空压机维修技术 - 螺杆式空压机的系统流程及各零部件功能

空压机维修技术 - 螺杆式空压机的系统流程及各零部件功能 空压机维修技术 总目录 0一 螺杆式空压机的系统流程及各零部件功能 0二 螺杆式空压机的常用名词术语 0三 螺杆式压缩机油使用注意事项 0四 螺杆式空压机常见八大故障 0五 螺杆空压机主机大修的原因及必要性 0六 螺杆式空压机主机大修的必要性及工作 0七 螺杆式空压机选型的10要步骤 0八 世界知名空压机厂家介绍 0九 如何鉴别进口机械配件的真伪 0十 空压机变频恒压供气控制系统的设计 十一 多台空压机连锁控制的目的及发展趋势 十二 变频空压机耗电情况 十三 冷冻式干燥机常见故障排除指南 一 螺杆式空压机的系统流程及各零部件功能 1.空气流程 1.1气由空气滤清器滤去尘埃之后，经由进气阀进入主压缩室压缩，并与润滑油混合。与油混合的压缩空气排至油气桶后，再经由油细分离器、压力维持阀及后冷却器之后送入使用系统中。 1.2主气源通路上各组件功能说明 A空气滤清器 空气滤清器为一干式纸质过滤器，过滤纸细孔度约为5μm左右。其主要功能是滤除空气中的尘埃，避免螺杆转子过早磨损，油过滤器和油细分离器过早阻塞。通常每工作500小时，应取下清除其表面的尘埃。清除的方法是使用低压空气将尘埃由内向外吹除。 B进气阀 进气阀为碟式进气阀，主要是通过进气阀内碟片的开启和关闭来进行空重负荷的控制;有两种控制方式，一种开关式，当压力到达高限设定值，关闭进气口，压力降到低限设定值，重新打开进气口全负荷工作。另一种容调控制，进气阀门的碟片微闭配合比例阀进行容调控制，适应外部用气量，使压力稳定在一定范围内，压力未到容调压力，进气阀门的碟片全开，此时压缩机全负荷运转。 C油气桶 油气桶有油气分离和储油两种功能。压缩后的油气混合物排至油气桶，在油气桶内旋转可以分离出大部分的润滑油;油气桶内存较多的润滑油，避免刚分离出来的热油立即参与下一个循环，有利于降低排气温度。油气桶侧面装有油位指示计。桶上有一加油孔，供加油用，静态润滑油的油位应在油位计上限与下限之间。油气桶下方装有放油(水)球阀，应在每次运转前略微打开球阀，以排除油气桶内的凝结水(因水比油重，沉淀在下部)。一旦有油流出，迅速关闭。由于油气桶的宽大截面积，可使压缩空气流速减小，有利于油滴分离，起到初步除油的作用。 D油细分离器 “润滑油流程”中有详细说明，此略。 E安全阀当油气桶内气体压力比额定排气压力高出1.1倍时，安全阀即会自动起跳而泄压，使压力降至额定排气压力以下。 检查安全阀的方法是在压缩机满载工作时，轻拉安全阀上的泄气拉杆，若安全阀能向外排气，则视为正常。 F最小压力阀 位于油气捅上方油细分离器出口处，开启压力设定为0.45MPa左右，最小压力阀主要有以下功能: a. 起动时优先建立起润滑油所需的循环压力，确保机器的润滑。 b. 油气桶气体压力超过0.4MPa之后方行开启，可降低流过油细分离器的空气流速，除确保油细分离效果之外，并可保护油细分离器免因压力差太大而受损。 c. 至回功能:当停机后油气桶内压力下降时，防止管路压缩空气回流。 G后冷却器 由最小压力阀流出的压缩空气，通至后冷却器。后冷却器与油冷却器制成一体，其结构相同，皆为板翘式。冷却风扇将冷空气抽入，吹过后冷却器翘板。冷却后的压缩空气温度一般在环境温度+15? 以下。 2(润滑油流程 2.1润滑油流程说明 油气桶内之压力，将油气桶内的润滑油压出，经油冷却器，油过滤器 除去杂质颗粒，然后分成两路，一路从机体下端喷入压缩室，冷却压缩气体;另一路通到机体两端，润滑轴承组，而后各部分的润滑油再聚集于压缩室底部，由排气口排出。与油混合的压缩空气排入油气桶后，绝大部分的油沉淀于油气桶的底部，其余的含油雾空气再经过油细分离器，进一步滤下剩余的油，并参与下一个循环。 2.2喷油量的控制 空压机所喷入的油除起润滑作用外，主要用于带走空气在压缩中所产生的热量，喷油量于出厂前已经由本公司技师设定好，因此请不要随意改变它。 2.3油路主要部件功能说明 A. 温控阀 温控阀的主要功能是通过控制喷入机头的润滑油湿度来控制压缩机的排气温度，以避免空气中的水汽在油气桶内凝结而乳化润滑油。刚开机时，润滑油温度低，温控阀关闭，冷油不经过冷却器而直接喷入机体内。若油温升高到70?以上，则温控阀逐渐打开至油冷却器的通路，至76?时全开，此时油会全部经过油冷却器冷却后再喷入机体内。 某些机型不设温控阀，而是通过控制风扇电机的停转来控制油温的。当排气温度上升至85?时，风扇开始运转;当排气温度低于75?时，风扇自动停转，使温度保持在一定范围内。 B.油冷却器 油冷却器与后冷却器做成一体。 C.油过滤器 油过滤器是一种纸质过滤器，过滤精度在10μ~15μ之间。其功能是除去油中的杂质。如金属微粒、灰尘、油之劣化物等，保护轴承及转子的正常运行。若油过滤阻塞，则可能导致喷油量不足影响主机轴承使用寿命，机头排气温度升高(甚至停机)。 D.油细分离器 油细分离器滤芯采用多层细密的特种纤维制成，压缩空气中所含雾状润滑油经过油细分离器后几乎可被完全滤去，油颗粒大小可控制在0.1μ m以下，含油量则可小于3PPM。 E.回油单向阀 油细分离器滤下的残油集中于滤芯中央的小圆凹槽中，经回油管引至主机，避免已被分离的润滑油再随空气排出。为防止主机压缩室内的油返流，在回油管后设置一个单向阀，如果机器运行中油耗突然增大，应检查单向阀的节流小孔是否堵塞。 3.气路控制部件 A.加载电磁阀 为两位两通常闭电磁阀。通过电磁阀的得电和失电，控制气路的通、断状态，实现加载、卸 载功能。 放空电磁阀 为两位两通常开电磁阀。通过电磁阀的得电和失电，控制气路的通、断状态，实卸载功能。 B. 放空阀 当卸载运行或停机时，此阀即打开，释放油气桶内的压力，使压缩机低负荷运转，或保证在无负载的情况下重新起动。 C. 反比例阀 超过设定的调节压力才起作用，此时比例阀(即系统的排气压力)越高，输出的控制压力就越低。而控制压力越低，通过气缸伸缩控制的进气卸荷阀碟片的开度就越小，压缩机的进气量也就越小，使压缩机的供气量与耗气量保持平衡，实现无级气量调节功能。 设定调节压力的方法是:向上提起反比例阀的黑色盖帽并旋转，顺时针旋转则压力增大，逆时针旋转则减小。设定好后，压下盖帽，防止它因振动而自行旋转。设定值一般应小于额定排气压力，若高于微电脑控制器设定的卸载压力，则只有空重车而无容调。 D. 传感器 压力、温度传感器实现对各种参数的测量而实现压缩机加、减载、各种故障提示，必要时自动停机。 二 螺杆式空压机的常用名词术语 (1) 〖压缩机公称容积流量(又称实际容积流量或铭牌流量或排气量)〗经压缩机压缩并排出的气体，在排气位置的实际容积流量。该流量应换算到标准吸气位置的全温度、全压力及组份(例如湿度)的状态。单位m3/min。(GB/T4975,1995 容积式压缩机术语总则) (2) 〖压缩机标准容积流量〗经压缩机压缩并排出的气体，在标准排气位置的实际容积流量。该流量应换算到标准工况(温度和压力)。单位Nm3/min。(GB/T4975,1995 容积式压缩机术语总则) (3) 〖标准工况〗即温度0?、压力1个大气压(1.033kgf/cm2或0.1013MPa)、湿度为0,的干燥气体。 (4) 〖规定工况〗依据《JB/T6430,92 一般用喷油螺杆空气压缩机》标准所规定的工况如下:a)吸气压力0.1MPa(绝压);b)吸气温度20?;c)吸气相对湿度0,;d)排气压力为额定排气压力，MPa。 (5) 〖压力〗压缩机行业中所指的压力即我们中学里所学的压强。 (6) 〖表压力〗以大气压力为零点测得的压力。单位MPa(G)或kg/cm2(G)。 (7) 〖绝对压力〗以绝对真空为零点的压力。它等于大气压力和表压力的代数和。单位MPa(A)或kg/cm2(A)。 (8) 〖排气压力〗通常在压缩机铭牌上给出的排气压力为表压力。 (9) 〖轴功率〗压缩机驱动轴所需要的功率。单位kW。 (10)〖内压力比(即内压缩比)〗气体经内压缩后的终了压力(绝压)与起始压力(绝压)的比值。 (11)〖外压力比(即外压缩比)〗压缩机的出口排气压力(绝压)与进口吸气压力(绝压)的比值。 ε,P排(绝压)/P吸(绝压),(P排(表压)+1.033)/1.033=(P’排(表压)+0.1013)/0.1013 其中P排(表压),单位kg/cm2;P’排(表压),单位MPa (12)〖气体含油量〗单位体积的压缩空气中所含的油(包括油滴、悬浮粒子、油蒸气)的质量，换算到绝对压力0.1MPa、温度20?和相对湿度65%标准大气条件下的值，单位mg/m3。 (13)〖PPM〗一种表示微量物质在混合物中的含量的符号，指每一百万份中的份数或百万分率(分重量比PPMw和体积比PPMv)。通常我们所说的PPM为重量比。(1kg的百万分之一为毫克) 1PPMw=1.2mg/m3(PA=0.1MPa、t=20?、φ=65%) 三 螺杆式压缩机油使用注意事项 1、 不同牌号、档次的空压机油禁止混用。 2、更换时必须放尽旧油。严禁采用补加或过滤又重用的办法.因为虽然表面看压缩机油的颜色不变,但添加剂的消耗可能已经超过极限。 3、 如果油泥不多，装入1/2的新油后，运转15至60分钟放净，再装满新油正常运行。如果油泥积碳太多，可拆开油缸后，用人工清除油泥和积碳，然后用专用清洗剂清洗，但是清洗完后，必须要用干燥空气吹干，再加入清洗油清洗100至200小时后，放净清洗油，最后加入新油正常运行。否则不仅可能破坏油品添加剂的性能，还可能导致安全事故。 4、换油时应同时更换机油旁路滤清器、机油过滤器、油气分离细滤器、粗滤器过滤元件等，检查集滤器、空气滤清器、单向阀、温控报警器等是否完好. 5、 换油指标 压缩机类型润滑部位换油质量指标注释粘度，(?%)酸值，mgKOH/g残碳，(%)正庚烷不溶物(%)活塞式高压内部用(汽缸)————注油式一次润滑外部用(轴承)152.01.00.5低压 汽缸、轴承共用15 2.01.00.5回转式转子，轴承150.5—0.2 速度式密封，轴承150.5—0.2 6、推荐换油时间不是一个固定值，由于设备、环境、机械杂质的影响均可加速油品的老化。为防止积碳、结焦，使用过程中(每300小时)仍要注意观测润滑油的颜色、黏度、油性等，但不能单靠颜色判断油品好坏。 7、 油温过高一定要找到原因，不能为了维持生产甩掉保护装置。温度过高的一般原因: ?油冷却器水管污垢太多或堵塞，油冷却器的温控阀不动作，冷却器效率较低; ?润滑油老化失效; ?油温传感器失效，如果使用的是PLC控制，不排除那块集成电路板出现问题;?运动件配合不良;?环境温度过高导致润滑油温度高;?排气压力达不到设定值;原因选型错误(选小了)进气过滤器 / 油气分离器堵塞进气节流阀不动作或误动作(处于关闭部分进气阀)螺杆内泄漏严重;?回油路不畅。油过滤器堵塞～供油量不足;?压缩机转速不够，三角皮带太松，也会导致气量下降;?润滑油质量不好，黏度增长太快或油污秽; 油温过高首先检查油量够不够,然后是检查冷却器，再是温控阀里的弹簧是否断了，最后是油过滤器堵了没有。 8、 螺杆压缩机原理示意图 9、 要在现场记录更换润滑油和其他元件的时间，检查记录，落实人。 10、 发现润滑油蒸发损失很大，应首先检查油气分离器是否穿孔。 11、 螺杆压缩机油是特种油，必须有专人管理，防止在日常中发生混油事故。 油品用完后要旋紧桶盖，附近不要有开盖工具。 四 螺杆式空压机常见八大故障 4(1、故障现象:机组排气温度高(超过100 ?C) ?机组冷却剂液位太低(应该从油窥镜中能看到，但不要超过一半); ?油冷却器脏，如何判别冷却器是否脏呢，主要看其进油口温度与出油口温度之 间的温差，正常的温差在,,,,,度之间，如果是外部灰尘堵塞散热气只需 用压缩空气吹干静就可以，如吹不掉,散热器内部脏则需要用专业的清洗剂来清 洗，(如重油污清洗剂,丙铜,涤尘等)如散热器内部堵塞利害则需要用;清水 泵循环清洗，清洗时间视情况定(如是水冷式的散热器堵塞，最好的办法是拆开 前后端盖用铁条对铜管内部进行清洁( ?油过滤器芯堵塞; ?温控阀故障(元件坏); ?断油电磁阀未得电或线圈损坏或电磁阀膜片破裂或老化;断油电磁 阀一般出 现在老机型中( ?冷却风扇电机故障; ?排风管道不畅通或排风阻力(背压)大; ?环境温度超过所规定的范围(38?C 或 46?C); ?温度传感器故障(Intellisys控制机组); ?压力表是否故障(继电器控制机组)。 4(2、故障现象:机组油耗大或压缩空气含油量大 ?冷却剂量太多，正确的位置应在机组加载时观察，此时油位应不高 于一半; ?回油管堵塞; ?回油管的安装(与油分离芯底部的距离)不符合要求; ?机组运行时排气压力太低; ?油分离芯破裂; ?分离筒体内部隔板损坏; ?机组有漏油现象; ?冷却剂变质或超期使用。 ?温度过高 4(3、故障现象:机组压力低 ?实际用气量大于机组输出气量; ?放气阀故障(加载时无法关闭); ?进气阀故障; ?传动系统不正常，环境温度过高，空气滤清器堵塞; ?负载电磁阀(1SV)故障 ?最小压力阀卡死; ?用户管网有泄漏; ?压力设置太低; ?压力传感器故障(Intellisys控制机组); ?压力表故障(继电器控制机组); ?压力开关故障(继电器控制机组); ?压力传感器或压力表输入软管漏气; 4(4、故障现象:机组排气压力过高 ?进气阀故障; ?液压缸故障; ?负载电磁阀(1SV)故障; ?压力设置太高; ?压力传感器故障(Intellisys控制机组); ?压力表故障(继电器控制机组); ?压力开关故障(继电器控制机组)。 4(5、故障现象:机组电流大 ?电压太低; ?接线松动; ?机组压力超过额定压力; ?油分离芯堵塞; ?接触器故障; ?主机故障; ?主电机故障; 4(6、故障现象:机组无法启动 ?熔断丝坏; ?温度开关坏; ?接线松开; ?主电机热继电器动作; ?风扇电机热继电器动作; ?变压器坏; ?Intellisys无电源输入(Intellisys控制机组); ?故障未消除(Intellisys控制机组); ?Intellisys控制器故障。 4(7、故障现象:机组启动时电流大或跳闸 ?用户空气开关问题; ?输入电压太低; ?星-三角转换间隔时间太短(应为10 ~ 12 秒); ?液压缸故障(没有复位); ?进气阀故障(开启度太大或卡死); ?接线松动; ?主机故障; ?主电机故障; ?1TR时间继电器坏(继电器控制机组)。 4.8、故障现象:风扇电机过载 ?风扇变形; ?风扇电机故障; ?风扇电机热继电器故障(老化); ?接线松动; ?冷却器堵塞; ?排风阻力大。 五 喷油双螺杆空压机主机大修的原因及必要性 喷油双螺杆空压机主机(又称机头)的结构通常是由一对相互啮合的螺杆、主机壳体、高压端及端盖和低压端及端盖组成。 螺杆式空压机主机正常运行时，螺杆与螺杆之间、螺杆与主机壳体及高低压端面之间都是不接触的，主要由以下三个方面的条件来保证: 5.1、螺杆、主机壳体和高低压端的加工都是高精度的。该精度保证了主机装配后，螺杆与螺杆之间、螺杆与主机壳体之间有适当间隙，该间隙大小已经充分考虑到了主机高温运行时螺杆及壳体会发生形变的问题; 5.2、螺杆与高低压端面的间隙大小是根据技术要求在进行螺杆装配时保证的。主机运行时螺杆没有轴向窜动，而螺杆的径向允许位移则是由高精度的轴承来保证的; 5.3、主机正常运行时润滑油形成的油膜使螺杆与螺杆之间不直接接触。 但是，随着空压机运行时间的推移，主机各个轴承必然会发生磨损，从而导致螺杆产生轴向窜动及径向位移增大，该变化会让螺杆与螺杆 之间、螺杆与主机壳体及前后端面之间的间隙发生变化。这些间隙变化在轴承寿命期限内是正常的、允许的，而由此产生的空压机产气量衰减及主电机负荷增加也是正常的、允许的。 随着机组运行时间接近主机大修期，主机轴承的寿命逐渐趋进于最大允许时限。此时螺杆轴向和径向窜动量逐渐趋进于最大设计允许值，该变化会让螺杆与螺杆之间、螺杆与主机壳体及前后端面之间的间隙发生较大的变化。此时主机运行虽然仍然是安全的，但是已经到了必须考虑计划安排对主机进行大修的时候了。 因为一旦机组运行时间越过大修期后，轴承磨损及主机配合间隙就到达了主机技术条件允许的极限值，此时的主机就处于不安全的运行状态，就随时有可能发生如下严重后果: 5.4、主机运行负荷增大，对主电机及电器系统造成危害 主机螺杆之间、螺杆与前后端面之间、螺杆与主机壳体之间可能出现的的强烈磨擦会使得主机运行负荷急剧增加，另外严重磨损的轴承的运转负荷也是很大的。如此一来，电机就会处于超负荷的工作状态，会严重地危及电机的安全运行。情况严重的话，如果空压机组的电器保护装置反应不灵敏或失效，则还可能导致电机烧毁。 5.5、空压机排气量会发生较大幅度的衰减。 主机配合间隙增大会导致主机效率严重降低，即空压机排气量产生较大幅度的衰减，对用气单位的正常生产造成一定的影响。特别是对那些空压机排气量配置富裕量较小的用户，由于空压机排气量衰减，在用气系统用气量相对稳定的情况下，管网压缩空气压力就会降低很多，就可能出现用气系统设备等不能正常工作或根本无法工作，从而出现影响单位正常生产或导致暂时性的停产，给企业带来损失。 5.6、最严重的后果就是出现主机的突然“抱死”。 一旦出现这样的情况，如果电器保护系统反应不及时或保护失效，同样可能给主电机和电器系统带来严重的损害。 对于主机“抱死”的处理，一方面大修的维修费用会比正常大修要昂贵许多，另一方面由于主机元件会有损伤，因此修复后主机的综合性能也会较正常大修的主机要差一些。而如果是主机损伤严重程度已经到了不具修复价值或根本无法修复的，则只能是报废掉更换新主机，直接损失则是最大的。因为新购主机的费用通常是购买整台空压机组费用的三分之一左右，远远高于正常情况下的主机大修费用，而正常情况下大修合格的主机的综合技术性能和新主机却是非常相近的～ 综上分析可见，正常的主机大修工作既是设备维护的基本要求，也是企业控制正常的设备维护成本、避免不必要的资金损失和保障企业正常生产的基本要求～ 因此，对空压机主机按时、按标准进行大修不仅是必要的，而且也是必须的～ 六 螺杆式空压机主机大修的必要性及工作 螺杆式空压机主机大修的必要性及工作螺杆式空压机主机运行时，螺杆与螺杆之间、螺杆与主机壳体及前后端之间理论上均是不接触的，其原因有三个: ? 主机正常运行时形成的油膜使螺杆与螺杆之间不直接接触，当然在主机刚起动或停止的短时间内由于油膜尚未形成或油膜状态较差，螺杆与螺杆之间也会有一定的直接接触; ? 螺杆与主机壳体的加工精度保证了主机装配后螺杆与主机壳体之间有适当间隙，该间隙大小已经考虑到了主机高温运行时螺杆与壳体变形量存在差异的问题; ? 螺杆与前后端面的间隙是根据技术参数要求在进行螺杆装配时保证，该间隙大小同样已经考虑到了主机高温运行时螺杆与前后端面变形量存在差异的问题，同时压缩产生的螺杆径向载荷与轴向载荷均由主机两端的定位轴承承担，螺杆没有轴向位移，因此端面间隙得到进一步保证。 随着空压机运行时间的推移，主机轴承必然会发生磨损，从而导致螺杆产生轴向窜动及径向窜动增大，该变化会让螺杆与螺杆之间、螺杆 与主机壳体及前后端面之间的间隙发生变化。该间隙变化在轴承寿命期限内是正常的、允许的，而由此产生的空压机产气量衰减及传动电机负荷增加也是正常的、允许的。但是，当轴承磨损及主机配合间隙超过允许的极限量后，就可能发生严重后果。 首先，主机内部螺杆与前后端面之间、螺杆与主机壳体之间会发生摩擦，电机负荷急剧增加，最严重的后果就是螺杆抱死甚至主机报废，如果电机保护反应不灵敏或失效则可能导致电机烧毁。 其次，空压机产气量发生的较大衰减，则可能影响到用气单位的正常生产。 由此可见，对主机进行大修是必要的，而且也是必须的。 二、主机需要进行大修的判定 准确地说，主机进行大修的时间应该以轴承的使用寿命到期为准，但实际上很难有准确的指标来判断轴承的使用寿命是否即将到期或是已经到期，因此国际著名的空压机厂商根据其近百年的实践经验确定的标准是在压缩机运行20000小时或4年后对主机进行大修。 除了以上的通行标准外，根据经验还可以从以下几个方面对主机状况作出较为准确的判断: 1) 主机运行时的声音，特别是轴承有无异响; 2) 电机运行电流，特别是空载运行电流与标准值的差别; 3) 机头各轴承的振动。 需有完善的工具，可根据检测结果与技术资料对照，能有效判断是否需要对主机进行大修。 三、主机大修的主要工作 1) 拆卸、拉拔压出相应的齿轮(或皮带轮等传动装置)与轴承; 2) 清洗螺杆、轴、间隙调整垫片，打磨、修复轴、螺杆及定子的损伤面; 3) 压装轴承，调整间隙，测试各间隙; 4) 试运行，磨合调整。 无油螺杆的主机，用户是不宜自行维护的;喷油螺杆的主机，一般应注意以下几个地方: 1、 轴承是必须整套更换; 2、 检查转子型面，是否需要修正; 3、 进、排气轴承座的检查，是否需要修正; 4、 主机装配的装配要求，不知道是不能打开主机的; 5、 一般来说，进气端的间隙为0.35-0.50mm;排气端的间隙为0.08-0.15mm;因为是返修，应在允许范围下，尽量大一点。 七 螺杆式空压机选型的10要步骤 选用空压机时首先必须了解各使用端的: (1)压缩空气用途; (2)最低使用压力级; (3)尖端与离峰的需求风量。若最高与最低使用压力差达3bar时，就必须考虑「高低压分流」，然后根据尖、离峰的负担变化来选择不同机型的空压机，如「基载」使用离心式(单机,75CMM)或螺旋式(单机,60CMM):「变动负载」使用高压空气机与大型储气桶来因应. (4)依据不同的用气质量选用与配置不同形式与等级的干燥机与精密过滤器，过好的质量浪费能源，不足的质量影响制程，必须慎重考虑。 (5)空气机的控制技术日新月异，「多机连锁」、「变频变速」及「远程监控」等技术，能有效抑制离心式的BOV及螺旋式的空车浪费(节约电费25-40,)，减少备机容量与投资(15-30,)，稳定供气压力(正负0.1bar)。空气机的 (6)运转效率不能只比较型录上的标称马力与风量，重点是实际的「性能曲线」与「每马风量」。 (7)安装考虑机房空间的大小，通风条件、噪音隔绝、废热、废水回收等都引响能源的使用。此外，「集中式」比「分布式」有较低的安装、保养与控制成本，也可以减少外围设备。 (8)至于，冷却方法有气冷与水冷两种，气冷是不必额外投资冷却塔雨水，但必须有良好的通风:水冷是运转温度不受环境的影响，有利空压机的寿命，唯有结冰爆裂与阻塞的缺点。 (9)电源规划电压需求与电压降的稳定必须要求，离心机通常为高电压，完全不能移动，启动时对电网会造成冲击，应该保持经常性运转。 (10)维护机房要有适当的保养空间及必需的吊运设施与出入信道，工程人员与保养也应该施予不同的维修专业训练。 八 世界知名空压机厂家介绍 8.1.Atlas Copco阿特拉斯、柯普科(以下简称AC) AC是一个跨国集团，总部在瑞典，空压机生产企业只是其下属一个集团。由于多年的不断收购，AC几乎能生产各种形式的空压机，颇负盛名。其在全球的占有率最高。 AC主要生产有油螺杆空压机，无油螺杆机，离心机和一些建筑机械，在全球有多个工厂，中国无锡工厂规模比较大，已经进行好几期大规模扩建，同时兼并了柳州富达，上海博莱特，销售进入多元化，同时进攻高端，中断，低端市场。 AC在中国国内主要依靠其分公司销售，AC在北京、上海、广州等重要城市均设有分公司。AC最大优势在于知名度，还有一点优势在于其160KW一下的小机器竞争优势比较大，对于重要项目能采取灵活价格。AC目前是国内最赢利的无油螺杆空压机。 AC的劣势在于第一:管理比较混乱，代理和代理之间，代理和办事处之间不能协调。第二:服务品质较差，服务费用高。 2.Ingersoll-Rand英格索兰(以下简称IR) IR亦是一个跨国集团，其总部设在美国，最近收购特灵，开辟了另一个多元化渠道。空压机生产企业只是其下属一个集团。IR亦能生产各种形式的空压机，产品种类丰富，知名度也高。IR在全球的市场占有率仅次于AC或与之不相上下。 IR是最早在中国合资生产螺杆机的公司，1987年成立于上海。1995年以前，上海IR的生产和销售非常好。市场上的客户都等着购买螺杆机，而此时只有IR生产螺杆机。 IR主要通过分公司销售，在全国各主要城市设有分公司，如北京、沈阳、青岛、武汉、三峡、广州、上海等。在其他地区，IR则通过经销代理商进行销售。 IR因为在中国国内建立工厂比较早，知名度比较高。不过由于上海IR采用的是30年以前的生产技术，其品质不是很好，且已经大大影响了其销售。过去10年中，IR在中国最赢利的产品是离心式空压机。1997年以前，IR占有中国国内进口离心式空压机的80%的市场。其销售人员的职责仅仅是忙于签单，带客户去美国观光而已。IR另一个赢利的产品是移动式空压机，该产品在中国国内被广泛应用。 IR目前的优势仍然是其知名度，其劣势在于其有两套销售系统:一是远东IR，一是上海IR。两套组织成员的观念很难统一，同时上海IR的产品质量亦在一定程度上削弱了其整体竞争力。产品设计近30年没有多大的改进，除了知名度，其余优势几乎不符存在。 因此，IR的螺杆机目前在中国国内的销售状况不是很好。英格索兰的优势在于其业务员的素质方面，比阿特拉斯高很多，当然其培训制度在行业中也是不错的。 3.Gardner Denver (简称美国GD) GD是一家跨国集团，总部设在美国昆西市，Gardner公司始创于1859年，1927年，Gardner Governor Company 与Denver Rock Drill Company合并，组成Gardner-Denver。 Gardner-Denver 继续发展，并于1979年被库伯收购。1985至1998年间，Cooper 先后收购 Sutorbilt和 DuroFlow风机、OPI 油井检修泵以及JOY压缩机。 由于Cooper Industries的策略变更，Gardner Denver于1994年从该公司分离，成为独立的公司。Gardner Denver, Inc. 在纽约证券交易所公开上市，图标为GDI Gardner Denver的业务分为压缩空气和气体、真空和液体输送，空气压缩机在全球实行全面代理制。2003年进入中国，在上海设立组装厂，部分产品进入中国，04年收购西门子旗下的，纳西姆真空泵，全面开拓中国市场，在高压活塞机方面，百利摩根已经赢得全球的认可，目前国内水电站行业，PET吹瓶行业都有很高的占有率。收购芬兰TAMROTOR 后，注入GD技术全线改进后，已经进入全球顶级主机生产厂家之列，现在全球每年20000套主机提供OEM厂家，配套组装。 由于很多空压机厂家直接使用其机头，无形当中推动了GD的知名度，复盛、优耐特斯等近30个国内厂家开始用GD机头。其依靠特有 的专利技术，和机头的稳定性，在中国市场已经赢得很多用户。 知名度低，价格高成为GD的缺陷， 其良好的品质，客户正在逐步认可，当然GD在中国还有相当长的路要走。 4.Compair/Demag康普艾/德马格(以下简称Compair) Compair是一家英国公司，主要以生产滑片式空压机(?50 HP)而闻名于业内。目前，并无资料显示其赢利来源。近年来，Compair 陆续并购了德国Demag的螺杆式空压机部门和美国的Leroi空压机公司而成为全球性空压机公司。 Compair在1993年设立了上海工厂，但目前其在中国国内的全国性销售网络尚未建立，故并未具有很大影响。 Compair 的优势在于:a.滑片机的便宜;b. Demag的螺杆机亦有价格上的优势; c.产品品种的齐全;d.在中国国内设立有工厂。 Compare的劣势在于:?.产品品质一般;?.营销网络的不健全;?.知名度不够。 5. Sullair寿力 Sullair是美国一家大型航空(军工)企业的下属公司，生产空压机的历史不长，主要是螺杆机。Sullair在全球设有分公司，在美国，它是仅次于IR的空压机公司。 Sullair在中国的工厂设在深圳蛇口。 Sullair公司主要通过代理商销售。1999年以前，其代理商主要是来自台湾的唐胜和广州的科明。近来，其代理商数量大大增加。目前，Sullair在某些行业有相当的业绩，如纺织、汽车等。 Sullair的主要产品是有油螺杆式和移动式，其有油螺杆式在大马力型(300HP)时间，有很大的价格竞争力。据说，其移动式近年主要国产化，此举将增加其市场份额。 Sullair目前的知名度还不大，在中国国内的投资力度也不大。其主要优势体现在已在中国国内设有工厂，其大马力型产品的价格较便宜。 Sullair的劣势在于其机器的外观粗犷，知名度不高，没有无油式的产品。优势就是最近和日本IHI合资生产离心式空压机，弥补了没有无油机的缺陷。 6.Quincy昆西 昆西是美国英普罗工业集团的子公司，制造 空气压缩机及真空泵。1924年创立 1966年，昆西并入寇特工业集团。1980年，昆西压缩机在bay minette，alabama 设立了一座新工厂，才生产螺杆。2003年，没有了军工背景，昆西中国投资并筹备建立中国工厂。 2004年9月，美国昆西压缩机公司在中国的第一家工厂在江苏昆山经济开发区成立。作为昆西压缩机在亚太地区的销售及制造基地。 昆西的空压机继承了美国的风格和寿力一样，外观粗犷，但是其噪音也比较大， 知名度比寿力还低，价格在中上游，在中国和GD一样，还有很长的路要走。 7.Fusheng 复盛 F.S. 是合资企业，在中国国内有三家工厂:中山、上海、北京。F.S.通过其品质不错的小活塞机打开了中国市场，经销商遍布全国。 F.S.在中国国内已是一家知名度很高的空压机制造商，但其螺杆机仍是低档机的代表。 F.S.的最大优势是价格便宜，知名度高。 F.S.的劣势是质量较差，机器跑油，渗油严重，整机感觉比较脏，此外大马力型机的失败率很高。 8.Kaeser凯撒 Kaeser是德国最大的空压机制造商，生产能力强，在欧洲与BOGE 一样享有盛誉。 Kaeser在中国国内的上海设立了分公司，在深圳有一个代理商，目前尚未在全国建立起销售网络。 Kaeser不生产无油式，虽然其销售比BOGE 大，但其品质比BOGE 差。创新意识不强，整体在走下坡路。 Kaeser的优势是在欧洲非常著名，其价格有竞争力。 Kaeser的劣势是网络不健全，创新意识不够。 9.其他国外品 A. BOGE 博格 (德国); B.ZSCREW三井 (日本); C.KOBELCO神钢(日本); D.HITACHI 日立(日本) 九 如何鉴别进口机械配件的真伪 优质的配件是保障机械设备正常工作的基础。由于维修机械的需要和利益的驱动，市场上出现了各式各样的进口工程机械及汽车的配件，但质量参差不齐。目前市场上的进口机械配件主要有“进口”和“国产化”两大类。进口件包括整机厂纯正部件，专业配套厂优质部件，非整机厂国家生产的配属机型的零件(如日本、韩国、新加坡等)，还有港台等地区的配件。“国产化”件，有正规厂生产配属进口机械的零部件，一般注有本厂生产标记。还有一些非正规厂甚至是私人作坊仿制的进口机械配件，并用印有进口纯正部品或专业厂的包装，冒充进口纯正件出售，实为伪劣产品。还有从韩国、香港、台湾等亚洲国家和地区进口的非日本或美国整机厂的零部件，配上精美的纯正部品包装，这些统称之为赝品，虽然可以使用，但远不如原厂纯正部品的质量要求，特别是非正规厂家生产的仿制件，从材质、工艺、功能等方面都无法达到纯正部品和专业厂产品的质量要求，对机械车辆的正常使用和维修都有影响，故而对经营和使用单位来说，对进口机械配件进行鉴别是十分必要的。 进口机械配件可从多方面进行鉴别，主要从包装、内在质量、产品价格和进货渠道来鉴别。 一、从外包装上识别 根据包装进行识别，是检验进口配件真伪的重要程序。纯正部件及国 外专业配套厂配件的包装制作精美，色彩、花纹、样式都有一定的规则，一般是很难仿制一样的。仿制的包装制作比较粗糙，较容易辨别。但有些仿制者依靠现代先进的印刷技术，将零件包装制作得很逼真，如不仔细辨认，也很难区别。进口机械配件一般都有外包装和内包装，外包装有包装箱、包装盒;内包装一般是带标识的包装纸和塑料袋或纸袋。纯正进口配件外包装箱(盒)上都贴有厂家统一、印刷清晰、纸质优良，并印有GENUINEPARTS9(纯正部品)标记，且标有零件编号、名称、数量及生产厂和国家。而仿制的标签印刷不精细，色彩不是轻就是重，很难与纯正件包装一致，使用电脑打印的零件编号及生产厂商标记的色彩非轻即重，仔细辨认，就能区分真伪。从包装箱(盒)来看，进口的包装箱(盒)质地紧挺，图案清晰，包装盒上般都印有生产厂和纯正部品标记，如小松公司在整个包装盒上印有小松(KOMATSU)和纯正部品(GENUINEPARTS)，三菱公司在整个包装盒上印有(MITSUBISHI)和纯正部品(GENUINEPARTS)，而仿制的包装虽然也印上这些标识，但色彩不正，图案不清晰。有的国外公司为防止仿造，在其包装标签上设有防伪标记，可在鉴别时加以注意。内包装一般多为包装纸、纸袋或塑料袋，包装上印有纯正部品和公司标记。包装纸的花纹、色彩和图案，仿制品很难与其相同。 鉴别进口配件包装时还应注意，工程机械及汽车制造厂都有自己的专业配套厂零部件供应商。在进口厂家配件时，包装盒上既有整机厂标记，也有配套厂的标记。如三菱重工，其活塞环由日本理研公司(R IKENCORPORATION)配套，外包装箱印制的是RIK标记。但里面单个的活塞环盒却是三菱标记的花盒包装，其标记为MITSUBISHI。活塞环说明书既标明有三菱机动车工业株式会社，也注有理研股份公司，故而不要误以为内外不一致就不是纯正部品了。 二、从产品质量来鉴别 从产品质量辨别进口机械配件，是识别纯正部件真伪的最关键的环节。受利益驱动，有结经销商将进口的纯正零件组装整机后，再用纯正部品的包装装上非纯正件向市场销售。故必须对产品的内在质量进行检验，才能确认进口配件的真伪。对产品质量的鉴别主要进行观察、检查和试验。 (1)从外观上进行检查。看其产品外表的加工是否精细，颜色是否正常。如果有纯正部件的样品，可进行对照检查，一般仿制品表面都比较粗糙，产品颜色也不正。 (2)检查产品上的标识。纯正进口零件上都打印有品牌标记、零件编号和特定代码等。有些产品上还铭刻有制造厂及生产国。如日本三菱柴油发动机的活塞，在其顶部刻有零件编号、分组号标记A、B、C和UP?方向标记;活塞裙部内侧铸有机型和三菱标识，并有配套厂的IZUMI标识，铸字清楚，容易辨认。仿制品不是漏铸就是字迹模糊不清，很难达到正品的效果。 (3)通过专用工作测量产品的尺寸，看其是否符合要求。有些厂商还专门为客户提供了测量工具以防假冒。 (4)对产品进行性能试验。有些零件从外观检测还无法辨别真伪，需用专用仪器进行检测。如喷油器、注塞要上试验台进行性能试验，检测其喷油压力、喷油量、喷油角度等。 (5)对产品进行理化性能试验。这种情况一般是在对产品内在质量产生怀疑或使用中出现问题时，是为向厂家寻求索赔时才使用的方法。 三、从产品价格上进行辨别 同样的配件，纯正部件、专业厂件、国产件和仿制品的差别很大。纯正部件的价格最高，专业厂次之，国产件、仿制品价格最低。一般纯正部件的价格可超出仿制件的一二倍，有的甚至还多;国外专业配套厂件比整机厂纯正件略低。定期批量进口的配件执行和外商谈判的协议价，平时零星采购的配件则执行外商每年的统一目录价。有时外商还有定期处理配件的优惠价。这些配件的报价(日元或美元)是按照当时的进口汇率计算的，再加上关税、运杂旨等，然后将其换算成配件单价，这是行业人士共知的常规价。价格低于常规价的配件，即可判断为非纯正件或专业厂件。要注意的是，进口环节中减税和中间经 销商加价也会使价格偏离常规格价。 四、根据进货渠道进行分析 目前进货渠道较多，但无外乎两个方面，一是直接从国外进口，二是从经销商那里购买，直接从国外整机厂和零部件配套厂进口的配件，质量都有保障。如果是从经销商那里购买或从港澳转口进来的配件就要根据上述方法如以鉴别。此外，所有直接从国外进口的机械配件，均有订购、提单、运单、装箱单及发票。如果从进口公司采购配件，可让其出示上述手续，否则，可判断为非进口正品。 总之，在鉴别进口机械配件时，方法是多种多样的，不要使用单一的方法，根据不同的配件种类采取不同的鉴别方法，并综合运用，定能识别进口配件的真伪。 十 空压机变频恒压供气控制系统的设计 1 引言 空压机在工业生产中有着广泛地应用。在供水行业中，它担负着为水厂所有气动元件，包括各种气动阀门，提供气源的职责。因此它运行的好坏直接影响水厂生产工艺。 空压机的种类有很多，但其供气控制方式几乎都是采用加、卸载控制方式。例如我厂使用的南京三达活塞式空压机、美国寿力螺杆压 缩机和Atlas螺杆式空压机都采用了这种控制方式。根据我们多年的运行经验，该供气控制方式虽然原理简单、操作简便，但存在能耗高，进气阀易损坏、供气压力不稳定等诸多问题。 随着社会的发展和进步，高效低耗的技术已愈来愈受到人们的关注。在空压机供气领域能否应用变频调速技术，节省电能同时改善空压机性能、提高供气品质就成为我们关心的一个话题。结合生产实际，我们选择了一台美国寿力LS-10型固定式螺杆空压机进行了研究。 2 空压机加、卸载供气控制方式简介 作者以美国寿力LS-10型固定式螺杆空压机电控原理图(如图3所示)为例,对加、卸载供气控制方式进行简单介绍。 SA1转至自动位置，按下起动按钮SB2，KT1线圈得电，其瞬时闭合延时断开的动合触点闭合，KM3和KM1线圈得电动作压缩机电机开始Y形起动;此时进气控制阀YV1得电动作，控制气体从小储气罐中放出进入进气阀活塞腔，关闭进气阀，使压缩机从轻载开始起动。当KT达到设定时间(一般为6秒后)其延时断开的动断触点断开，延时闭合的动合触点闭合，KM3线圈断电释放，KM2线圈得电动作，空压机电机从Y形自动改接成?形运行。此时YV1断电关闭，从储气罐放出的控制气被切断，进气阀全开，机组满载运行。(注:进气控制阀YV1只在起动过程起作用，而卸载控制阀YV4却在起动完毕后起作用。) 若所需气量低于额定排气量，排气压力上升，当超过设定的最小压力值Pmin(也称为加载压力)时，压力调节器动作，将控制气输送到进气阀，通过进气阀内的活塞，部分关闭进气阀，减少进气量，使 供气与用气趋于平衡。当管线压力继续上升超过压力调节开关(SP4)设定的最大压力值Pmax(也称为卸载压力)时，压力调节开关跳开，电磁阀YV4掉电。这样，控制气直接进入进气阀，将进气口完全关闭;同时，放空阀在控制气的作用下打开，将分离罐内压缩空气放掉。 当管线压力下降低于Pmin时，压力调节开关SP4复位(闭合)，YV4接通电源，这时通往进气阀和放空阀的控制气都被切断。这样进气阀重新全部打开，放空阀关闭，机组全负荷运行。 3 加、卸载供气控制方式存在的问题 3.1 能耗分析 我们知道，加、卸载控制方式使得压缩气体的压力在Pmin,Pmax之间来回变化。Pmin是最低压力值，即能够保证用户正常工作的最低压力。一般情况下，Pmax、Pmin之间关系可以用下式来表示: Pmax,(1，δ)Pmin (1) δ是一个百分数，其数值大致在10%,25%之间。 而若采用变频调速技术可连续调节供气量的话，则可将管网压力始终维持在能满足供气的工作压力上，即Pmin附近。 由此可知，在加、卸载供气控制方式下的空压机较之变频系统控制下的空压机，所浪费的能量主要在2个部分: (1) 压缩空气压力超过Pmin所消耗的能量 在压力达到Pmin后，原控制方式决定其压力会继续上升(直到Pmax)。这一过程中必将会向外界释放更多的热量，从而导致能量损失。 另一方面，高于Pmin的气体在进入气动元件前，其压力需要经过减 压阀减压至接近Pmin。这一过程同样是一个耗能过程。 (2) 卸载时调节方法不合理所消耗的能量 通常情况下，当压力达到Pmax时，空压机通过如下方法来降压卸载:关闭进气阀使电机处于空转状态，同时将分离罐中多余的压缩空气通过放空阀放空。这种调节方法要造成很大的能量浪费。 关闭进气阀使电机空转虽然可以使空压机不需要再压缩气体作功，但空压机在空转中还是要带动螺杆做回转运动，据我们测算，空压机卸载时的能耗约占空压机满载运行时的10%,15%(这还是在卸载时间所占比例不大的情况下)。换言之，该空压机10%的时间处于空载状态，在作无用功。很明显在加卸载供气控制方式下，空压机电机存在很大的节能空间。 3.2 其它不足之处 (1) 靠机械方式调节进气阀，使供气量无法连续调节，当用气量不断变化时，供气压力不可避免地产生较大幅度的波动。用气精度达不到工艺要求。再加上频繁调节进气阀，会加速进气阀的磨损，增加维修量和维修成本。 (2) 频繁采用打开和关闭放气阀，放气阀的耐用性得不到保障。 4 恒压供气控制的设计 针对原有供气控制方式存在的诸多问题，经过上述对比分析，本人认为可应用变频调速技术进行恒压供气控制。采用这一方案时，我们可以把管网压力作为控制对象，压力变送器YB将储气罐的压力P转变为电信号送给PID智能调节器，与压力设定值P0作比较，并根 据差值的大小按既定的PID控制模式进行运算，产生控制信号送变频调速器VVVF，通过变频器控制电机的工作频率与转速，从而使实际压力P始终接近设定压力P0。同时，该方案可增加工频与变频切换功能，并保留原有的控制和保护系统，另外，采用该方案后，空压机电机从静止到旋转工作可由变频器来启动，实现了软启动，避免了启动冲击电流和启动给空压机带来的机械冲击。 具体的控制系统流程图如图1所示。 图1 恒压供气控制系统流程图 变频与工频电源的切换电路如图2所示; 空压机电控原理图如图3所示;变频调速控制系统接线图见图4。 5 系统元器件的选配及系统的安装与调试 5.1 元器件的选型 (1) 变频器 图2 变频和工频电源的切换电路 LS-10型固定式螺杆压缩机电机型号:LS286TSC-4，功率22kW，频率50Hz，额定电压380V，额定电流42A，4极，转速1470r/min，我们选用一台“台达牌”VFD300B43A型变频器。因为LS-10型空压机是一种大转动惯量负载，因此选用加大一级变频器(30kW)，变频器的外部接线如图5所示。 a) 变频器的主要参数 l 输出:最大适用电机输出功率30kW，输出额定容量45.7kVA，输出额定电流60A，输出频率范围0.10~400Hz，过载能力为额定输出电流的150%，运行60s，最大输出电压对应输入电源。 l 输入:3相，380~460V AC，50/60Hz，电压容许变动范围?10%，频率容许变动范围?5%。输入电流60A，采用强迫风冷。 (2) 该变频器的主要特点: a) 采用了新一代电力元件IGBT作为驱动交流电动机的核心元件，应用高速微处理器实现正弦波脉宽调制(SPWM)技术，具有无传感器矢量控制及电压/频率(V/f)控制。 b) 配有RS-485接口，可与计算机联结，构成计算机监控、群控系统。 c) 自动转矩补偿。 e) 禁止电机反转。 d) 自动调整加减速时间。 f) 带过载(过热保护)。 (2) PID智能控制器 兰利牌PID智能控制器一个，型号:AL808，单路输入、输出，输出为4~20mA模拟信号，测量精度0.2%，厂家:深圳市亚特克电子有限公司。 (3) 压力变送器 压力变送器一个型号:DG1300-BZ-A-2-2，量程:0~1Mpa，输出4~20mA的模拟信号。精确度0.5%FS。厂家:广州森纳士压力仪器有限公司。 5.2 系统的安装与调试 图3 空压机电控原理图 图4 控制系统接线图 (1) 安装 控制柜安装在空压机房内，与原控制柜分离，但与压缩机之间的主配线不要超过30m。控制回路的配线采用屏蔽双绞线，双绞线的节距在15m以下。另外控制柜上装有换气装置，变频器接地端子按规定不与动力接地混用，以上措施增强了系统的稳定性、可靠性。 (2) 调试 a)变频器功能设定 00-09设定为00(V/f电压频率控制) 01-00最大操作频率:设定为50Hz(对应最大电压380V) 01-01最大频率:设定为50Hz(等于电机额定频率) 01-07上限频率:设定为48Hz 01-08下限频率:设定为40Hz 01-09第一加速时间:设定为10S 01-10第一减速时间:设定为10S 02-00设定为02，即由外部4~20mA输入(ACI) 02-01设定为01:运行指令由外部端子控制 02-02设定为00(以减速制动方式停止) 02-04设定为01:禁止反转 02-07设定为00:ACI断线时减速至0Hz 06-04设定为:150%(过载保护)，其它功能遵照变频器出厂设定值。 b) PID参数的整定 由于用于控制变频器，根据在不允许输出信号频繁变化的应用系统中应选择PI调节方式原则，因此只能采用PI调节方式，以减少对变频器的冲击。 在对PID进行参数整定的过程中，我们首先根据经验法，将比例带设定在70%，积分时间常数设定在60s;为不影响生产，我们采取改变给定值的方法使压力给定值有个突变(相当于一个阶跃信号)，然后观察其响应过程(即压力变化过程)。经过多次调整，在比例带P=40%，积分时间常数Ti=12s时，我们观察到压力的响应过程较为理想。压力在给定值改变5min左右(约一个多周期)后，振幅在极小的范围内波动，对扰动反应达到了预期的效果。 (3) 调试中其他事项 从图4可以看出，整套改造装置并不改变空压机原有控制原理，也就是说原空压机系统保护装置依然有效。并且工频/变频切换采用了电气及机械双重联锁，从而大大的提高了系统的安全、可靠性。 我们在调试过程中，将下限频率调至40Hz，然后用红外线测温仪对空压机电机的温升及管路的油温进行了长时间、严格的监测，电机温升约3~6?之间，属正常温升范围，油温基本无变化(以上数据均为以原有工频运行时相比较)。所以40Hz下限频率运行对空压机机组的工作并无多大的影响。 图5 变频器的外部接线图 6 结束语 经过一系列的反复调整，最终系统稳定在40.5~42.5Hz的频率范围，管线压力基本保持在0.62Mpa，供气质量得到提高。改造后空压机的运行安全、可靠，同时达到了水厂用气的工艺要求。 十一 多台空压机连锁控制的目的及发展趋势 一个压缩空气系统使用多台空压机并联运转是相当普遍的配置，但是使用多台空压机的压缩空气系统仍然会面临以下的困扰及风险: ,,,用气量不稳定，增加一台空压机运转可能造成能源的浪费，减少一台空压机运转又可能使风量不敷使用及压力下降;使用人工来照顾开停机又嫌浪费人力，同时还是有反应不及的可能性发生。 ,,,异常造成停机的现象是非常难以预期的，更难掌握备机能够实时的投入运转。 ,,,既不希望运转中的空压机同时泄载又期望每一台空压机的负荷量能够平均，两者确实很难兼顾。 ,,,用气量的波动极难掌握，又不希望频频的开关机。停机后在转动尚未完全静止之前又立刻再起动，还可能造成机械上的问题。 一切都自动化当然是很理想的境界，如果能彻底的消除以上的困扰，则更为理想，但是事实与理想往往有相当的距离;兹将两种具代表性的连锁控制分别阐述如下: 早期的多台连锁控制是将每一台空压机分别加装一组压力开关PS2(有别于控制负载,卸载的压力开关PS1)，以及起动与停机回路相并联与串联，这也是最简单的一种连锁控制方法。当系统压力持续下 降到PS2的设定点时，代表运转中的空压机供气不足(此设定点要低于PS1的下限设定点)，备机要自动的起动及负载。当系统压力开始上升并触及PS1的上限设定点时，备载机组会自动的卸载并立即作动一个延迟继电器。在延迟继电器完成计时之前，如果仍然没有负载时则会自动的停机，停机后的另一个延迟继电器没有完成计时之前不能再起动。此外，在设计的细节上还得考虑异常停机不能再起动以及控制系统在正常停机后自动复归 (Auto Reset)的功能。由控制逻辑图4.1表示起动,停机的顺序如下(P代表,号空压机的上限,卸载压1h2 力，P代表2号空压机的下 112 限,负载设定压力，P2-3代表,号空压机的自动起动压力，依此类推): 从逻辑图4.1上，明显的看出系统压力呈阶梯状，为了顾及最后一台空压机的起动压力不得低于系统压力的允许下限以及自动起动,停机顺序的间隔而不得不提高,号空压机的压力设定。如果每个压差间距为5PSI，上下限之间的差距在使用四台空压机的系统中就可能高达30PSI，能源的浪费当然会相当可观。 在大部份的压缩空气系统中很少有像上述的特殊案例，用气量的波动高达70,80,或以上。因此，可以将上述设计予以修改为自动,手动起动的可选择模式，部份的空压机以人工起动,停机，而另外一部份空压机则处于自动起动,停机的状态，如此可以大幅度的降低上下限压力的差距，也更适用于超过四台空压机以上的系统。 由于电子科技的日新月异，传统的控制盘已逐渐的被微电脑(Microprocessor)所取代。程序化的控制不仅让操作、故障检修等工作更简易而且其扩充功能的能力也更强，还可以藉助个人计算机、可程控器 (PLC)来执行多台空压机的连锁自动控制。而各厂商的设计不尽相同，很难逐一剖析其差异性，一般而言设计的着眼点不外乎: (一). 自动起动,停机及负载,卸载的功能。 (二). 起动,停机的顺序定期的自动更替。 (三). 可选择先起动后停机或先起动先停机的方式让各台空压机劳逸均衡。 (四). 依需要可选择冷机状态或暖机状态(润滑油泵、冷却水或其它附属配备均已在运转中)时的自动起动。 (五). 无论使用多少台的空压机都能自动的保持两个压差间距，而能让所有的空压机逐一的投入运行。 (六). 具有节流特性的空压机可以使用每一台运转中的空压机同步节流，无形中让总节流范围因而扩大数倍。 (七). 以上自动控制所需要的设定都可以在控制室中由操作员以键盘键入的方式更改，让极难掌握的耗气波动变化得以较容易的克服其困难度。 (八). 可以从控制室中辅以人工遥控起动,停机、负载,卸载及更改控制方式。 十二 变频空压机耗电情况 1、省电(37kw为例) A.用不完省电: 生产上不管用气多少，普通螺杆机从上班到下班一直如此，虽然气压打满后机组会卸载空运行，但卸载空运行时机组在消耗45,的空载损耗。一般情况平均卸载时间约占总运行时间的30,，那么一台37KW的普通空压机会因此浪费28000元,年的电费。也就是说:变频空压机不存在卸载，因此也不存在空载浪费。 用不完浪费计算法 30%卸载时间X(卸载时间的损耗37KW X 45%空载电流)X 8000小时/年 X 0.7元/度=28000元/年 (一般情况下空压机的实际用气量会小于机组的额定产量，有的是因为购买时考虑的余量，有的是因为局部时间只用一部分的气，有的是因为生产上淡旺季的问题等等，这样的状况会多供少用属于“用不完”。) B.低压力省电: “高 压低用”这也很浪费，就像“用不完”一样。普通螺杆机始终 6-8公斤频繁加卸载工作，实际也就只用了6公斤，那么多山来的2公斤频繁爬升会让机组多消耗 14,(每爬升l公斤多耗7,的电流)。按频繁爬升时间累计是70,，这样一台37KW的普通空压机会因70,的频繁加载多浪费20300元,年。同样如 果是变频空压机它始终保持6公斤不变的供气，那么也就不存在这2公斤的爬升损耗了。 爬升浪费计算法 70%卸载时间X(卸载时因2公斤爬升37KW X 14%)X 8000小时/年 X 0.7元/度=20300元/年 十二 冷冻式干燥机常见故障排除指南 1.故障现象:干燥机不运行 压缩机线路断开 保险丝烧断 热继电器动作 高压开关动作 压缩机堵转 线路虚接或松动 2.故障现象:干燥机起动后短时间内即停止 环境温度过高 冷凝器堵塞 ?压缩机过载 缺少制冷剂 低压太低 进气量过大压缩机卡死 3.故障现象:压缩机不启动 接线不正确 电压过低 启动电容器损坏 继电器或接触器不闭合 启动绕组开路 缺相 4.故障现象:压缩机因过载保护动作而反复启停 低电压或三相不平衡 过载保护器上接有其它电气设备 ?过载保护器失灵 运转电容器太小 ?排气压力过高 绕组间短路 热继电器触点粘牢 5.故障现象:继电器烧坏 电压过高或过低 运行电容器不正确 反复启停(参照2和3) 继电器规格不符安装座不正确 6.故障现象:电容器烧坏 规格不匹配 电压过高 7.故障现象:排气压力过高 制冷剂量过多 制冷系统中有空气 冷凝器脏 环境温度太高 风扇压力开关有故障 风扇电机故障 风扇旋转方向不正确 冷却水流量调节阀故障 8.故障现象:排气压力太低 制冷剂量太少 风扇压力开关故障 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.