[知识]yinyu 乳腺

[知识]yinyu 乳腺 Breast cancer Until recently,breast cancer was the leading cause of death from cancer among women .lung cancer now has become the leader .it is the most common women ,along with skin cancer .breast cancer accounts for 32% of all new cancer detected in women and 18% of all cancer deaths .the American cancer Society (ACS) estimates that one in eight American women will develop an invasive breast cancer at some time in her lift World-wide,more than I million cases of breast cancer have been documented (about 178,48 in the united states),with approximately 40,460 women dying each year.直到最近，乳腺癌是导致癌症死亡的妇女。肺癌现在已成为领导者。它是最常见 的妇女，以及皮肤癌。乳腺癌占32%的所有新的癌症检测的妇女和18%的癌症死亡。美国癌症协会(联盟) 估计在八个美国妇女发展侵入乳腺癌在一些时间在她的提升全世界范围内，超过百万例乳腺癌已被在 案(约178,48在美国)，大约有40460妇女死于每年。 The good news is that although the number of documented cases has risen ,the number of deaths is ths is declining .this indicates that we are finding cancers earlier and our treatments have improved ,however ,the chances of dying from this disease are still 1 in 33(ACS). 好消息是，虽然一些记录在案的案件上升，死亡人数的下降。这表明，我们发现癌前和治疗有改善，然而， 可能死于这种疾病仍然是1 33(联盟)。 Men also can develop breast cancer ,but their chances are between 1% and 2% of a women’s chances .Because it is more uncommon among men ,the symptoms may not be recognized as early ,and often male breast cancer progresses to advanced stages before it is diagnosed. 男人也会患乳腺癌，但他们的机会是1%和2%之间的一个妇女的机会。因为它是更常见的男性，症状可能 不被视为早期，往往男性乳腺癌进展到晚期才被确诊。 The first step in prevention of any disease is to gain an understanding of the risk factors for that disease. over time .We have identified certain risk factors for breast cancers .The best defense against this disease is for women to have regular mammograms so that early detection is possible. 第一步，在预防任何疾病是了解疾病的危险因素。随着时间的推移。我们已经鉴定某些危险因素的乳腺癌。 最好的抵御这种疾病是妇女定期乳房X线照片，早期检测是可能的。 Regular mammography can be the key to survival with breast cancer in that many breast lesions may be detected before they become symptomatic or metastasize. Mammograms can detect a lesion as small as 2.0 mm;it may take 2 to 4 year for these lesions to be palpable on breast self-examination or clinical breast examination It is reported that once a breast tumor has reached 2 cm in size ,it often has already metastasized or spread regions. Unfortunately ,The average survival time for a patient with metastatic breast cancer is only 2 year therefore ,it is critical for women and at-risk males to undergo annual mammograms, so that breast lesions can be detected before they metastasize.The earlier the detection,the options for treatment for the patint and the better is the prognosis. 常规X线摄影可关键的生存与乳腺癌，许多乳腺病变可检测之前，他们成为症状或转移。乳房X光检查可以 检测病变小2毫米;它可能需要2到4年的这些病变是明显的乳房自我检查或临床乳房检查据报道，一旦乳 腺肿瘤达2厘米大小，它往往已经转移或扩散区域。不幸的是，平均生存时间转移性乳腺癌患者只有2年， 因此，至关重要的是妇女和高危男性每年进行乳房X线照片，使乳腺病变可检测前他们转移。越早发现， 选择治疗的patint和更好的预后。 Mammography has evolved into one of the most critical and demanding X-ray examinations that can be performed mthe mammographic procedures are highly dependent on the knowledge and skills of the mammographer .A mammographer is a radiologic technologist who has received additional training in mammography accurate and careful positioning rate and careful positioning of the breast cancer.The maximum amount of of the breast cancer.The maximum amount of breast tissus must be clearly demonstrated on each projection . mammographic image must be characterized by optimum contrast and high resolution ,and they must be contain no artifacts that may potentially obscure pathology mammographers become qualified through didactic coursework,professional training and hands-on experience and must pass a certification education in mammography on a yearly basis. 乳房X线照相术已演变成一种最关键的和艰巨的X射线检查可以执行回X线程序是高度依赖于知识和技能的 mammographer。一mammographer是放射技师谁收到了更多的培训在乳腺X线准确和仔细定位和精细定 位乳腺癌的最大数额的。乳腺癌。最大数量的乳腺组织必须清楚地表明，在每个投影。X线图像的特点必 须是最佳的对比度和分辨率高，他们必须不包含文物可能掩盖病理mammographers成为合格的教学课程， 专业培训和实践经验，必须通过认证 Current recommendations from the ACS,The American College of radiology () 从目前的建议，美国放射学院() Current recommendation from the ACS,the American college of radiology(ACR),and other health organizations are all women who have reached the age of 40 should undergo an annual screening mammogram .high-risk patients with a family history of breast cancer may be advised to have screening mammograms at an earlier age .As was previously stated ,although the number of new breast cancer cases is increasing,the mortality rate has dropped over recent years ,as has been reported by the National Cancer institute (NIC).the increase in detection is not alarming if in fact more women and men are getting tested .the decreased mortality rate supports the fact that we are finding the disease at an earlier,more treatable stage.The conclusion tools that can be used to detect early breast cancers before they have the opportunity to spread 目前的建议，美国放射学院(公司)，和其他健康组织都是妇女谁已达到40岁应接受年度检查乳房X光检查。 高风险患者的乳腺癌家族史可能建议已筛选乳房X线照片在较早的年龄。如前所述，虽然一些新的乳腺癌 病例增加，病死率下降近年来，已报告由美国国家癌症研究所(网卡)。增加检测不报警，如果事实上更多 的妇女和男人正在测试。降低死亡率支持的事实，我们发现疾病的更早，更可治疗的阶段。结论的工具， 可以用来检测早期乳腺癌之前 Mammography quality standards Act 乳腺摄影术 质量标准 In 1992,U.S.Federal govemment enacted the mammography quality standards Act(MQSA) this came about as a result of the high -visibility public relation campaign of the ACS ,which recommended that all women over the age of 40 should undergo screening mammography ,and that federal legislation should provide reimbursement for screening mammography in women who are eligible for medicare .the Act was written because of lobbying from the ACRthat resulted from great concem about the Act ,which went into effect on October 1,1994,requires that all sites(except VA facilities) that provide mammography service should meet quality standards and become certifited for operation by the seceretary of U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Enactment of the MQSA marks the first time that the use of an X-ray machine and a specific examination were regulated by the federal govemment. 1992，联邦政府制定水质标准(mqsa)这是因为造成的高知名度的公共关系活动的联盟，它建议所有40 岁以上的妇女应进行筛选乳腺摄影，和联邦立法应提供偿还乳腺X线检查的妇女谁是合格的医疗保险该法 写。因为游说从acrthat造成极大关注的行为，并于十月生效，11994，要求所有网站(除弗吉尼亚设施)， 提供摄影服务应符合质量标准，成为certifited操作的seceretary美国卫生与人类服务部(国立)颁布该mqsa 标志着第一次使用 The final rules of the Act went into effect on April 28,1999,these now are know as Public law 105-248.最终规则的法案在四月生效，281999，这些现在都知道105-248公共法。 In Canada,mammography guidelines are set by the Canadian Association of Radiologists 在加拿大，乳房X线照相术的指导方针是由加拿大协会放射科 The technical aspects of mammography are tightly controlled,