄片饲料，是理想的饲料形态。投入饲料后，部分薄片浮在水面上、部分悬浮在水中、还有部分沉入水底。但由于表面积较大，不易漏进底砂缝隙。金鱼的适口性好，即使是觅食能力较差的品种，如珍珠、水泡、被头部肉瘤遮盖眼睛的虎头狮头也能轻易吃到。但是售价相对较高。 贴片饲料:可以将贴片饲料粘贴在水族箱玻璃上，金鱼会主动过来强食。可以清楚地观赏金鱼的吃食过程。适合于喂养游动活泼、身体强劲的金鱼品种。但对于水泡、珍珠等相对“娇气”的品种，为防止水泡、珍珠鳞片在争抢中受损，应该避免采用。另外，贴片饲料一般是作为其他饲料的补充使用。 不管人工合成饲料的形态如何，其成分必须要充分满足金鱼生长的需要。好的金鱼饲料成分应保证:蛋白质 不低于40%，粗纤维不高于4%，粗脂肪不低于4%还要添加天然虾红素、螺旋藻、水质净化菌类，以及维生素和微量元素等物质。并且在购买时要注意保质期和选用正规大厂的产品。 饲料小贴示:人工合成饲料适合家庭喂养金鱼采用。薄片饲料，是理想的饲料形态。饲料成份很重要。 金鱼-设施篇 工欲善其事，必先利其器。拥有一套良好的养金鱼的设施，不仅可以降低饲养难度，还可以增强金鱼的观赏性。当前在观赏鱼市场上可以见到来自全国各地，甚至世界各地生产的养鱼设施，购买十分方便。需要根据金鱼习性和特点搭配好一套的设施。 饲养金鱼的设施主要包括:容器、过滤系统、增氧系统、换水装置。 容器:传统饲养金鱼使用陶盆、木盆(俗称“木海”)。现代饲养多采用水族箱。金鱼体形较大，游动空间要求也较大。因此要采用中型以上水族箱饲养，最小鱼缸也应在60厘米以上。金鱼千百年来由人工饲养，适应于浅水生长，因此水族箱的水深不要高于40厘米。水族箱中可以适当摆放表面光滑的小饰物，但要注意不要留死角，不然游动笨拙的金鱼会卡在里面造成损伤。水族箱可以添加顶部照明，弥补光照不足，也便于观赏金鱼。对于养鱼数量较多的家庭，要准备一个暂养缸，用以隔离病鱼，换水清缸周转使用， 过滤系统:金鱼的活动量大，代谢较多。因此过滤系统常采用外置过滤系统。包括顶部过滤盒和过滤桶。过滤盒(桶)中放置生化海绵、活性炭。过滤盒(桶)的容积要大，使得能放入足够多的过滤材质。需要注意的要选用一个名牌的泵头，不仅噪声小而且使用寿命长。泵头要定期拆卸清理以增强过滤效率。过滤系统的建立可以参照《家养金鱼-养水篇》的。 增氧系统:金鱼的耗氧量很大，一般一个60厘米的鱼缸饲养两条10厘米的金鱼，如果没有增氧系统一个晚上就会缺氧“浮头”。一般常使用的增氧设备是气泵。气泵送出的空气通过气石扩溶在水中。气泵的功率不能太大，否则会影响金鱼静水生活的习性。气泵的输气导管要具备止逆阀，以免停电时水通过导管溢出。对于比较“娇气”的金鱼饲养，建议使用气泵作动能带动生化海绵(俗称“水妖精”)，进行增氧过滤。 换水装置:饲养金鱼的水体大，换水频繁。家庭养金鱼要准备几只塑料大桶，用来晒水，及换水使用。抽水用的水管的进水端要有隔离网，并在抽水时避免惊扰金鱼。 设施小贴示:要根据金鱼习性选择养鱼实施。 金鱼-防治篇 心爱的金鱼生病了，刚买的金鱼就死了，几乎是每一个初学养金鱼的人都会碰到的烦恼问题。而一般宠物医院没有治疗金鱼的业务，因此自己掌握一两手治病的方法是十分有必要的。金鱼生病无外乎以下几个因素。环境因素、物理损伤、病毒感染等。以下就这几个致病因素的防治分别谈谈我的看法: 一、环境因素:金鱼生活在水中，对于光照、水质和水温的变化十分敏感。特别是水温的变化，金鱼可以承受的极限水温的突然变化是4摄氏度。超过这一限度就必然会生病，甚至造成死亡。因此在给金鱼换水及换缸时要注意新旧水温的变化。另外水质硬度和酸碱度的突然变化，也会影响到金鱼生物保护膜，从而引起金鱼生病。正确做法是:换水之前将新水晾晒3天，使水温与旧水相差在1摄氏度以内，并且挥发水中的氯气。换水量保持在1/2以下，并且徐徐注入新水。紧急时可以在新水中添加水质安定剂，快速去除水中有害物质。添加开水并用温度计测量水温升至与旧水接近即可使用。但对于名贵品种不宜常用。如果长时间光照太弱或samples if possible first enters the processing ... Sterilization containers: from plastic bags to sterilized gallon paint bucket, can be used to have a sharp edge products such as crab, shrimp, and so on. Sampling tools: sampling tool including: a teaspoon, spoon, needle-nosed pliers, angle fovceps tongs beakers and beaker, tool type is generally decided by the sample products. All sampling and date of sterilization of the container should be checked and sterilization time should be indicated on the label and packaging of equipment facilities, some facilities can be purchased at a local laboratory sterilization or disinfection equipment, laboratory and sterilization of instruments and facilities can be kept on the ground for at least two months, expired facilities must be sterilized again. Sterile gloves: sterile gloves must not be enabled in a sample, if a product is in the process of sample collection must be contacted to do it's best to let the factory production line workers (workers processed products), in the sample into a collection container, since the workers in the production process to reach the product, so we cannot think of their products and have the additional pollution. When the gloves must be a way to avoid contamination, wear, gloves must be fit to work needs. No bacteria cotton swab child: General for swab take instrument facilities and factory environment regional, using cotton swab child General has a right of program, open cotton swab child stripping off epidermal, then must carefully of put in tube head Shang, note don't contaminated cotton swab childliquid to dissolve in liquid. Often referred to as solvent of liquid components in the solution ...AVolume of water solution. 6. the titre (t) titer is the solution concentration is another method. It has two meanings, said on its per milliliter of solution of solute in grams or milligrams. Titration of sodium hydroxide solution NaoH = 0.0028g/mL=2.8m g/mL for t, second per ml of solution corresponds to the measured substance grams or milligrams. If titre of reagent T=3.5 card, 1mL card reagent is equivalent to 3.5 grams of water content, and when the determination of silver nitrate and sodium chloride, says there are two concentrations of silver nitrate: AgNO3 t t NaCl =1.84mg/mL, =1mg/mL, 1mg, indicating a 1mL solution containing silver nitrate, which represents the 1mL solution 1.84mg of sodium chloride, NaCl t =1.84 said, Known titre multiplied by the number of volume consumed in the titration of the standard solution, can be worked out of components to be measured, quite easy to calculate. Worth noting is that there are a lot of books or reagent also follows the concept of normality in the directory indicated by n, such as hydrochloric acid concentration is 0.1N indicates 1L hydrochloric acid solution containing 0.1 equivalent, also called volume parts per million. Was one of the original international concentration, is based on the equivalent law. Now with the new concept of "amount of substance, such as rules" instead of the equivalent law, so equivalent concentrations are no longer applied. On the relationship between n and m, the equivalent relation between concentration and Molarity, is not the same for different substances. Such as sulfuric acid: 1M h 2 SO 4 =2N h 2 SO 4, General writing m (1/2H 2 SO4) =0.1000mol/L, and potassium permanganate: 1M KMhO4 =5N KMnO 4, General writing m (1/5KMnO4) =0.1000mol/L. Third, the solution has not been made and saved (a) preparation of standard solution method 太强也会对金鱼的体色及生长产生影响。水中的溶氧量也是关键因素，如果溶氧量过低轻则造成“浮头”，重则引起窒息死亡。解决溶氧量最容易的办法是使用水族专用气泵。并根据水容积选择合适功率。另外使用外循环过滤的方法也可以增加水中氧气含量。对于由于金鱼代谢物所产生的有害物质可采用换水及添加硝化细菌的方法解决。 二、物理损伤:在移动金鱼过程中，容易造成对金鱼体表的损伤，严重的会造成金鱼内脏破裂，造成死亡。另外在水族箱中如果有尖锐的饰物，如珊瑚石、塑料水草等，也会发生水泡刺破，珠鳞刮落的情况。甚至由于水泵吸力过强或水流速过快都会产生物理损伤的危险。因此移动金鱼时推荐使用水舀捞鱼，动作要轻、快，不然也会由于金鱼的挣扎造成损伤。另外在运送金鱼时要选用最佳交通路线和交通工具尽量缩短运送时间和颠簸。水族箱中设备和饰物要表面光滑或材质柔软。水泵的入水口可以加装生化过滤棉(俗称“水妖精”)。过滤器的注水口加装弯管，减小水流冲击。 三、病菌感染:金鱼生活在水中，由于水的空间有限，而且水是静止的，极易滋生细菌，从不同地方购买的金鱼也可能会带来病毒。另外腐败的食物也会引起金鱼患上肠炎。对于的由于病菌感染所产生的疾病要勤观察、早治疗、早隔离，对于病入膏肓的病鱼要果断淘汰。 1、家庭中治疗鱼病常用的治疗手段主要包括:药浴、药饵、机械校正 药浴:通常采用一定浓度的药液浸泡鱼体，由于病菌感染造成的鱼病，常使用全缸低浓度泼洒的方法。比较常用的药物包括:盐、呋喃西林、高锰酸钾、亚甲基兰、红药水等。以上药物毒性较小，适合家庭中使用 药饵:是将中西药，如土霉素、大蒜素掺入饲料中，喂养病鱼。可以从市场上购得制成品使用。 机械校正:对于金鱼鱼鳔生病，可以绑缚泡沫塑料在鱼鳍上，扶助金鱼游动。 2、观察金鱼体表是否存在寄生物，长白毛、白点，出血，溃烂，金鱼体表疾病的判断比较复杂，药剂使用剂量复杂，家庭养鱼无需特别学习，只需要按照以下“土法”防治即可: 药名浓度治疗 盐千分之三治疗。千分之一预防。体表细菌性疾病 呋喃西林40公斤水中，加入一个火柴头大小的原粉，用少量白酒化开。体表细菌性疾病和肠炎 高锰酸钾将鱼捞出，旧水添加至水呈樱红色，浸泡半天后全缸换水。清缸消毒 亚甲基兰添加至水呈海蓝色体表细菌性疾病 红药水直接涂抹患处，离水保持10秒溃烂 除了以上传统药品外，还可以在行家指导下购买市售的专用药剂使用，并严格参照说明剂量使用。 3、对于金鱼由于鱼鳔问题，长时间仰浮在水底，可以在背鳍的第三根鳍条根部绑缚大小适中的泡沫塑料，使鱼可以浮起自由游动。 post_newreply samples if possible first enters the processing ... Sterilization containers: from plastic bags to sterilized gallon paint bucket, can be used to have a sharp edge products such as crab, shrimp, and so on. Sampling tools: sampling tool including: a teaspoon, spoon, needle-nosed pliers, angle fovceps tongs beakers and beaker, tool type is generally decided by the sample products. All sampling and date of sterilization of the container should be checked and sterilization time should be indicated on the label and packaging of equipment facilities, some facilities can be purchased at a local laboratory sterilization or disinfection equipment, laboratory and sterilization of instruments and facilities can be kept on the ground for at least two months, expired facilities must be sterilized again. Sterile gloves: sterile gloves must not be enabled in a sample, if a product is in the process of sample collection must be contacted to do it's best to let the factory production line workers (workers processed products), in the sample into a collection container, since the workers in the production process to reach the product, so we cannot think of their products and have the additional pollution. When the gloves must be a way to avoid contamination, wear, gloves must be fit to work needs. No bacteria cotton swab child: General for swab take instrument facilities and factory environment regional, using cotton swab child General has a right of program, open cotton swab child stripping off epidermal, then must carefully of put in tube head Shang, note don't contaminated cotton swab childliquid to dissolve in liquid. Often referred to as solvent of liquid components in the solution ...AVolume of water solution. 6. the titre (t) titer is the solution concentration is another method. It has two meanings, said on its per milliliter of solution of solute in grams or milligrams. Titration of sodium hydroxide solution NaoH = 0.0028g/mL=2.8m g/mL for t, second per ml of solution corresponds to the measured substance grams or milligrams. If titre of reagent T=3.5 card, 1mL card reagent is equivalent to 3.5 grams of water content, and when the determination of silver nitrate and sodium chloride, says there are two concentrations of silver nitrate: AgNO3 t t NaCl =1.84mg/mL, =1mg/mL, 1mg, indicating a 1mL solution containing silver nitrate, which represents the 1mL solution 1.84mg of sodium chloride, NaCl t =1.84 said, Known titre multiplied by the number of volume consumed in the titration of the standard solution, can be worked out of components to be measured, quite easy to calculate. Worth noting is that there are a lot of books or reagent also follows the concept of normality in the directory indicated by n, such as hydrochloric acid concentration is 0.1N indicates 1L hydrochloric acid solution containing 0.1 equivalent, also called volume parts per million. Was one of the original international concentration, is based on the equivalent law. Now with the new concept of "amount of substance, such as rules" instead of the equivalent law, so equivalent concentrations are no longer applied. On the relationship between n and m, the equivalent relation between concentration and Molarity, is not the same for different substances. Such as sulfuric acid: 1M h 2 SO 4 =2N h 2 SO 4, General writing m (1/2H 2 SO4) =0.1000mol/L, and potassium permanganate: 1M KMhO4 =5N KMnO 4, General writing m (1/5KMnO4) =0.1000mol/L. Third, the solution has not been made and saved (a) preparation of standard solution method