医学免疫学名解英文

医学免疫学名解英文 免疫 Immune response: the response made by the host to defend itself against the introduction of foreign substances. Antigen: An antigen is any agent capable of binding specifically to components of immune system, such as BCR and soluble antibodies Immunogen - A substance that induces a specific immune response. (All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens) Antigenicity: The ability of a compound to bind with antibodies or cells of the immune system. This binding is highly specific. Immunogenicity Immunogenicity is the ability of a particular substance, such as an antigen or epitope, to provoke a specific immune response in the body of a human or animal. Hapten半抗原:A hapten is a small molecule which can elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein; the carrier may be one which also does not elicit an immune response by itself. Epitope Epitope is the portion of the antigen that binds specifically with the binding site of an antibody or a receptor on a lymphocyte. TI-Ag Thymus -independent antigens are antigens which can directly stimulate the B cells to produce antibody without the requirement for T cell help in general. TD-Ag Thymus -dependent antigens are those that do not directly stimulate the production of antibody without the help of T cells Super antigen An antigen which polyclonally activates some subtypes of the T cells (up to 20%). Adjuvants: A substance that when mixed with an immunogen, enhances the immune response against the immunogen. Immunoglobulin The Immunoglobulins are globulin which function as antibodies or similar to antibodies in chemical structure. Complementarity determining region (CDR)互补决定区:A complementarity determining region (CDR) is a short amino acid sequence found in the variable domains of antigen receptor (e.g. immunoglobulin and T cell receptor) proteins that complements an antigen and therefore provides the receptor with its specificity for that particular antigen. Complement:A group of serum proteins involved in the control of inflammation, the activation of phagocytes and the lytic attack on cell membranes. It belongs to the innate immune system, and can be recruited and brought into action by the adaptive immune system. Common receptor subunit There is same receptor subunit for cytokine signaling among the different cytokine receptors. e.g. common γ chain Cytokine (CK) : Small soluble proteins that mediate immune and inflammatory reactions and are responsible for communications between leukocytes and other cells. Soluble cytokine receptor Soluble cytokine receptor is the extracellular part of the receptor, which can competitively bind to cytokine Cytokine storm: Under certain circumstances (e.g. septic shock), large amounts of CKs (such as TNF) are produced, they may be active distant from their site of secretion. Leukocyte differentiation antigen白细胞分化抗原:The cell surface markers which express or disappear on the different cells in the different stages of differentitation and activation. Cluster of differentiation (CD): Cell surface molecules of leucocytes that are distinguishable with monoclonal antibodies as an immunologic marker. Cell adhesion molecules, CAM: A group of proteins involved in adhesion of cell to cell or cell to extracellular matrix (ECM), such as ICAM-1, ICAM-2, ICAM-3, VCAM-1 and PECAM etc. Integrin Integrins are transmembrane receptors that mediate the attachment between a cell and the tissues that surround it, such as other cells or the extracellular matrix (ECM) Selectins Selectins (CD62) are a family of cell adhesion molecules. MHC主要组织相容性复合物:The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large genomic region or gene family found in most vertebrates. It is the most gene-dense region of the mammalian genome and plays an important role in the immune system, autoimmunity, and reproductive success. Polymorphism The phenomenon of having multiple alleles at given genetic locus in the population Somatic hypermutation体细胞高度突变:Somatic hypermutation (or SHM) is a mechanism inside cells that is part of the way the immune system adapts to the new foreign elements which confront it (for example, microbes). ITAM An immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) is a conserved sequence of four amino acids that is repeated twice in the cytoplasmic tails of certain cell surface proteins of the immune system. Negative selection负选择:The death of autoimmune lymphocytes shortly after they develop. Also known as clonal deletion. Positive selection: Double positive cells that bind, with moderate affinity, to MHC-Ag on thymic stroma cells survive. DP cell acquire MHC restriction though positive selection. Foxp3 A member of the FOX protein family, FOXP3 appears to function as a master transcription factor in the development and function of regulatory T cells. APC:A variety of cell types specialized in the presentation of peptide-MHC to lymphocytes, causing either tolerance or immunity. Cross-presentation +Class I MHC molecules present exogenous Ags to CD8 T cells. Immunological synapse When the TCR complex recognizes MHC-associated peptides on an APC, several T cell surface proteins and intracellular signaling molecules are rapidly mobilized to the site of T cell-APC contact. This region of physical contact between the T cell and the APC has been called the immunological synapse Anergy无反应性:Anergy is a term in immunobiology that describes a lack of reaction by the body's defense mechanisms to foreign substances, and consists of a direct induction of peripheral lymphocyte tolerance. Regulatory T cell调节性T细胞:Regulatory T cells (sometimes known as suppressor T cells) are a specialized subpopulation of T cells that act to suppress activation of the immune system and thereby maintain immune system homeostasis and tolerance to self-antigens. AICD激活诱导的细胞死亡:activation-induced cell death (AICD) recognition and deletion of T lymphocytes that have been induced to proliferate by receptor-mediated activation, preventing their overgrowth. Class switching Class switching is a biological mechanism that changes a B cell's production of antibody from one class to another Central tolerance is the mechanism by which newly developing T cells and B cells are rendered non-reactive to self during their development in thymus and bone marrow. Secondary Antibody: An antibody that binds to primary antibodies or antibody fragments. They are typically labeled with probes that make them useful for detection, purification or cell sorting applications. Affinity(亲和力) Strength of the reaction between a single antigenic determinant and a single Ab combining site Avidity(亲合力) The overall strength of binding between an Ag with many determinants and multivalent Abs ELISA (Enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay) An immunological test, using an enzyme as a label to determine presence of target protein. ELISPOT (Enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent spot) A common method for monitoring immune responses in humans and animals. At appropriate conditions the ELISPOT assay allows visualization of the secretary product of individual activated or responding cells. Immuno-labeling techniques Specific Abs (or Ags ) labelled with fluorescein, enzymes or radioisotopes are used as probes for the detection of Ags (or Abs). Artificial active immunization: Administration of an antigen for active production of immunity. Active immunization results in the production of antibodies directed against the infecting agent or its toxic products; it may also initiate cellular immunity. Artificial passive immunization:Immunization may be accomplished passively by administering either performed immunoreactive serum (Abs, CKs) or cells. Vaccine: Administration of an antigen for active production of immunity is called artificial active immunization. The agent used for artificial active immunization is called vaccine. Planned immunization: A rational program of childhood immunization against infectious disease, when many of the most damaging and preventable infections normally appear. Immunotherapy Immunotherapy is the approach to balance or intervene the immunologic function in order to fight against the disease by the principle of immunology. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a primitive part of the immune system. They are proteins expressed by cells of the innate immune system to identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are associated with microbial pathogens or cellular stress, as well as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are associated with cell components released during cell damage. antigen,Ag 抗原 immunogenicity 免疫原性 immunoreactivity 免疫反应性 complete antigen 完全抗原 incomplete antigen,hapten 不完全抗原，半抗原 antigenic specificity 抗原特异性 epitope,antigenic determinant 抗原表位，抗原决定基 antigenic valence 抗原结合价 sequential epitope,linear epitope 顺序表位，线性表位 conformational apitope 构象表位 common apitope 共同抗原表位 cross-reaction 交叉反应 cross antigen 交叉抗原 conformation 分子构象 accessibility 易接近性 thymus dependent antigen,TD-Ag 胸腺依赖性抗原 thymus independent antigen,TI-Ag 非胸腺依赖性抗原 heterophilic antigen 异嗜性抗原 xenogenic antigen 异种抗原 allogenic antigen 同种异型抗原 autoantigen 自身抗原 idiotypic antigen 独特型抗原 endogenous antigen 内源性抗原 exogenous antigen 外源性抗原 allergen 变应原 tolerogen 耐受原 stimulator 免疫刺激剂 superantigen 超抗原 adjuvant 佐剂 mitogen 丝裂原 antibody 抗体 immunoglobilin 免疫球蛋白 class 类 type 型 variable region 可变区,V区 constant region 恒定区，C区 hypervariable region,HVR 高变区 complementarity determining region,CDR 互补决定区 antigen-binding site 抗原结合部位 framework region,FR 骨架区 hinge region 铰链区 joining chain J链 secretory piece,SP,secretory component,S C 分泌片，分泌成分 papain 木瓜蛋白酶 pepsin 胃蛋白酶 fragment of antigen binding,Fab 抗原结合片段 fragment crystallizable,Fc 可结晶片段 isotype 同种型 allotype 同种异型 idiotype,Id 独特型 idiotope 独特位 anti-idiotype antibody,AId 独特性抗体 opsonization 调理作用 antibody-dependent cell-mediated 抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒 cytotoxicity,ADCC 作用 macroglobulin 巨球蛋白 polyclonal antibody,pAb 多克隆抗体 monoclonal antibody,mAb 单克隆抗体 complement,C 补体 complement regulatory protein 补体调节蛋白 complement receptor,CR 补体受体 classical pathway 经典途径 C5 convertase C5转化酶 membrane attack complex,MAC 攻膜复合物 alternative pathway 旁路途径，替代激活途径 lectin pathway,MBL pathway 凝集素途径 mannose-binding lectin,MBL 甘露糖结合凝集素 ficolin ,FCN 纤维胶原素 MBL-associated serine protease,MASP MBL相关丝氨酸蛋白酶 C1 inhibitor,C1INH C1抑制物 C4 binding protein,C4bp C4结合蛋白 decay-accelerating factor ,DAF 衰变加速因子 immune adherence 免疫黏附 cytokine 细胞因子 autocrine 自分泌 paracrine 旁分泌 endocrine 内分泌 pleiotropism 多效性 redundancy 重叠性 synergy 协同性 antagonoism 拮抗性 interleukin,IL 白细胞介素 colony-stimulating factor,CSF 集落刺激因子 interferon,IFN 干扰素 tumor necrosis factor,TNF 肿瘤坏死因子 growth factor,GF 生长因子 chemokine 趋化因子 class1 cytokine receptor family 1类细胞因子受体家族 class 2 cytokine receptor family 2类细胞因子受体家族 tumor necrosis factor receptor 肿瘤坏死因子受体家族 superfamily,TNFRSF Ig superfamily receptor,Ig SFR 免疫球蛋白超家族受体 chemokine receptor family 趋化因子受体家族 cytokine storm 细胞因子风暴 cell surface marker 细胞表面标记 human leukocyte differentiation antigen,HLDA 人白细胞分化抗原 lineage 谱系 cluster of differentiation,CD 分化 cell adhension molecule,CAM 细胞黏附分子 extracellular matrix,ECM 细胞外基质 immunoglobulin superfamily,IgSF 免疫球蛋白超家族 integrin family 整合素家族 selectin family 选择素家族 lymphocyte homing receptor,LHR 淋巴细胞归巢受体 HEV 高内皮微静脉 major histocompatibility complex 主要组织相容性复合体 human leukocyte antigen 人类白细胞抗原 B2 microglobulin,b2m 微球蛋白 polymorphism 多态性 HLA genotyping HLA基因分型 haplotype 单体型 linkage disequilibrium 连锁不平衡 anchor position 锚定位 anchor residue 锚定残基 MHC restriction MHC限制性 cross-matching 交叉配合 B lymphocyte B淋巴细胞 bursa of Fabricius 禽类法氏囊 B cell receptor,BCR B细胞受体 gene rearrengement 基因重排 gene segment 基因片段 recombinase 重组酶 recombination activating gene,RAG 重组激活酶基因 recombination signal sequence,RSS 重组信号序列 terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase,TdT 末端脱氧核苷酸序列 allelic exclusion 等位排斥 isotype exclusion 同型排斥 combinational diversity 组合多样性 junctional diversity 连接多样性 receptor editing 受体编辑 somatic hypermutation 体细胞高频突变 pro-BCR 前B细胞受体 pro-B cell 祖B细胞 pre-B cell 前B细胞 immature B cell 未成熟B细胞 mature B cell 成熟B细胞 clone deletion 克隆清除 anergy 失能 immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation 免疫受体酪氨酸激活基序 motif,ITAM coreceptor 共受体 co-stimulatory molecule 共刺激分子 self-renewal 自我更新 polyreactivity 多反应性 natural antibody 天然抗体 plasma cell 浆细胞 memory B cell 记忆B细胞 regulatory B cell 调节性B细胞 T lymphocyte T淋巴细胞 thymus 胸腺 hematopoietic,HSC 骨髓多能造血干细胞 lymphoid progenitor cell 淋巴样祖细胞 double negative cell,DN cell 双阴性细胞 double positive cell,DP cell 双阳性细胞 sigle positive cell,SP cell 单阳性细胞 positive selection 阳性选择 negative selection 阴性选择 immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory 免疫受体酪氨酸抑制基序 motif,ITIM phytohemagglutinin,PHA 植物血凝素 naive T cell 初始T细胞 memory T cell,Tm 记忆T细胞 effector T cell 效应T细胞 helper T cell,Th 辅助T细胞 cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL 细胞毒性T细胞 regulatory T cell,Treg 调节性T细胞 antigen-presenting cell,APC 抗原提呈细胞 profession APC 专职性APC dendritic cell,DC 数突状细胞 conventional DC,cDC 经典DC plasmacytoid DC,pDC 浆细胞样DC regulatory DC 调节性DC follicular DC,FDC 滤泡DC immature DC 未成熟DC mature DC 成熟DC Langerhans cell,LC 朗格汉斯细胞 interstitial DC 间质DC veiled cell 隐蔽DC peripheral blood DC 外周血DC interdigitating DC,IDC 并指状DC monocyte 单核细胞 macrophage 巨噬细胞 antigen processing 抗原加工 proteasome 蛋白酶体 transporter associated with antigen 抗原加工相关转运物 processing ,TAP chaperone 伴侣蛋白 ER resident aminopeptidase,ERAP 氨基肽酶 endosome 内体 phagosome 吞噬体 MHC class 2 compartment,M2C MHC2类小室 Ia-associated invariant chain,Ii Ia相关恒定链 class 2-associated invariant chain peptide,CLIP MHC2类相关的恒定链多肽 cross-presentation,cross-priming 交叉提呈，交叉致敏 pMHC,peptide-MHC2 complex 抗原肽-MHC分子复合物 antigen recognition 抗原识别 immunological synapse 免疫突触 perfotrin 穿孔素 granzyme 颗粒酶 activation-induced cell death,AICD 活化诱导的细胞死亡 humoral immune response 体液免疫应答 germinal center 生发中心 centroblast 中心母细胞 centrocyte 中心细胞 follicular helper T cell,Tfh 滤泡辅助T细胞 somatic hypermutation 检查是否重复，体细胞高频突变 affinity maturation 抗体亲和力成熟 class switching 类别转换 isotype switching 同种型转换 switching region 转换区 antibody forming cell,AFC 抗体形成细胞 primary response 初次免疫 secondary response,anamnestic response 再次免疫 lag phase 潜伏期 log phase 对数期 plateau phase 平台期 decline phase 下降期