自考商务英语

自考商务英语 使永久存在 宣告，宣布 perpetuate / v. proclaim 规划(制度等);构想出 诉讼，讼争 (、方法等) litigation / n. formulate 使人承担;使成为必要 下降，减少 entail / v. decline /n. 使得;使成为 贸易条件 render / v. terms of trade 实质性的 使逃避约束(或规则等)的 substantive escape /a. 按价，从价 免责条款，例外条款 ad valorem escape clauses United Nations 偷窃 联合国大会 pilferage / n. General Assembly non-discrimination principle / Principle of Nondiscrimination 值得注意 无差别待遇 meriting attention Treatment 缺少，缺乏 差别待遇 scarce / a. differential treatment commodity and other 声称，自称 商品问题和其他贸易问题 purport / v. trade problems new international 获得 国际经济新秩序 derivation / n. economic order transfer of 操纵，控制 技术转让 wield / v. technology 分支机构，附属机构 框架，机构 affiliate / n. framework 反复的，一再的 前任，原来的事物 perennial / a. predecessor / n. preferential customs 特惠税 部分，方面 tariffs dimension 达到，取得 平面 registered two dimensional 持久不变的，永久的 立体 abiding / a. three dimensional 实施，执行 最优的 rigorous / a. optimal / a. 牵强的 股权投资 far-fetched / a. equity investment 制药的 关税减让 pharmaceutical / a. tariff concession 并购 类似的，相同的 acquisition / n. akin to / a. 协同作用，增效作用 即将加入，即将跨入 synergy / n. on the threshold the most-favored 认捐，认缴，认购 最惠国待遇 subscribe / v. nation clause 补充或增加的(资金) 《哈瓦那宪章》 replenishments Havana Charter subject of topical 调动，动员 热门话题 mobilize interest 必备条件，先决条件(后接gilt //gilt=edged for) 金边债券 / 优等证券 prerequisite stocks/securities 保证 管理 pledge / vt. govern /v. 赎买，把纸币兑为金银 常务委员会 redeem / vt. standing committee special drawing 特别提款权 监督 rights (SDRs) oversee / v. VAT --value added 代位;取代 增值税 subrogation tax 附带的;次要的 亏空，不足 subsidiary / a. shortfall / n. 信条 基本的，根本的 doctrine / n. underlying / a. 将---选为(或指定位)新 成员;指定。。。为同事 损失赔偿 (助手) indemnity co-opt / v. 接受 开业者 entertained practitioner 1 保险费 先进的，尖端的 premium / n. sophisticated the issue and trading 危险，风险 证券发行和交易 jeopardy / n. of securities 抵消 以某种形式 offset in some form or other 指那些在股票交易所任何时 有力的，能动的;不断增长候都进行不可撤销的购买和 (或扩大)的 销售的公司 dynamic / a. market makers RIE--Recognized 使复原 指定投资交易所 reinstate / vt. Investment Exchange 遭受，蒙受 平衡帐目 sustain / vt. to balance the boos 无支付能力的 期权();选购权 insolvent / a. options particular market 付款 具体市场;特定市场 reimburse / vt. area negotiate the bill of 对汇票进行议付 直觉的 exchange instinctive debiting the debtor's 记入债务人帐户的借方 貌似有理的(带贬义) account plausible 诚实，正直 金枪鱼 integrity / n. tuna 慎重的，审慎的 减少 with discretion rebate / vt. carry the cost of the 承担货物的费用 刺激 goods incentive / n. 总称的 能很好的说明问题 / a. generic / a. illustrating 按照法律应承担的责任、义 引证 务 adduce / v. liability 以经验为根据的 债务，负债 empirical / a. liabilities 互惠的，相互的 详细说明，明确规定 reciprocal / a. spell out 混乱 实施 disarray / n. implementation 引起兴趣的;有迷惑力的 发起，举办 intriguing / a. sponsor .v. 以。。。为准，以。。。为 有效;须经。。。的 设施 are subject to facilities / n. 不可抗力 备用金 force majeure reserve /n. 发送;发运 储备货币 dispatch / n. reserve currency repayments on its 考虑到;顾及 对其贷款的偿还 take account of loans cut across sectoral 易碎的 超越部门界限 perishable / a. line economic 脆弱的，易受伤害的 经济结构调整 vulnerable / a. restructuring 直觉的，直观的 金本位制 intuitive / a. gold standard 有作用的，有帮助的 退化，衰退 instrumental / a. degeneration / n. 吸收，合并 波动 incorporate fluctuation 干涉 ，干预 反之亦然 intervene vice versa direct quote分餐，下放(权利) (quotation) (汇率)直接标价 decentralize / v. 迂回，绕行 保险单 detour / n. policy 侵蚀，损害 货物原产地港口 erode / v. port of origin n.避风港 占用，冻结 haven tie up vt.促进，刺激 分摊 spur contribution 证券投资 违反，不履行 portfolio investment breach 召集(会议) 减少，降低 convene diminish 2 ECOSOC--Economic 联合国经济与社会理事会 交货费用 and Social Council forwarding charges 恶化;变化 价格条件 deteriorate / v. terms of sale 求助于(法律等);行使 (法权等) 概括的了解/研究 invoke / v. survey 不加以区别的，非歧视的 难以预料;不稳定 non-discriminate / a. uncertainty / n. 统筹的资金;共同款项/ 公 管道，渠道 用物 conduit / n. pool / v. Generalized System 普惠制 境遇;境况 of Preferences circumstance (s) / n. 赞助，支持，主办 保证金 auspices / n. margin / n. 赞助，支持，主办 提取，支取 under the auspices of draw / v. 漫长的，曲折的 文献，说明书 protracted / a. literature 作为(队。。。的)交换; 积累的 作为(对。。。的)回报 cumulative / a. in return for 实体 腾出资金 entity / n. release of funds (股息不定的)普通股，股 票 负担 equities / n. borne full-fledged / a. fully-完全合格的，名副其实的 极其重要的 fledged fundamental 两年一次 与其它明显不同的;独特的 biennial / a. distinct 影响 交流 clout /n. intercourse 裁决，判决 排除，根除 verdict /n. eliminate / v. 职权/ 使命 托运人，发货人，货主 mandate shipper / n. 回报 撤销管制规定;解除控制 reciprocate / vt deregulation / n. institutional just-in-time 事业机构投资商 零库存 investors inventory 制度力量，行政力量 舞台照明灯光;注意的中心 institutional strength limelight / n. counter-veiling 反贴补措施 影响，作用 measures impact / n. 赞成和反对的理由，利弊 作出保证，承担义务 pros and cons committed to 法律，法规，成文律 节约成本，成本节约 statute / n. cost economies the amount of documentation / 执行纪律 提供单据 discipline / v. documentation 保护，防御 运输标记 hedge / v. shipping marks the Public Sector Borrowing 公共部门借货需求 印章，图章 Requirement seal / n. 用概括性的词语，用一般性 以。。。方式 词语表达 whereby / ad. in general terms 收益，利润 / profit ; 运输 returns earning carriage / n. 饮料 被通知人 beverage notify party 综合的 保险单 (大保单) integrated insurance policy 生物遗传学 保险证书(小保单) biogenetics insurance certificate 生物工艺学 合法持有人 biotechnology legal holder 根深蒂固的 有责任和义务去做某事 entrench bound to 陷阱，意想不到的困难或危 险 归为。。。类 pitfall fall under VER-- Voluntary 自动出口限制 机制 Export Restriction mechanism 3 成立合资企业这种战略联合 非贸易结算 the strategic alliance non-trade settlement 捐助，认捐 承担的责任 subscription commitment 保留，保存 与。。。协商 retain . V. consult with 使命 双重保障 mandate . n. double assurance 减轻 资金周转 mitigation capital turnover 一份，一部分(国际基金贷 款划分的“部分”) 恢复 tranche . N. renew / vt. all the parties 周期性的 所有当事人 cyclical / a. concerned 国际收支 独特的 balance of payments unique / a. 钉住，挂钩 呈交，提交 peg / vt. presentation 控制，抑制 往来行，关系行 curb / vt. correspondent bank 国际收支赤字(逆差) 通知行 BOP deficit advising bank favorable balance of 国际收支盈余 保兑行 payment confirming bank foreign exchange 外汇管制 满期，到期 control expire / vi. 一致，符合 单价 conform / v. unit price utmost good faith / 最大诚信 分批装货 a. partial shipment 可使无效的;可取消的 作为基础的 voidable underlying / a. the underlying 上(下)肢 所基于的合同 limb contracts 索赔 通知 claim / n. advise / inform values exposed to 损失的价值 运载船只，载货船只 loss carrying vessel 给。。。保险;弥补，抵偿 (损失等) 违约，不履行职责 cover / v. default 按比例 出票人 pro rata drawer 疏忽的，玩忽的 受票人 negligent drawee proximate cause of 导致损失的直接原因 受款人 the loss payee 受到负面影响 光票 adversely affected clean draft The interest passes 权益随单据转移。 提单 with the documents. bill of lading 取代A 健全，良好 substituted for A sound / a. 已知的保险费 方式，方法 known premium manner 重新装饰 记账交易 redecoration / n. open account 损毁。。。的内部 开始生产 gut / v. enter into production 刺激，激励(物);促进因 素 / incentive 对销贸易;反向贸易 stimulus / n. counter trade 生存(能力) 术语 viability / n. terminology / n. competitive 内地 竞争性贬值 hinterland / n. devaluation 起服务(或辅助)作用的事 物 固定于 handmaiden / v. be tied to photocopying 挖空 复印机 scoop / n. machine held in easily 留作可随时使用的储备金 一点儿，一部分 accessible reserves a fraction of bridging both the 弥补地域上的差距 证实;核实 geographical gap verify / v. 独特性，特色 避开;置。。。于不顾 peculiarities bypass / v. 4 严格的 加工贸易 stringent / a. processing trade cross-border 企业家，业主 进出口合同 entrepreneur contracts 束缚，桎梏 反向购买，互购 shackle / n. counter purchase 猛力推动 回购交易 thrust / v. buyback the locations to be 提供服务的地点 可实施的 serviced enforceable / a. 生产方式 商品/交易会 production approach trade fairs 提(货) 主动地，自愿的 take delivery of voluntarily 提单 必不可少的 bill of lading indispensable 不符 无效的 discrepancy invalid / a. 一致，相符 有效期 conformity / n. validity period 符合 销售合同 comply with sales contract sales contract (purchase) 佣金 售货(购货)确认书 commission confirmation 托运人 构成，结构，格式 consignor setting up 收货人 于/此 consignee hereby / adv. 没有，缺少 于下 devoid of hereunder / adv. airway bill / air waybill // 空运单，空运提单 货号 airway bill of lading article number 铁路运单，货运收据 漂白的 cargo receipt bleached / a. The commodities 制作 涉及的商品 prepare involved 规定要求。。。 环境气氛;风气 stipulates for Climate 规定 交易 stipulation deal / n. weight list/ note/ 重量单 制定;拟就 memo draw up 发货港，装运港，起运港 解释;说明 port of shipment interpretation / n. 修饰性的话 贸易惯例 qualifying remarks trading practices 光票信用证 增加的部分 clean credit addition / n. 撤销 修改，修正 revoke / vt. revise / v. 可撤销信用证 至关重要 revocable credit of vital importance 不可撤销信用证 凭借那个，借以 irrevocable credit whereby / ad. 即期信用证 目的地，终点 sight credit destination 可转让信用证 处理;解决 transferable credit disposal non-transferable 不可转让信用证 到。。。程度 credit to …degree 循环信用证 滚装滚卸的 revolving credit roll on-roll off traffic 无汇票信用证 结关 non-draft credit customs clearance 远期信用证 摆开，展示 usance credit setting out 保兑信用证 减少 confirmed credit reduce / vt. 统一 / united 关税 consent / n. tariffs 广泛的 关税联盟 extensively customs union 指名，表名 进口关税 indication import duties 正确无误的 出口关税 impeccable / a. export duties 5 无缺点的，完全符合要求的 复税，混合关税 impeccable/ a. compound duties 推迟付款 从量的 deferred payment specific / a. after the date or after 出票后或见票后 偿还，退还 sight refund / vt. 得到对。。。的控制 单方面的 gain control over unilaterally / ad. credit-worthiness / 资信 运输工具 n. means of transport 受益人 爆炸 beneficiary / n. explosion / n. places of historical 指定 古迹 nominate / vt. interest 最终 劳务 ultimately / ad. services / n. facilitate international 方便国际支付 专业化 payment specialization / n. 开立以卖方为受益人的信用to issue an L/C in 证 剩余的，余数 favor of the seller remainder / n. confirmed letter of 保兑信用证 认为 credit hold prepare the relevant 备制有关单据 关于 documents with respect to accompanying 汇票所附单据 自然的赋予 documents endowment of nature The major parties 信用证的主要当事人。 现代的，新式的 relevant to the credit. up-to-date take legal action 对。。。采取法律行动 依然，仍然，尽管如此 against nevertheless 汇款 把称为，把归类 remittance label / v. 债务人 ---债权人 creditor 用，使用 debtor employ / v. vt.将。。。记入借方 / n. 借方，记入借方的款 开始，从事 debit /n. /vt. embark (on) / v. 财务状况 投入 financial standing inputs / n. technical 可疑 技术进步 dubious / a. improvements 分阶段付款 日常管理 periodic payments day-to-day running (用来达到某种目的的)工usance draft (tenor 远期汇票 作，手段 draft, term draft) vehicle 跟单汇票 原动力，推动力 documentary draft mover / n. 货物所有权 引起，导致 title to the goods giving rise to documentary 跟单托收 规模经济 collection economies of scale documents against 付款交单 纸币，钞票 payment (D/P) banknotes documents against European 承兑交单 欧盟委员会 acceptance (D/A) Commission enter into consignment 从事寄售交易 委员，特派员，专员 transactions commissioner / n. 开业 部长理事会 enter into business council of ministers 签订合同 再高一级 enter into a contract further up the scale 在实现。。。方面已有了很well on its way 被说成;据说 大进展 allegedly / adv. towards 实际头寸 交出，放弃 net positions surrender 竖式的;涉及生产销售全过 程的 基础设施 vertically infra structure 预先/说明 (经观察而得到的)看法 pre-specify / v. observation 实质上 特定时期 in essence given period 6 不同时的 生产要素 intertemporal factors of production 同时发生的 遵从，遵照 concurrently / ad. in compliance with 杠杆作用 缩写为 leverage / n. for short a. 可行的，适当的 / 可取 的，明智的 "最好...": 少用'You'd better…',多用 'It is 贸易信贷往来帐户 trade credit accounts advisable advisable to...' 易货贸易 知识产权 barter intellectual property 指双方经过谈判达成后支付一笔固定款项 签订合同，按合同条款承担 eg. Flat rate 统一费率，contractually 义务或责任 统一价格 committed flat payment 陈述，阐明 功能，作用 set forth function 报价 被保险人 quotation the insured 收盘人 货币 offeree / n. currency 还盘 清算，结算 counter offer settle / vt. 仲裁 商业发票 arbitration commercial invoice consular invoice 棉布 领事发票 cotton piece goods /visa 棉纱 海关发票 cotton yarns customs invoice 反面 形式发票 overleaf / adv. performa invoice 引起争论 装船通知 give rise to disputes shipping advice possible extension of 合同可能的延期 种类 the contract category 使成一个单位;使成整体 确定程度，肯定程度 unitization certainty 统一;合并 改变 consolidate / v. alter / vt. (票据、证券等)可转让 的;可流通的 取消，作废 negotiable /a. cancel / vt. negotiable transport leading bank /prime 可转让装运单据 主要银行 document bank / first rate bank (企业、机构等使用的)生 产场所;经营厂址 牵涉，涉及 premises / n. involve 离开;启程，出发 到期，期满 departure / n. maturity 码头 贴现 quay / n. discount / vt. ICC (International Chamber of 国际商会 面值 Commerce) face value EDI(Electronic Data 电子数据交换 中间人 Interchange ) middleman / n. 船面交货价 合同各方，缔约各方 FOB (Free on Board) contracting parties CFR (Cost and 兼付运费货价 破产的 Freight ) bankrupt 兼付运费保险费货价，即:一笔特定的交易，一笔具体CIF (Cost, Insurance, a particular 成本价运费加保险费价 的交易 Freight) transaction rules to specifically 可具体参照的规则 放开 refer to release / vt. 征收，收取 目标，目的 levy / vt. objective / n. 税率表，税则 双边的 tariff schedule bilateral / a. 关税壁垒 安全，保障 tariff barrier security / n. 强加 承担 impose / vt. undertaking / n. 7 开证申请人 (也叫opener 货仓 cargo compartment applicant / n. / principal) 租 开证银行 charter / vt. opening bank 汇款 修改 remittance/ n. amendment / n. take into account 考虑其他因素 提交 other factors submit / n. 利用，开发 转船 exploit transshipment 静止的 印章 static / a. seal / n. 欢呼，欢迎，喝彩 责任，义务 acclaim obligation 不利的，反对的 不足的 adverse / a. insufficient / a. 优势 有效的手段 pre-dominance /n. an effective means price terms / 常作 权利，管理范围 价格条款，价格术语 jurisdiction / n. terms of price 对 。。。授权 国内的 delegate power to… domestic 为。。。做准备，促成 状况 set the stage for status 重要的，有纪念意义的 资信可靠状况 monumental / a. credit worthiness 多极化 禁止 multi-polarization ban / v./n. 原则，宗旨 波动 tenet fluctuation / n. Dual-Ministerial 双部长会议 犹豫，不情愿 Meeting hesitant / n. 分委员会 预付现金 sub-committee cash in advance 东南亚国家联盟 汇票 ASEAN draft / n. Organization of Economic Cooperation and 经济合作与发展组织 汇票 Development bill of exchange Commonwealth of Independent 独联体 发票 States invoice / n. 大路货 保险单 staple goods insurance policy 经常需要的 破产 staple go bankrupt parting with their 主食 付款，和钱分手 staple food money 债权国 现象 creditor country phenomenon n.临近 极度/通货膨胀 proximity hyperinflation 价值链 照字的，逐字的 value chain literally 占。。。比例 德国国家银行 account for Reichsbank 关税兑换 概念上的 conversion conceptually European Payment 公开讨论的机会;论坛 Union (EPU) 欧洲支付联盟 forum 经验丰富的;复杂的;高级 不充分的 的 inadequate / a. sophisticated / a. 兴旺，繁荣 专门知识 prosperity expertise / n. 领土，领地 开发;开辟;着手利用 territory tap / v/ 增加，逐步提高 掩盖，隐藏 step up conceal / v. 剥削，榨取;(出于自私目 的或用不正当手段)利用 寄售 exploitation consignment / n. 殖民地 租赁 colony leasing 8 起草，草拟 代理 draft / v. agency centrally planned 行动纲领 中央计划经济国家 action programme economies 供他们使用/支配 外汇 at their disposal foreign exchange 程序的 贸易保护主义 procedural /a. protectionism 机构，机关 金融市场 organ / n. financial market (政事)会议(尤指年会) 货币市场 conference money market 新崛起的或新独立的第三世new states 界国家 贴现市场 /countries discount market LDCs--less-developed 较不发达国家 资本市场 countries capital market securities market or 逐渐被接受 有价证券市场或证券交易所 come to be accepted stock exchange 开始存在，开始形成 黄金市场 came into being gold market 规定 清算系统;清算制度 lay down clearing system 77国集团 补偿贸易 Group of 77 compensation trade 加入 冻羊肉 accession to frozen lamb 追溯到 不太复杂的 be traced back to less sophisticated 争议，争论 有约束力的 controversy / n. binding / a. 流产的，夭折的 无约束力的 stillborn / a. unbinding 优先(权);优先选择 (权)，(对某国进口关税 或某顾客货价的)优惠，特 惠 长途/电话 preference trunk call 与贸易有关的 询盘，询价 trade-related enquiry 关税配额 寄售 tariff quota consignment 回合 缔约方 round contracting parties 缔约国，缔约方 码 contracting party yard /n. 门栏，开端 业务范围，经营范围 threshold business line 热门的，时兴的 合同本身，合同正文 topical contract proper 临时的 变坏;衰退 interim / a. degenerate / v. 万亿 各自的;分别的 trillion respective 反倾销 随后的，后来的 anti-dumping subsequent 国民待遇 贸易术语;交易条件 national treatment trade terms 三倍于 起诉 triple / v. sue / vt. 充分就业 修正案;修正条款 full employment amendment 公平贸易 极其重要的;必不可少的 fair trade vital 投资者 近海(运输)的 investor short-sea 有价证券 从远道;自始至终，一直 securities all the way 途径，门径 战略的 channel / n. strategic / a. index的复数/ 指数 笨重的，庞大的 indices bulky / a. 经纪人，中介人，掮客 保护主义的 broker protectionist / a. 股票买卖经纪人 障碍 jobber barrier / n. 支持，维护 典型的 uphold / v. typical 已确立的;完善的 配额 well-established / a. quota 违反 巧合，偶合 in breach of coincide / v. 9 criterion的复数 / 标准 退税 criteria / n. drawback / n. most-favoured-nation(NFN) 证券(股票)市场 最惠国待遇 stock exchange treatment 长期资本 签字人，签字国 long-term capital signatory / n. 对新发行的有假货赠券的筹primary capital 措活动 让步 raising concession / n. secondary capital 二级资本市场 非关税壁垒 market non-tariff barrier over-the-counter market / unlisted 场外交易市场，非挂牌市场 标签，标记，标号 market label 挂牌市场 自动的，主动的 listed mark voluntary / a. 交易大厅 即将到来的，容易得到的 market floor forthcoming / a. 制定规则 内河船只 set rules inland water vessels 指地位已经稳固，有一定资established 产和市场的公司 海洋的，与海有关的 companies maritime 所得税 舰队 income tax fleet / n. 罐头食品厂 保险 cannery insurance / n. 几乎 碰撞 next to collision / n. 大众汽车 膳宿供应，招待设备 Volkswagon accommodations 客户流动 移民 customer mobility immigrant / n. 存货 承担 inventory undertake 减到最低限度 合理的成本 minimize reasonable costs 起作用 下定义;解释 be at work define / vt. 绕开 分布 get around distribution 免税期 自然资源 tax holiday natural resources 过时的 丰富的 outmoded abundant 招聘人员 初级产品 recruit / vt. primary commodities 白手起家 刺激 start from scratch incentive / n. 合资企业 构成，形成 joint venture constitute / vt. 母公司，总公司，创始组织 在。。。方面 parent in terms of 投资回报。投资收益 说明 investment returns illustrate / vt. 收益，盈利 表格，图表 earnings table 供给方面的因素 假定 supply factors assume / vt. 最大限度减少库存，在需要 货物时及时运到 有效的，效率高的 n. JIT--Just In Time efficient the Greenfield 绿地战略 发生，产生 strategy occur / vi. 多边的，多国(或多方)参 加的 法则，规律 multilateral law 引导，开辟途径 即使 channel / v. even if 提供资金 不利 finance / v. disadvantage 资金 吸引力 financial resources appeal / n. 宽限 绝对利益 grace absolute advantage comparative 优惠期，宽限期 比较利益 grace period advantage 合格的，有条件被选中的 农产品 eligible farm produce 标准，准则 更有意义 criterion make more sense 10 到期 全球化 maturity / n. globalization 幸福，福利，生活 频繁，频率 well-being /n. frequency / n. 是成一体，使结合 相互作用的 integrate .v. interactive 营养 要素，组成部分 ，元素 nutrition element 人口计划 价值观 population-planning value 基石 引起争议的 cornerstone controversial internationalization / 黄金份额 国际化 gold tranche n. 备用的 设备，设施，工具 standby / a. facilities / n. 备用(借款)安排 资产 standby arrangement assets / n. international economic 胡乱的，随机的 国际经济环境 random/ a. environment 长期不变的，固定的 两位数字的 permanent / a. double digit 世界银行集团 继续生存 World Bank Group survival 资本市场 庞大的，巨大的 capital market gigantic / a. 投票权 股东，所有人 voting power shareholder 借款权 东道国 borrowing power host country 私营经济 董事会 private sector board of directors 公营经济 亲历，见证 public sector witness / v. (fixed) exchange (固定)汇率，兑换率 经济一体化 rate economic integration 平价 使自由 par value liberalize /v. 缩小，收缩 设置障碍 contract / vi. put up barriers 工具，媒介 分成几个部分 vehicle fall under 交互作用 自由贸易区 interaction / n. free trade area 清洁/ 自由浮动 关税税率 clean/ free float tariff rates North American Free Trade 肮脏/管理浮动 北美自由贸易协定 dirty/ managed float Agreement (NAFTA) 贴现 关税同盟 discount / n. customs union 筹集 共同市场 raise / vt. common market 脆弱，易受伤害的 使用，采用 vulnerable / n. adoption / n. 流失，消耗 欧元 drain / n. v. euro 游资 / 热钱 自治，自主 idle funds autonomy / n. (汇率)间接标价 主权国家 indirect quote sovereign state 买入价 政治实体 buying rate political entity 卖出价 地标，里程碑 selling rate landmark / n. 中间价 签字国，签字人 medial rate signatory / n. Bretton Woods 布雷森森林会议 结算 Conference settlement / n. 受诱惑做。。。事 货币流通 be tempted to circulation 决定性的，关键性的 行政机构。执行机构 crucial executive body 崭新的 授予权力 brand-new empower / v. 铂，白金 否决 platinum veto / v. 11 非故意的，不是存心的 卡特尔，联盟 unintentional cartel / n. (美国)福特轿车 石油输出国组织 Ford car OPEC 百分比;(全部中的)所占 比例;部分 利用某条件或机会 percentage take advantage of 给。。。权利，给。。。资 格 区域性经济体 is entitled to territory economies 被保险人，保户 环太平洋圈 insured / n. Pacific Rim Informal Meeting of 承保人 领导人非正式会议 insurer / n. Economic Leaders 转移 潜力 transfer / v. potential 企业;公司 线索 enterprise / n. clue 损害，损坏 国民收入 damage / v. national income 顾客;主顾 人均收入 client / n. per capita income 购买力平价 预料;预计 predict / v. PPP purchasing power parity GNP(Gross National 准确性;精确性 国民生产总值 accuracy / n. Product) with reasonable 比较准确的 大量的，大宗的 accuracy bulk 紧急需要 总值，总量，总额 emergency / n. sum total 部分;份儿 n.消费，消费主义 proportion / n. consumerism 多种方式 收入分布 multi-modal / n. income distribution 一份，一部分 开发 share / n. tap (两个相关事件或现象)在 时间上的间隔 开发自然资源 time lag tap natural resources 保险公司 半球 underwriters hemisphere 开发票 vt. Invocing currency 交易 效率 所用的货币 efficiency / n. invoice 原始的 n.交易 primitive / a. transaction 从广义上讲 转售 in a broad sense resale 食品，杂货 总部 grocery headquarters natural product 产品自然领域 陷阱，圈套 provinces trap 紧迫，急迫 专门知识 n. urgency expertise 执行，完成 建设、经营、移交 perform / v. BOT gross domestic 承运人，运载工具 国内生产总值 carrier / n. product representative 代表性的运载工具 变形，变体 n. carrier variant a.一律的，无变动的 / 价格 公共承运人 等无涨落变动的 common carrier flat 契约承运人 大额存单 contract carrier certificate of deposit 自有承运人 表示，代表 private carrier stand for 掌管，料理。。。的事 而不是 administer / v. other than 区别对待;歧视 关税区 discrimination / n. customs area 地点 有形贸易/ 商品贸易 location / n. visible trade 12 趋势，趋向 无形贸易 / 服务贸易 tendency / n. invisible trade management 中间产品 管理合同 intermediate product contract contract 制成品 承包生产 finished products manufacturing 引进，传入 “交钥匙”工程 introduction turnkey project 每一单位 专利 per-unit patent 社区 版权 community copyright 专利使用费，许可使用费， 自给自足 版税 self-sufficient / a. royalty 存货，库存 债券 inventory bonds 全球化 股票 globalization stocks 成熟的;(票据)到期 红利，奖金，津贴 n. mature bonus 潜在的，有潜力的 (票据等)到期，到期日 potential maturity 物流 许可经营 n. logistics licensing 生产率 給予许可的人 productivity licensor 实在的，有形的 接受许可的人 physical licensee 单据 特许经营 documents franchising 迟误，延迟 给予特许的人 delay / n./v. franchiser 描述 接受特许的人 description franchisee 折扣 商标 discount / n. trademark 签字 标志，标记 signature logo 超过 有关，涉及 exceed / vt. refer to memos 备忘录，便笺 当事人，参与者 (memorandum) / n. party 承运人 carrier / n. 指个人的晋升，素质的提personal 货主，托运人 高，事业的进步等 shipper advancement 一个。。。另一个，一般涉 应支付的，可支付的 及三个或更多方面 payable / a. one ... another 责任，义务 只涉及两方面 liability / n. one… the other 1.指具体环境、情况、条件 时一般用复数eg.in difficult conditions 2.笼统作环境解释时用不可作“利息”，不能用复数 / 作 数名词eg. In good “利益，权益”，常用复数 condition(s) condition interest eg.vested interests 1。国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。 International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business. 2。随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。 With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement. 3。其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同、承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。 Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project. 4。国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。 13 International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. 5。除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营优势也是进入国外市场的一种方式。 Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are some times taken as a means of entering a foreign market. 1。国民生产总值和国内生产总值是表明一国收入的两个重要概念。区别在于前者强调的是生产要素的所属权 而后者着重于进行生产的国家。 GNP and GDP are two important concept used to indicate a country's income. The difference between GNP and GDP is that the former focuses on ownership of the factor of production takes place. 2。要估评某一市场的潜力，人们往往要分析其收入水平，因为它为那里居民的购买力高低提供了线索。 In assessing the potential of a market, people often look at its income level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents. 3。世界各国被世界银行分为三大领域:高收入国家，中等收入国家和低收入国家 Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into 3 categories of high-income, middle income and low income. 4。中国现在的年人均收入为1100美元以上，但几年前它还是个低收入的国家。 China with an annual per capita income of over $1100 is a middle income country though it was a low income country just a few years ago. 5。就中国来说。周围还有其他应特别关注的市场，如亚洲四小虎、东盟国家、俄罗斯等国，这些国家都具有 前景看好的市场潜力，能为中国提供很好的商机。 As far as China is concerned, other markets we should pay particular attention to are those around us: the Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia, India ect. Those are countries with very promising market potential and can offer good business opportunities to China. 1.过去的几十年，地区经济一体化越来越重要。 The past decades witnessed increasingly growing importance of regional economic integration. 2。最著名的自由贸易区是北美自由贸易区，它是由美国、加拿大和墨西哥与1991年建立的。 The most notable free trade area is the North American Free Trade Area, the largest free market formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991. 3。经济联盟的成员国不仅要在税收、政府开支、企业策略等方面保持一致，而且还应使用统一的货币。 The members of an economic union are required not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies, etc, but also use the same currency. 4。欧洲委员会是欧盟的管理机构之一，此机构将提议呈交给部长理事会做决定，并监督各成员国根据所制定 的条约履行自己的义务。 The European Commission is one of the governing organs of the EU. It is the body which puts proposals to the Council of Minister for decision and sees that the members carry out their duties under the treaty. 5。APEC建立与在澳大利亚首都堪培拉召开的一次部长级会议上。当时有12位成员国出席，分别为澳大 利亚、美国、加拿大、日本、朝鲜、新西兰和东盟六国。 APEC was set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in the Australia capital Canberra attended by 12 members of Australia, the United States, Canada, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand and six ASEAN countries. 1.经济全球化为世界经济发展提供了新的动力和机会，同时也使经济体更加相互依赖、相互影响。 Economic globalization is giving new impetus and opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive. 2.跨国公司是在一个以上国家拥有、控制和经营资产的商业组织。 A multinational enterprise is a business organization that owns, controls and manages assets in more than one country. 3.许多人欢呼经济全球化带来的好处，但同时也有强烈的反对声音。 An MNE may also have various regional or operational headquarters, in addition to international headquarters. 4.跨国公司的内部交换占整个国际贸易的一个很大的比例。 The transfer of the intra-MNE transactions constitutes a very significant proportion of total international trade. 5.尽管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨国企业的子公司，但重要政策，如有关公司目标和新投资等都由母公司来 决定。 14 Although the day-to-day running of corporate operations may be decentralized to the affiliate MNCs, the major decisions, such as those on corporate goals and new investments are made by the parent company. 6.无论人们是否喜欢，经济全球化已成为世界经济发展中的一个客观趋势。 Like it or not, economic globalization has become an objective trend in world economic development. 1.在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。 In complex economic world, no country can be completely self-sufficient. 2.随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。 With the development of manufacture and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, i.e. international specialization. 3.按照比较利益学说，两个贸易伙伴均可从贸易中得到好处。 According to the theory of comparative advantage, both trade partners can benefit from trade. 4.比较利益并不是一个静止的概念，一个国家可以通过自己的行动发展某种特定的比较利益。 Comparative advantage is not a static concept. A country may develop a particular comparative advantage through its own action. 5.比较利益理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石。 The idea of comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade. 1.一件商品的成本会因生产规模扩大而减少。 The cost of a product will decrease with the expansion of production scale. 2.在实际中，即使完全的专业化在经纪上有利，也可能永远不会发生。 In reality, complete specialization may never take place even though it is economically advantageous. 3.配额或者说数量限制是最常见的关税壁垒。 Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers. 4.有形贸易指货物的进出口贸易，而无形贸易涉及的是国家间的劳务交换。 The visible trade is the import and export of goods, and the invisible trade is the exchange of services between countries. 5.国家从事的贸易种类是多样的、复杂的，往往是有形贸易和无形贸易的混合。 The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, often a mixture of visible and invisible trade. 1.包装需按运输的要求进行，在大多数情况下，卖方明确通知道把货物安全地运到目的地所需要的包装。 Packing should be made according to the requirement for transportation. In most cases, the seller knows clearly the particular type of packing required for transporting the goods safely to destination. 2.在许多情况下，应通知买方在卖方将货物启运之时或之前安排验货。除非合同另有规定，否则买方必须支 付为其自身利益而安排的验货费用。 In many cases, the buyer shall be notified to go through the inspection of goods at or before the time of shipment. Unless otherwise specified, the buyer is supposed to undertake the charges of inspection thus incurred for his own sake. 3.进口商可以通过可转让的运输单据将货物在运输途中卖给新的买方，这类可转让单据用起来非常方便。 The importer can sell the goods to a new buyer while they are being carried by means of negotiable shipping documents which are very convenient for use. 4.在所有条款中，买卖双方各自的义务排列在10项标题下。 Under all terms, the respective obligations of the buyer and the seller are grouped under 10 headings. 5.2000年对国际贸易术语解释通则的修改考虑了无关税区的发展，商务活动中电子通讯使用的增加，以及 运输方式的变化。 The 2000 revision of Incoterms took account of the spread of customs-free zones, the increased use of electronic communication, and the changes in transport practices. 1。合同依法实施，未能履行合同义务的一方可能受到起诉，并被强制作出赔偿。 A contract is enforceable by law, and the party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation. 2.口头业务协商指的是面对面的直接谈判或通过国际长途电话进行的商谈。 Oral business negotiations refer to face-to-face discussions or those conducted through international trunk calls. 15 3.买方发出的询盘是为了获得拟定购商品的有关信息，它对发出询盘的人无约束力。 Enquiries made by the buyer are to get information about the goods to be ordered, and are not binding on the inquirer. 4.有效期对于确盘是必不可少的。在规定的时间之前，或在被对方接受或拒绝之前确盘一直是有效的。 The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer, that remains valid until a stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected. 5.还盘是对发盘的拒绝，一旦作出还盘，原报盘即失效而失去约束力。 A counter-offer is a refusal of the offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a counter-offer is made. 1.对销贸易一般是与有关国家的政策目标相互联系的，如应对外汇短缺和扩大出口之类的问题。 As counter trade often takes place in less developed economies and in centrally planned economies, it is often related with policy objectives in these countries. 2。实质上，反向贸易指的是各种货物和服务的直接交换。 Fundamentally, counter trade refers to the direct exchange of assorted kinds of goods and services. 3。回购贸易和互购贸易之间另一个重要的区别在于回购贸易一般比互购贸易要持续更长一段时间。 Another important difference is that a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time than a counter purchase deal. 4。在正常的市场交易中，由于使用货币及市场手段，货物的买与卖是分别进行的。 In normal market transactions buying and selling of goods are unbundled, because of the use of money and the market. 5。尽管有很多好处，反向贸易可能是风险很大的事。 Despite all its advantages, counter trade can be very risky business. 6。在其他贸易方式中还有加工贸易、寄售、租赁贸易、代理等。 Among other modes of trade are processing trade, consignment, leasing trade, agency etc. 1.在国际贸易中进出口双方都面临风险，因为总存在对方不履约的可能。 In international trade, both the exporter and importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may fail to fulfill the contract. 2。为处理国际贸易中的不同形势，各种支付方法便发展了起来。 Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in international trade. 3。许多国际交易是通过汇票支付的，汇票是对银行或顾客的支付命令。 A lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft, which is an order to a bank or a customer to pay. 4。即期付款交单要求进口商立即付款以取得单据。 Document against payment at sight requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents. 5.就出口商而言，即期付款交单臂付款交单有利，付款交单比承兑交单有利。 So far as the exporter's interest is concerned D/P at sight is more favorable than D/P after sight, and D/P is more favorable than D/A. 1.在国际贸易中，几乎不可能使付款和实际交货同时进行。In international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with the physical delivery of the goods. 2。信用证付款方式对买卖双方都提供保障。 The method of payment by the letter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer. 3。现代信用证在19世纪后半叶开始采用，第一次世界大战后得到了实质性的发展。 Modern credits were introduced in the second half of the 19th century and had substantial development after the First World War. 4。要么因为信用证金额过大，要么因为对开证行不完全信任，出口商有时可能需要保兑的信用证。 Either because the credit amount is too large, or because he does not fully trust the opening bank, the exporter may sometimes require a confirmed letter of credit. 5。信用证的形式、长短、语言和规定各不相同。 Letter of credit are varied in form, length, language and stipulations. 1。信用证按其作用、形势和机制分作不同的种类。 Letters of credit are classified into different types according to their function, form, and mechanism. 2。光票信用证主要用于非贸易结算，而在商品贸易中一般使用跟单信用证付款。 16 Clean letters of credit are mainly used in non-trade settlement, while documentary credits are generally used in commodity trade. 3。在即期信用证情况下，提示汇票和正确无误的单据后便立即付款。 In the case of sight credits, payment can be made promptly upon presentation of draft and impeccable shipping documents. 4. 远期信用证显然要使用远期汇票。付款期限可为30天、60天甚至可长达180天。 A usance credit obviously calls for a time draft, and the usance varies from 30,60, to as long as 180 days. 5。如果信用证可以由原受益人转让给另一个或几个人，那么这种信用证即为可转让信用证。原受益人称作第 一受益人，接受转让的人称作第二受益人。 A letter of credit is called transferable if it can be transferred by its original beneficiary to one or more parties. The original beneficiary is called the first beneficiary, and the party (or parties) the credit is transferred to is called the second beneficiary. 6。对于一笔具体交易来说，信用证不一定是最理想的付款方式。缔约双方应根据具体情况作出最好的选择。 The letter of credit may not be the most ideal method of payment for a particular transaction, and the contracting parties should make their best choice according to the specific conditions. 1。在国际贸易中使用正确的单据很重要，否则进口商提货时会遇到困难。 It is very important to use correct documents in international trade, otherwise the importer will have difficulties in taking delivery of the goods. 2。商业发票，一般称“发票”，这种单据对货物的质量和数量以及单价和总价进行概括性描述。 The commercial invoice, generally called the invoice makes a general description of the quality, quantity, unit price, and total value of the goods. 3。货物在运输过程中可能发生风险损失，需要办理货物保险。 It is necessary to insure the goods against the possible risks they are exposed to in the course of transportation. 4。已装船提单表明货物已实际装上开往目的港的承运船只。 An on board bill of lading indicates that the goods have been actually loaded on board of the carrying vessel bound for the port of destination. 5。清洁提单指货物在表面状况良好的情况下装船，这意味着未加任何有关包装或货物外表不良的批注。 A clean bill of lading refers to one that indicates the goods have been shipped in apparent good order and condition, which means it is devoid of any qualifying remarks about the packing and the outer appearance of the goods. 1.毫无疑问，一个没有先进的运输系统的社会仍然是一个原始落后的社会。 There is no doubt that a society without an advanced transportation system remains primitive. 2。这些方式在运作特点和性能方面不同，从而使它们各有比较优势和劣势。五种运输方式分别是:水路、铁 路、公路、管道及航空。 The modes differ in terms of operating characteristics and capabilities, giving them comparative advantages and disadvantages. The five major modes are water, rail, truck, pipeline and air. 3。过去10年，公司自己提供运输能力的倾向越来越大。 The past decade has seen an increasing tendency among business firms to provide their own transportation capability. 4。作为一个社会，我们现在的生活比完全自给自足时更富裕，更消闲。 As a society, we enjoy a richer and more leisurely life than we would be in a totally self-sufficient community. 5。最近几年运输功能引人注目的另一个因素就是越来越多地使用零库存系统。这种系统是以公司保持很少数 量的生产投入的生产方式为基础的。 Another factor that has thrust transportation into the limelight in recent years is the growing utilization of just-in-time inventory systems, on the basis of a production approach in which the firm maintains very small quantities of production inputs. 1。保险是一种风险转移机制。通过保险个人或企业可以将生活中一些不确定因素转移给其他人。 Insurance is risk transfer mechanism, by which the individual or the business enterprise can shift some of the uncertainty of life to the shoulders of others. 2。即使是在这种情况下，大多数公司宁可付已知的费用即保险费来转移风险，而不愿面对不确定的风险损 失。 Even under these circumstances, most of the firms prefer to pay a known cost or premium for the transfer of risk, rather than face the uncertainty of carrying the risk of loss. 17 3。对企业来说损失的价值要比个人高很多。因此保险费也比一栋房子或一辆车高出许多。 In the case of business enterprises, the values exposed to loss are usually much higher and the premium charged is substantially higher than that for a house or car. 4。企业投保的主要刺激使他们可以腾出资金，进行其它项目的投资。 The main stimulus to the enterprise is the release of funds for investment in the production of other items. 5。因此，货物保险是一种目的在于把风险从进口商和出口商的肩上转移到专门承担风险的保险人一方的活 动。 Therefore, cargo insurance is an activity aiming at moving the burden of risk from the exporters and importers to the underwriters. 1。没有可保利益的保险合同是无效的。而任何根据这类合同提出的索赔都不会被受理。 An insurance contract without an insurable interest to support it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be entertained. 2。尽管错误的陈述是无意的，但保险人还是受到欺骗。从而保险合同无效。 Even though the mis-statement is unintentional, the underwriter will still be deceived and the policy voidable. 3。将受损失人的利益恢复到损害发生前的状况的合同就是保险合同。 A contract of insurance is one which restores a person who has suffered a loss into the same position as he was in before the loss occurred. 4。赔偿金额一般包括发票金额加上运输费用及保险费再加上一个商定的百分比，如10%。 The compensation payable generally includes the invoiced cost plus freight, the insurance premium, and an agreed percentage, say 10%. 5。如果投保的险别不是造成损失的直接原因，保险公司将不予赔偿。 The insurance company will not entertain the claim if the risk covered is not the proximate cause of the loss. 1.第一次世界大战之前，金本位制建立了固定汇率制，每个国家通过将本国货币与黄金挂钩来确定货币的平 价。 Before the First World war, the gold standard created a fixed exchange rate system as each country pegged the value of its currency to gold to establish it par value. 2.1944年44国在美国布雷顿森林举行会议签署了协议，计划在世界贸易和货币方面实现更好的合作。 In 1944,44 nations held a conference at Bretton Woods, U.S.A.,to plan better cooperation in world trade and currency matter. 3。弹性汇率制从没有真正的“干净“或自由的浮动过。因为中央银行为了稳定汇率采取了各种措施对货币价 格进行干涉。 The flexible exchange rate system has never been clean float or free float, because the central bank takes various measures to intervene in the price of its currency in order to stabilize the exchange rate. 4。在特定条件下，提高利率可以吸引国外短期资金，提高一国的外汇汇率。 Under specific conditions, high interest rate will attract short-term international fund, increasing the exchange rate of one's own currency. 5。外汇汇率有三种形式，即:买进汇率、售出汇率和两者的平均值--中间汇率。 There are three types of exchange rate price namely: the buying rate, the selling rate and the average of the previous two the medial rate. 1.这些机构的共同目标是通过把发达国家的资金输送到发展中国家帮助这些国家提高生活水平。 The common objective of these institutions is to help raise standards of living in developing countries by channeling financial resources to them from developed countries. 2。国际复兴开发银行的资金有相当大一部分来自它的留存盈余以及偿还贷款的不断流入。 A substantial contribution to the IBRD's resources comes from its retained earnings and flow of repayments on its loans. 3。该银行的贷款是向处于经济和社会发展较高阶段的发展中国家提供的。 The loans of IBRD are directed toward developing countries at more advanced stages of economic and social growth. 4。国际货币基金组织旨在向那些付款方面有困难的基金会员国提供中期贷款。 The purpose of IMF is to provide medium term loans to those members with payment difficulties. 5。为了承担这项使命，多边投资担保机构向投资者提供担保以防范非商业性风险，向发展中成员国政府提供 咨询，并为国际商业界与东道国政府就投资问题安排对话。 To undertake this mission, MIG offers investors guarantees against noncommercial risks, advises developing member governments on policies and sponsors dialogues between the international business community and host governments on investment issues. 18 1。对外直接投资是国际投资的主要方式，一国居民为进行督控和经营通过对外投资获取另一国的资产。 Foreign direct investment is the major form of international investment, whereby residents of one country acquire assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them. 2。控制成本是一些企业进行对外投资的主要动机之一。而降低生产成本时考虑的一个重要方面。 Controlling costs is one of the major motivations for some enterprises to engage in FDI. And lowering production costs is an important consideration. 3。直接在国外经营提高一个公司产品的能见度，使当地客户对他们所购买的商品更加放心。 Operating directly abroad enhances the visibility of a firm's products, making local customers feel more assured about the things they buy. 4。即时库存管理系统的引进能最大限度的降低库存从而提高经营效率。 The introduction of JIT inventory management system can minimize the inventory of the stock so as to increase the efficiency of the operation. 5。国外直接投资主要有三种形式:建立新企业、购买现有设施和建立合资公司。 FDI is mainly practiced in three forms: Building new enterprises, purchasing existing facilities and forming joint ventures. 1.选择权是指特定的时间内按规定的价格购买或出售一种证券的权力。 Options are contracts giving the right to buy or sell a security at an agreed price within a particular period of time. 2。未挂牌证券市场是为了满足已经确立了地位，但是较小的，而且不太成熟的公司的需求而建立的。 The unlisted securities market is to meet the needs of established, but smaller, less mature companies. 3。政府满足公共部门借贷需求的方法之一就是出售金边证券。 One of the ways the government meets the public Sector Borrowing Requirement is by selling gilt-edged stocks. 4。通过为证券的发行和交易提供中心市场，股票交易所长期为政府、工业以及投资商的需求服务。 The Stock Exchange has long served the needs of government, industry and investor in providing the central market place for the issuing and trading of securities. 5。国际股票交易所提供了一种途径，使人们的存款能够为那些需要资金的人所利用。 The international Stock Exchange provides a channel through which the saving can reach those who need finance. 1。关贸总协定体系(现为世界贸易组织)是通过一系列的贸易谈判或回合发展起来的，它最初由三个基本目 标。 The GATT(now WTO) was developed through a series of trade negotiations or rounds. It originally had three basic goals. 2。加入世界贸易组织对中国有益，因为它将促进中国的改革和发展，提高商品和服务的质量，降低商品成本 和服务费用，刺激投资和创造就业机会，改善法制。 China's WTO accession will benefit China because it will help advance its reform and development, improve the quality and reduce the cost of goods and services, spur investment and the creation of new jobs, and promote the rule of law. 3。世贸组织的主要目的是为了促进自由贸易、进一步减少贸易壁垒并建立更有效的贸易纠纷解决机制。 The main objectives of WTO are to promote free trade, further reduce trade barriers, and establish more effective trade dispute settlement procedures. 4。WTO争端解决机制是当今国际水准上的最为活跃的体系而且对国际法的持续发展具有重大意义。 The WTO dispute settlement system is the most active one today at the international level and has tremendous importance for the progressive development of international law. 5。尽管中国取得了很大的成就，但仍然面临巨大的挑战。一部分挑战和竞争来自于农业、银行业和保险业， 还有一部分来自于一些国家所采取的贸易保护主义措施。 Despite all the achievements, China still faces big challenges. Some of the challenges and competition are from the agricultural sector and banking and insurance industries. And some are caused by the protectionist in some countries. 1.尽管第一次会议没有制定出具体目标，联合国贸易和发展会议的总任务是制定、协商和实施发展进程的措 施。 Although no specific objective were laid down at the first conference, the general target of UNCTAD is to formulate, negotiate and implement measures to improve the development process. 2。在没有有效协议的情况下，一旦出口收入下降，应立即采取强制的和自动的补救措施。 In the absence of effective agreements, compulsory and automatic compensatory measures should be introduced as soon as there is a decline in export earning. 19 3。实际上西方国家在使低收入国家繁荣起来的同时，其对这些国家的出口将增加，因此也能获得经济效益。 The western nations would, in fact, also have an economic interest when they are bringing prosperity to the low-income countries, since their exports to these countries would thus be stepped up. 4。国际经济新秩序主要是要求发达国家提供更多的现金和贸易方面的优惠。 The new international economic order is mainly a demand for more cash and trade concessions from the developed countries. 5。贸易和发展理事会是联合国贸易和发展会议的常设机构。 A Trade and Development Board is the permanent organ of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. L1 In the second half of the twentieth century, international business has become an important economic force. Today few, if any, countries are economically self-sufficient. Even China, with its vast human and natural resources, has not been able to remain aloof from the world economy. In the United States, international business touch people's lives daily. Common goods and services such as Shell gasoline stations, ect. , often identified with the United States, are, in fact, foreign owned. 20世纪的后半叶，国际商务成了推动经济发展的重要力量。在当今世界，极少有什么国家能够在经济上实现 自给自足。即使是像中国这样有着丰富人力和自然资源的国家，也不能孤立于世界经济之外。在美国，国际 商务与人们的日常生活休戚相关。一些常见货物和服务，例如壳牌加油站，通常认为是美国的，实际上为外 国所拥有。 International business is business conducted in more than one country, including buying and selling goods and services. Other international business activities include marketing, manufacturing, mining, and farming. In sum, international business is all the practices a business in a single country does, but at the international level. 国际商务是两国或更多国家间进行的商务活动，包括买卖货物和服务。其他国际商务形式还包括:营销，制 造，采矿和农业。总之，国际商务包括一个国家内进行的所有的商务活动，只不过这些活动是在国际间进行 的。 International business does not function in vacuum. It operates within the context of international and, sometimes, regional rules and regulations set by appropriate organizations. Although each organization is distinct, some of their common characteristics are fostering trade among member countries, establishing common rules and regulations, promoting fair trade practices among members, and protecting members from competition from competition from non-member countries. Other organizations exist to facilitate financial transactions among nations or the particular nations or the particular interest of members, such as trade in a specific commodity. 国际商务不是在真空中进行的，而是在有关组织制定的国际性或区域性法规的条件下进行的。尽管这些组织 不同，但是他们有一些共同的特征:发展成员国之间的贸易，建立共同的法律法规，促进成员国之间进行公 平贸易，保护成员国免受来自非成员国的竞争。有些组织的存在是为了方便国家间的金融往来或是为了成员 国的特别利益，比如在某一特定商品上的贸易。 L2 Government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, mastery of high technology, and a comparatively small defense allocation (1% of GDP) help Japan advance with extraordinary rapidity to the rank of second most technologically-powerful economy in the world after the US and China. One notable characteristic of the economy is the working together of manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors in closely-knit groups call keiretsu. 政府与产业界的合作，高度的职业道德，对高科技技术的掌握，相对少的国防支出(占GDP的1%)，这 些都使日本能以不同寻常的速度向前发展，成为仅次于美国的第二大技术强国，仅次于美国和中国的第三大 经济强国。这个经济体的一个显著特点是日本的制造商、供应商和销售商紧密合作一道工作。 A second basic feature has been the guarantee of lifetime employment for a substantial portion of the urban labor force. Both features are now eroding. Industry, the most important sector of the economy, is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and fuels. The much 20 smaller agricultural sector is highly subsidized and protected, with crop yield among the highest in the world. Usually self-sufficient in rice, Japan must import about 50% of its requirements of other grain and fodder crops. 第二个基本特点是相当多的城市劳动力享受终生雇佣。这两个特征正在逐渐退色。经济中最重要的部门工业 的原材料和燃料高度依赖进口。比工业规模小得多的农业部门受到政府的多方补贴和高度保护，农产品产量 是世界最高的国家之一。虽然稻米一般能自给，但50%的其他粮食和资料依赖进口。 Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch. For three decades overall real economic growth had been spectacular: a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s, and a 4% average in the 1980s. Growth slowed markedly in the 1990s, averaging efforts to revive economic growth have met with little success and were further hampered in 2000-2003 by the slowing of the US, European, and Asian economies. Japan's huge government debt, which total more than 150% of GDP, and the aging of the population are two major long-run problems. Robotics constitutes a key long-term economic strength with Japan possessing 410 000 of the world's 720 000 "working robots". 日本有世界上最大的捕鱼船队，年捕鱼量几乎占 世界的15%。日本经济总量的增长保持了30年令世界瞩目的成绩:20世纪60年代平均增长率式 10%;70年代平均增长率是5%;80年代平均增长率是4%。但90年代日本经济增长率是显著下滑， 平均只达到1.7%，这主要是80年代后期过度投资后遗症导致的。政府一直致力于复苏经济，但收效甚 微。2000年到2003年间又遭遇了美国、欧盟和亚洲经济不景气，日本经济复苏进一步受挫。政府巨额债 务和人口老龄化是长期困扰日本的两个主要问题，日本政府被俘的大量债务占GDP的150%以上。机器人 是推动日本经济长期发展的重要力量，全世界共有720000个机器人劳动力，而日本就有410000个机器 人。 L3 Before examining the EU-US economic relationship, a brief look into the foundations and dominant features of this profoundly important, mutually productive partnership will be taken. 在审视欧美经济关系前，让我们先简要了解一下这个极其重要，相互收益的伙伴关系的基础和重要特征。 The United States and the European Union enjoy the world?s largest commercial relationship and are each other?s largest trade and investment partners. In 2003, two-way trade in goods and services between the EU15 and the US amounted to USD 593.2 billion. 美国和欧盟世界上最大的商业伙伴，也是 彼此最大的贸易和投资伙伴。2003年，欧盟15国和美国在商品和服务上的贸易额共计5932亿美元。 EU 15 investment in the US has likewise grown steadily: by the end of 2003, EU 15 direct investment in the US amounted to USD 855.669 billion, or 62.1% of total foreign direct investment in the US. Similarly, US direct investment in the EU15 amounted to USD 844.698 billion, or 47.2% of total US FDI. The economic importance of the European market for American investors is enhanced by the maturing Single Market and by the single currency, the euro, which was launched on January 1, 1999 and is shared by 12 of the 25 European Union Member States. 欧盟15国在美国的投资也在稳步增长。2003年年底，欧盟15过载美国的直接投资总计8556.69亿美 元，占对美国的外国直接投资总额的62.1%。同样，美国在欧盟15国的直接投资达8446.98亿美元， 占美国队外国直接投资总额的47.2%。 对美国投资者而言，随着欧洲统一市场不断走向成熟，随着欧盟 25国中已有12国使用1991年1月启动的单一货币—欧元，欧洲市场的经济重要性越来越大。 The signing of the New Transatlantic Agenda (NTA) on December 3, 1995 was an important step in consolidating the EU-US economic relationship. A key element of NTA is the expansion of world trade and closer economic relations between the EU and US. This includes steps to remove regulatory and other obstacles to trade, which not only reduces costs for consumers and producers but also opens up new areas for investment. The relationship is further 21 enhanced by the Transatlantic Business Dialogue (TABD), a private sector initiative launched by European and American business leaders in 1995, as well as the Transatlantic Consumer Dialogue (TACD) launched in 1998 and involving representatives from consumer organizations on both side of Atlantic. 1995年11月3日签署的《新跨大西洋议程》是巩固欧美经济关系的重要步骤。《跨大西洋议程》的重要 内容是扩大世界贸易和在欧美间建立更紧密的经济关系。其步骤是取消管制，扫除其他贸易障碍。这些措施 不仅降低了消费者和生产商的成本，还开辟了新的投资领域。跨大西洋商业对话和跨大西洋消费者对话进一 步增强了欧美的经济关系。跨大西洋商业对话经民间倡议，1995年由欧美商界领导人创办。。跨大西洋消 费者对话于1998年创办，由来自大西洋两岸的消费者组织的代表参加。 L4 Most multinational corporations are made up of vast numbers of foreign subsidiaries, companies in which over 50% is owned by the parent company. Like all corporations, MNCs are organized according to the goals they set for themselves. They strive to retain access to the necessary resources: raw material, manpower, and capital. Furthermore, they try to grow through global cooperation by increasing their access to world resources. This leads them to expand their foreign market position, in other words. To increase their market share. MNCs grew into strong entities by reinvesting their profits prudently so as to further increase access to resources. They had to hire more and more talented local people abroad, and they had to purchase raw materials in foreign countries. 多数跨国公司都是由很多国外资公司组成的，母公司拥有子公司50%以上的股份。 如所有公司一样，跨国 公司也是按照它们的目标来组织的。它们努力得到必需的资源:原料、劳动力、资金，同时通过在世界范围 内获得更多资源，通过全球范围内的合作获得发展。这使它们不断提高自己在国外市场的地位，即增加它们 的市场份额。通过将利润谨慎的再进行投资以获得更多资源，跨国公司发展成强大的实体。它们不得不雇用 更多的当地人才并从外国购买原料。 L5 Economic activities began with the caveman, who was economically self-sufficient. As the primitive population grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and thus each benefited from the exchange. That was how trade first began. 经济活动是由穴居人开始的，他们在经济上自给自足。随着原始人口的增长和发展，劳动分工的原则逐渐产 生发展。一个人比另一个人更有能力完成一些活动，因而每个人集中精力干他最能干的事。有人狩猎，有人 捕鱼。狩猎人拿剩余猎物与捕鱼人交换，这样双方都从交换中得到好处。贸易最初就是这样开始的。 International trade is the exchange of goods between nations. It took place for many reasons. The first is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Countries that lack some resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Second, a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs and has to import some to satisfy its requirement. Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries and will also buy what it needs from those countries that have a comparative advantage in the desired items. Finally, even though a country can produce enough of an item at reasonable costs to meet its own demand, it may still import some from other countries for innovation or variety of style. 国际贸易是国家之间进行的商品交换。它的产生有许多原因。首先，没有一个国家能生产它所需要的全部产 品。自己的国家内缺少某些资源的国家必须从那些出口该资源的国家购买。第二，一个国家往往没有足够多 的某项产品来满足其所需。第三，一个国家能够比别的国家以较低成本销售某些产品，而且还从对有关产品 具有比较优势的国家购买所需产品。最后，即使一个国家可以以合理的成本生产足够的产品满足本国的需 要，它仍可能为了革新或调剂品种而从别的国家进口一些。 22 L6 MFN means most-favored-nation which is a tariff treatment. It is bilaterally given and provides for the lowest tariff in the tariff code. It is important to understand that the term most-favored-nation gives the impression that the tariffs involved are the lowest, it is in fact not the case. MFN is not really special but is just normal trading status. GSP (generalized system of preferences) establishes even lower tariffs than MFN. As a matter of fact the United States has granted MFN status to all but a few countries. MFN only give a country the lowest tariff?s schedule, but it is still possible to have lower tariffs. Nevertheless, it is important to have MFN since the difference between MFN tariff and the general tariff is very big. For instance one of the largest Chinese export items to the United States is toys. And the tariff on a toy doll is only 6% if a country has MFN, whereas the tariff is as high as 70%, more than ten times greater without MFN. It is quite obvious that there would be a sharp drop in Chinese exports to the US should China lose its MFN status, and it would have a serious impact on the Chinese economy. MFN 意思是最惠国待遇，是一种关税待遇。它在税则中由双方相互给予和提供最低关税。最惠国待遇给人的 印象是享受的关税是最低的，实际上情况并非如此。了解这一点很重要，它并不是真正的特殊待遇，而只是 正常的贸易地位。普惠制所确定的关税要比最惠国待遇低。事实上，除少数国家外，美国已给予所有国家最 惠国待遇地位。尽管如此，获得最惠国待遇仍很重要，因为最惠国待遇和一般税率差别很大。例如中国向美 国出口的最大项目是玩具，如果一个国家有最惠国待遇，税率仅为6%，若没有最惠国待遇，税率则高达 70%，高出10倍之多。显然，中国若失去最惠国地位，其对美国的出口将急剧下降并将对中国经济产生严 重影响。 L7 Traditionally, the on board bill of lading has been the only acceptable document to be presented by the seller under the terms CFR and CIF. The bill of lading fulfills three important functions, namely: Proof of delivery of the goods on board the vessel, Evidence of the contract of carriage, and A means of transferring right to the goods in transit by the transfer of the paper document to another party. 在传统意义上，在CFR和CIF条件下，已装船提单是唯一能接受的提单。提单履行三个重要功能，即: 货物已装上船的凭证。 运输合同的证明。 一种通过转移书面单据来转移对所运货物所有权的方式。 It is customary to issue bill of lading in several originals but it is , of course, of vital importance for a buyer or a bank acting upon his instructions in paying the seller to ensure that all originals are surrendered by the seller. This is also a requirement under the ICC Rules for Documentary Credits. The transport document must evidence not only delivery of the goods to the carrier but also that the goods were received in good order and condition. Any notation on the transport document which would indicate that the goods had not been in such condition would make it “unclean” and thus unacceptable. In spite of the particular legal nature of the bill of lading it is expected that it will be replaced by EDI procedures in the near future. In 1990 version of Incoterms has taken this expected development into proper account. 按照惯例，提单签发的时候都会有几分正本。当然，买方或其他银行必须确保卖方交出所有的正本，这对他 们是至关重要的。这也是国际商会跟单信用证规则的一个要求。 运输单据不但要证明货物交给了承运人而且证明货物在完好的状态下交给了承运人。提单上表明货物未在良 好状态下收到的任何批注使提单“不清洁”并因此不能接受。尽管提单有特殊的法律性质，我们还是可以期望 在不久的将来它被电子数据交换程序所代替。1990年版本的国际贸易术语解释通则已充分考虑了预期的这 一发展。 L8 A contract is an agreement by which two parties mutually promise to buy or sell some products. An executed contract is one that is fully carried out by both parties. An executory contract is one that is yet to be performed. In practice, some informal contracts may be 23 reached orally. This is understandable, but may lead to unfortunate consequences. A reasonable exporter should at least insist on strict observance of the legal requirement in case of orders that are not routine transactions. When the goods ordered represent a considerable value, a formal contract embodying all terms of the agreement should be prepared in duplicate; each copy should be signed by both parties, and each party should retain a copy of the contract. 一份合同是买卖双方共同保证买卖某些产品的协定。Executed Contract是双方已执行的合同。 Executory Contract 是将来要执行的合同。在商业行为中，有些非正式合同是口头达成的。这是可以理 解的，但可能酿成严重后果。一个明智的出口商至少应在遇到非同寻常的订货时坚持严格要求按法规履行。 当订购货物金额较大时，应准备体现所以协议条款的合同一式两份，在每份合同上双方均需签字，然后每方 保留一份。 L9 Counter trade is more popular in centrally planned economies and in less developed countries. As these economies lack mature and competitive markets, the role of counter trade becomes even more important. In such an environment counter trade can be viewed as a national form of contracting to deal with transaction difficulties. 对销贸易(反向贸易)在中央计划经济国家和步态发达国家中使用要普遍得多。由于这些国家缺乏成熟的和 具有竞争性的市场，对销贸易的作用变得更加重要。在此情况下，对销贸易可看成是以一种国家契约形式去 处理贸易困难。 The practical advantage exist due to the peculiar environment within counter trade usually takes place. They quite like disappear when the environment changes ----as is happening now in many countries. Restructuring and the development of markets may therefore mean that the environment within which counter trade usually takes place is changing so as to reduce its frequency. Reduce ownership restrictions are likely to shift the organizational forms joint ventures and wholly owned production facilities. Improved knowledge, experience, and legal enforcement of contractual obligations will likely mean increasing prevalence of longer term and more sophisticated explicit transaction contracts. 实际好处的存在是因为对销贸易所产生的特殊环境。当这种环境改变时，这种好处就可能不复存在——就像 目前许多国家的情况一样。经济结构调整，如东欧和其他地区的私有化和市场的发展也许意味着产生对销贸 易的环境正在变化从而减少了对销贸易产生的频率。对所有权限制的减少有可能将组织形式朝着合资企业和 独资企业拥有生产设施的方向改变。对合同责任认识的提高、经验的丰富和依法实施的改善将有可能意味着 越来越多地使用更长期、更复杂详细的交易合同。 L10 Documentary collection is means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a special date. 跟单托运是一种付款方法，当货物汇票所示金额付清后，或客户承兑汇票作为指定日期付款的契约时，货物 才交给买方。 The exporter sends the bill of exchange and the shipping documents to his bank, which forwards them to a bank in the customer?s country. This bank, or the exporter?s agents in the country concerned, takes the documents to the customer. If it is a sight bill the customer pays the amount directly. If it is a time bill he signs the bill, which means he has “accepted” it for payment within a certain specified time. In return for either payment or acceptance of payment, the customer is handed the shipping documents which give title to the goods. 出口商把汇票和货运单据交给他的银行，该银行再将汇票和单据交给客户国家的银行。该银行或出口商在有 关国家的代理把单据交给客户。如果是即期汇票，客户便直接支付。如果是远期汇票，他在汇票上签字，意 思是承兑该汇票，在指定时间内付款。 The customer now has authority to collect the goods, which may already have arrived at the port of destination. The customer?s bank forwards the money, which it has received, to the exporter?s bank, which pay the exporter for the goods. 24 现在客户便有权提货，该货物可能已达到目的港，客户的银行将收到的货款转给出口上的银行，该银行即把 货款付给出口商。 L11 It should be noted, however, that the existence of a letter of credit is not a guarantee of payment to anyone. Its existence only assures payment to the beneficiary if the terms and conditions of the letter of credit are fulfilled. In addition, a letter of credit does not insure that the materials purchased will be those invoiced or shipped. Banks issuing letters of credit deal in documents not in merchandise. They have no legal obligation to inspect the actual merchandise. The quality and quantity of merchandise shipped, although specified in the documents submitted to the bank as required by the letter of credit terms, ultimately depends on the honesty and integrity of the seller who has manufactured, package, and arranged for shipment of the merchandise. If the buyer discovers that the merchandise has been mislabeled or the cartons are empty, he must sue the seller, not the bank. 然而应该注意，有了信用证并不能保证对任何人付款，信用证只保证在其条款得到满足的情况下对受益人付 款。另外，信用证不担保发票载明的货物或实际装运的货物就是所购货物。开立信用证的银行只处理单据而 不处理商品。他们对实际商品不承担进行检验的法律责任。所运商品的质量和数量，虽然在银行开立的信用 证中有明确规定，但最终还是取决于生产货物、包装货物并安排装运货物的卖方的诚实和信誉。如果买方发 现货物有标记不符合或空箱等问题，他必须向卖方提出，而不是向银行提出。 L12 The transferable credit is designed to meet the requirement of international trade. It enables a middleman who is receiving payment from a buyer under a documentary credit to transfer his claim under that credit to his own supplier. In this way he can carry out transactions with only a limited outlay of his own funds. 可转让信用证是为适合国际贸易的需要而设计的。它使在跟单信用证项下从买方收取货款的中间商能够把自 己信用证项下的权利转让给他的供货商。这样，他就可以只凭开支有限的资金而进行交易。 A transferable credit may only be transferred once. The second beneficiary may not further transfer it unless there is an express provision to this effect in the original credit. This limit on transferability is intended to prevent abuse. On the other hand, the first beneficiary can transfer fractions of the original credit to several suppliers, provided that partial shipments are allowed. The aggregate of these partial transfers constitutes one transfer. 可转让信用证之可转让一次。除非原信用证有明确规定。第二受益人不可以再把信用证转让。这种对转让作 出的限制是为了防止滥用转让。另一方面第一受益人在信用证允许分批装运的情况下可以把原证中的几个部 分分别转让给几个不同的供货商。几个部分的转让价在一起构成一次转让。 L13 A straight bill of lading is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill. This consignee is designated by the shipper. The carrier has to hand over the cargo to the named consignee, not to any third party in possession of the bill. This kind of bill of lading is not transferable. This shipper cannot pass the bill to a third party by endorsement. Because of the limited functions, this bill is in very restricted application. When goods are shipped on a non-commercial basis, such as samples or exhibits, or when the goods are extremely valuable, a straight bill of lading is generally issued. 记名提单是为了只让规定的收货人提取该提单项下的货物。收货人是由托运人指定的。承运人必须把货物交 给指定的收货人，而不能交给任何持有该提单的第三方。这种提单是不可转让的。托运人不能通过背书将其 转给第三方。由于作用受到限制，这种提单使用很有限，一般是在运输样品、展品之类的非盈利煤目的的货 物，或特别贵重商品时使用记名提单。 L14 In choosing a transportation mode for a particular product, shippers consider as many as six criteria: speed, frequency, dependability, capability, availability and cost. Thus if a shipper seeks speed, air and truck are the prime contenders. If the goal is low cost, then water and pipeline are the prime contenders. Shippers are increasingly combining two or more 25 transportation modes, thanks to containerization. Containerization consists of putting the goods in boxes or trailers that are easy to transfer between two transportation modes. Each coordinated mode of transportation offers specific advantages to the shipper. For example, piggyback is cheaper then trucking alone and yet provides flexibility and convenience. 为了使某种产品选定一种运输方式，货主要考虑六个问题:速度、频率、可靠性、能力、便利性和成本。这 样，若货主要求速度，空运和汽车运输是首要选择。如果目标是低成本，那么水运和管道运输最好。由于集 装箱化的发展，货主越来越多的将两种或更多的运输方式结合在一起。集装箱化是指将货物装入便于在两种 运输方式间互换的箱子里或拖车上。每种联运都为货运人提供了某些便利。例如铁路—公路联运要比完全汽 车运输便宜而且更灵活更方便。 Transportation decisions must consider the advantages and drawbacks of the various transportation modes and their implications for other distribution elements such as warehousing and inventory. As the relative costs of different transportation modes change over time, companies need to reanalyze their options in the search for optimal arrangement. 运输方式的选择必须考虑到各种运输方式的长处和不足，以及它们对其他有关因素如仓储和库存的影响。随 着时间的推移，不同运输方式之间的相对成本会发生变化，公司需要重新分析其选择以便找到最佳的安排。 L15 The order is the instruction to the broker to effect insurance. It may be communicated orally, directly or by telephone, or in written form by letter or telex. It will include all the information necessary to effect the insurance, and enable the broker to disclose with the utmost good faith the nature and extent of the risk. 保险授权书是让经纪人进行投保的指令，它可以直接通过口头传达或通过电话传达，也可以通过书信或电传 以书面形式传达。授权书包括投保所需的所有信息并能使经纪人以最大程序公开风险的性质和程度。 Proposal forms are not customary in cargo insurance, but many firms do use a transit application form which lists the information they require. Since the fullest information reduces the possibility of any breach of utmost good faith, it is better to supply full details than to restrict oneself to the bare minimum. Failure to disclose a material matter may result in the policy being avoided by the insurer. Every material circumstance must be disclosed and what is “material” will depend upon the facts of every consignment. 货物保险习惯上虽不使用建议书，但许多公司的确使用过渡性的列出他们所需的信息。因为越详细的 情况越有减少违反最大诚信原则的可能。因此，最好是提供充分的信息而不要只局限于提供最低限度的情 况。必须公开每个实质性的事项并根据每一批货物的情况来决定“实质性的”事项是什么。 L16 There are three basic types of insurance in marine transportation: (1) F.P.A. (Free from Particular Average) 平安险 This is a very limited cover confining the insurer?s liability, strictly speaking, to only total loss of the insured cargo, and partial loss of or damage to the cargo is answerable only where the carrying vessel is grounded, sunk or burnt. 海洋运输中有三种基本险别: 1(平安险 这是一种保险范围很受局限的险别。严格地说，承保人只负责赔偿被保货物的全损。只有货运船只发生搁 浅、沉没或焚毁而造成的货物部分损失保险人才负责赔偿。 (2 ) W.A. ( or W.P.A.) (With Particular Average) 水渍险 This type has a wider coverage than the F.P.A Partial loss of or damage to the insured goods is excluded only where the loss is under a specified percentage. Any loss exceeding such a percentage is answerable by the insurer in full. 此险别比“平安险”的责任范围大，只有被保货物的部分损失在特定的百分比之下时，承保人才不负责赔偿。 若部分损失超过这一比例，承保人则负责全部赔偿。 (3) All Risks (全险，综合险) This cover is the most comprehensive of the three. The insurer is responsible for total or partial loss or damage to the insured goods arising from natural elements or from sea perils, including all losses caused by accidents to the carrying vessels or craft or by any external 26 causes. But it does not, as its name suggests, really cover all risks. It does not include coverage against war, strikes, riots etc. 这是三种险别中责任范围最为广泛的一种。在一切险别下，承保人负责被保货物由于自然灾害或海难而遭受 的部分损失或全部损失。但一切险并不像其他名称所示，真的包括了一切险别。它并不包括战争、罢工、动 乱等风险。 L17 It is in the interest of all nations that post-war reconstruction should be paid. Likewise, the development of the resources of particular regions is in the general economic interest. Programs of reconstruction and development will speed economic progress everywhere, aid political stability and foster peace. 加快战后重建工作符合所有国家的利益。同样，在某些地区，开发资源也符合经济发展的总体利益。重建及 开发计划将加快各国经济发展，有助于政治稳定和促进和平。 The Bretton Woods Conference has agreed that expanded international investment is essential to provide a portion of the capital necessary for reconstruction and development. 布雷顿森林会议一致认为扩大国际投资至关重要，可以为战后重建和开发提供一部分必要的资金。 The Conference has further agreed that the nations should cooperate to increase the volume of foreign investment for these purpose, made through normal business channels. It is especially important that the nations should cooperate to share the risks of such foreign investment. 会议还同意各国应通过正常商务渠道来增加对外投资以实现以上目标。特别重要的是各国 应共同分担这些对外投资的风险。 The Conference has agreed that the nations should establish a permanent international body to perform thee functions, to be called The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. It has been agreed that the Bank should assist in providing capital through normal channels at reasonable rates of interest and for long periods for projects that will raise the productivity of the borrowing country. The Conference has agreed on the powers and resources which the Bank must have and on the obligations which the member countries must assume, and has prepared draft Articles of Agreement accordingly. 会议一致同意建立一个永久性的国际机构来行使这些职责，机构的名称就是国际复兴开发银行，此银行应通 过正常渠道为能提高借款国生产力的项目提供长期低息贷款。会议还就该银行必须掌握的权利和资源，以及 成员国应履行的义务达成了一致意见，并起草了相关的协议条款。 The Conference ahs recommended that in carrying out the policies, special consideration should be given to the needs of countries which have suffered from enemy occupation and hostilities. 会议还建议在执行这些政策的过程中给予那些遭受敌国侵害的国家以特别关注。 L18 The Bank for International Settlement (BIS) is a unique institution. Many of its operations are of types normally performed by a commercial bank, but it is owned principally by central banks, and managed by central banks and its principal customers are central banks. The objects of BIS are to promote the cooperation among central banks and to provide additional facilities for international operations. The BIS holds deposits for about 80 central banks and some 10% of the world foreign exchange reserves are managed through its facilities. It is generally engaged in a wide range of banking transactions and operations for its own accounts or as agent or correspondent of central banks. The Bank has helped to solve the debt problems of some developing countries and assisted global monetary cooperation. The BIS, in addition to performing financial operations, also engages in research, both general research on monetary matters and research requested by central bank clients. The annual reports of the BIS are widely read for the information and insight it provides and have been influential on government policy in many countries. 国际结算银行(BIS)是家很独特的机构。虽然它的许多种业务是商业银行的业务，但是它主要由中央银行所 有，由中央银行管理，它的主要客户也是中央银行。BIS的目标在于促进中央银行间的合作，为他们从事国 际业务提供更多的便利。BIS 有80家中央银行的存款，并通过其机构经营着全世界10%的外汇储备。它 广泛的从事银行间的交易和业务，有时是为自己，有时是作为代理人或中央银行的外来行。BIS帮助解决了 一些发展中国家的债务问题，为全球金融合作提供了帮助。除了从事金融业外，BIS也从事研究工作，既研 27 究货币金融方面的普遍问题，也应中央银行客户的要求进行研究工作。BIS的年报广受欢迎，它既富含信息 也 深具洞察力，影响了许多国家政策的制定。 L19 To start with, the scope of efforts to attract FDI must encompass all economic sectors. The tendency in the past was to focus almost exclusively on infrastructure and on efficiency-seeking and tariff-jumping FDI in manufacturing. In the future more and more FDI will be marked seeking investment in service sectors as well as investment in tourism and offshore services. 首先，吸引外国直接投资的范围要覆盖所有经济部门。过去吸引外资几乎完全集中在基 础设施方面和寻求高效率或寻求规避关税的制造行业。将来，越来越多的外国直接投资将投向寻求市场的服 务业、旅游业和近海服务业。 Most developing countries continue to restrict FDI in service sectors. For instance, India does not allow FDI in retail, yet is ready to waste fortunes to attract efficiency-seeking FDI for manufacturing in an uphill battle against China. 多数发展中国家继续抵制外国直接投资进入服务业。印度年度不允许外国直接投资进入零售业，却不惜花费 巨额财富吸引旨在寻求效率的外国直接投资进入制造业，以和中国进行艰难的抗衡。 There is a general misconception that market-seeking FDI in domestic sectors such as retail yields little development impact. The opposite is true. FDI in retail has been a key driver of productivity growth in Brazil, Poland, and Thailand, resulting in lower prices and higher consumption. Large-scale foreign retailers are also forcing wholesalers and food processors to improve. And they are now becoming important sources of exports: Tesco in Thailand and Wal-Mart in Brazil are increasingly turning to local products to feed their global supply chains. Retail also happens to be a pillar of the tourism industry. 一般有一种误解，认为寻找市场的外国直接投资进入零售业等国内行业对发展起不了多少推动作用。事实正 好相反，巴西、波兰、泰国零售业中的外国直接投资是促进三国生产发展的主要因素，使价格下降，消费上 升。大型外国零售商还促使批发商和食品加工商加快发展。现在，它们正成为重要的出口来源。进入泰国的 TESCO，进入巴西的沃尔玛正越来越多的把当地产品纳入他们的全球供应链。零售业还正好成为旅游业的支 柱。 L20 The Wall Street Crash The American investor was generally more speculative than his English counterpart, often investing with borrowed money and using maybe only a 10% cash deposit. Prices on the New York Market rose higher and higher as the money poured in. Finally, the inevitable happened and, in October 1929 prices started to fall. Panic ensued as speculators hurried to sell—they were not only losing their own money but also the 90% they had borrowed. Prices tumbled as selling generated yet more selling. As with the South Seas Bubble in England more than 2 thcenturies earlier, many were ruined—on 24 October alone 11 people jumped to their death from the building surrounding Wall Street. 美国投资者比他们的英国同行更喜欢投机，他们常常用借来的钱投资而自己的先前也许只占10%。大量资 金的涌入使纽约股票市场的价格持续上升。终于，在1929年10月不可避免的事情发生了，股票价格开始 下跌。投资者的抛售引起了恐慌，人们不但赔光了自己的钱，连所接的90%也赔了进去。抛售引起了更多 的抛售，结果价格直线跌落。就像两个世纪前英格兰的南海泡影那场普遍说来大骗局一样，许多人破了产。 仅在10月24日就有11人从华尔街周围的建筑上跳楼自杀。 The crash, in fact, had relatively mild effect on this side of the Atlantic. Prices were down, but only 15% or so, though credit became very tight and dealing in American shares all but stopped. All in all London had not fared too badly. Markets throughout the world were to face far worse in the depression years of the 1930s, and yet still survive. 事实上在大西洋的另一边这场灾难造成的影响比较小。虽然价格下跌，银根紧缩，所有有关美国股票的生意 都停止了，但价格只下跌了15%左右。伦敦人付出的代价并不大。在30年代的大萧条中股票市场还要经 历更艰难的时期，但是它还会挺过去。 L21 28 Allowing foreign banks to enter the Chinese market will exert a positive influence on domestic banks, making Chinese banks more competitive, introducing new technology and information and providing additional funds. 允许外国银行进入中国市场将对国内银行产生积影响，使其更具竞争 力，引进新技术新信息并提供更多资金。 But in the short and not-so long term future after foreign banks enter the Chinese market, these banks will be able to use lower prices and efficient services, including such services as telebanking, to win over a large number of customers from domestic banks, especially prized customers. This will result in a cut in the amount of funds in the banks of domestic banks. 但是在短期和不太长的时期内，外国银行进入中国市场将能利用低廉的价格和高效的服务，包括远程银行服 务，从国内银行拉走进大量客户，尤其是受重视的客户。这将导致国内银行手中掌握的资金减少。 The toughest challenge the government will face will be to eliminate bad debt, implement cautious and standard risk management models, and tighten up bank administration so that domestic banks can adapt to international competition. To cope with these challenges, some domestic banks will choose to partner with foreign banks. 政府面临的最严峻的挑战是消除坏账，执行谨慎、规范的经营模式，加强对银行的管理，以使国内银行法能 适应国际竞争。为应对这些挑战，一些国内银行将选择与外国银行结成伙伴。 This will allow foreign banks gain a foothold in the Chinese monetary market, allow domestic banks to learn from foreign peers and allow domestic banks to obtain a greater pool of funds from their foreign partners. 这将使外国银行在中国金融市场站稳脚跟，使国内银行能学习外国同行，并从外国伙伴那里筹到更多资金. L22 UNCTAD is the intergovernmental body within the UN system for comprehensive review of trade, development and other related issues. 联合国贸易与发展会议室联合国系统 内政府间的机构，它的设立是为了全面回顾、发展贸易并进行有关其他事项。 UN CTAD is designed to promote trade and economic development of all countries, particularly developing countries. Over the 40-plus years since it founding, UNCTAD has played an important role in fostering North-South dialogue and cooperation, promoting trade and economic development of the developing countries and assisting them in speeding up integration into the multilateral trading economy. 它自成立40多年来，在促进南北对话和合作、促进发展中国家经济贸易进步、帮助这些国家加快步伐融入 多边贸易经济体系上都起到了重大作用。 Budget an account of probable future income and expenditure during a stated, period, usu. A year used as a guide in making financial arrangements Return the gain from an investment, either as income or yield or profit on the sale of the investment royalty money paid to the owner of a copyright for permission to publish copy right material and to the owner of a patent for permission to use a patented design, usu. at an a greed percentage of the selling price of the product portfolio the entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling expertise expert knowledge or skill, esp. in a particular field; know-how licensor a person or company granting a license. Patent a special right to an inventor to be the only person to make and sell, or to authorize others to make and sell a newly-invented machine or process non-tariff barrier all forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc. turnkey contract one in which one of the parties agrees to supply, at the contract price, a complete product ready for use, such as a new home, factory, ship, etc. franchise an arrangement by which a monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right of manufacture or sell the products in a certain area purchasing power of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services assess to judge an amount or value spur to urge or encourage average of ordinary, common or usual kind in quality or amount productive producing in high efficiency or in large quantity 29 tap to take what is needed from, to exploit infrastructure large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and radio communications, etc. needed to support economic activity, esp. industry, trade and commerce recipient a person or an organization etc. that receives something consumerism considerable desire to make purchase for consumption PPP purchasing power parity Liberalization of trade, the act of government in lifting controls over imports and exports Integration combing into a whole Tariff tax levied by the customs (levy 征收) barrier to trade any action by a government to limit or prevent the free flow of goods in and out of its country mobility capacity that can move or be moved easily and quickly from place to place detour route that avoids a blocked road; deviation banknote printed paper money issued by a bank, usu. The country's central bank erode wear away, eat into envisage picture (an event, action, etc ) in the mind as a future possiblity; imagine veto right to reject or forbid something affiliate a subsidiary company controlled by another assets total resources of a business, as cash, accounts receivable, real estates etc. world company a multinational whose national identity has been blurred (模糊) facilities something designed, built or installed to serve a specific function or perform a particular service revenue the total annual income of a state decentralize distribute the administrative powers over a less concentred area nationalize to bring under the control or ownership of a nation welfare well-being framework organization structure input sth that is put in business operation service sth done to help or benefit others abundant plentiful, more than enough specialization to restrict one's economic activities to certain particular fields primary commodities those commodities not processed, or only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw materials incentive that which incited, rouses or encourages a person alternative that may be had, used etc. in place of sth.(代替) else intuitive relating to the power of the immediate understanding of something without reasoning or study efficient producing a desired or satisfactory result; able to perform duties well endowment a natural gift or ability exploit to develop the use of, make the best use of drawback duties paid on imported goods that are refunded when reexported highlight to make prominent; to draw special attention bulky taking a lot of space, and often of a shape difficult to handle perishable easy to go bad tariff duties imposed on goods imported and exported specific duties duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goods ad valorem duties duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods unilaterally done by one side or party only maritime connected with the sea or navigation remittance money sent by post law suit legal prosecution (起诉) dispute argument or controversy remedy method of putting right sth that is wrong amendment changes made to sth Incoterms a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms Present submit 30 Premises a tract of land including its buildings Heading category Classification the arrangement of things by groups Carriage the price or cost of transportation business line goods dealt in by a company voluntary offer an offer made on the initiative of the offerer contract an agreement setting forth the binding obligations of the relevant parties indispensable absolutely necessary contract proper the main body of a contract contracting parties signatories of an agreement force majeure social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting party purchase contract a contract made by the buyer firm offer an offer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offerer offeree the party to whom an offer is made popular liked and admired hyperinflation soaring of prices beyond control inflation rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc. protectionism the theory of the system of developing home industries through duties and other means imposed on competitive imports bilateral of two sides bundling the exchanges of goods or services are tied together expertise expert skill or knowledge creditors a person to whom one owns money transferable possible to be handed over verified data authentic materials debtor a person who owes money default fail to carry out an obligation dubious doubtful, uncertain, questionable draft an unconditional order to someone to pay a sum of money remittance the sending of money or the money sent fluctuation irregular movement of ( prices, exchange rates etc.) drawer the person who issue a draft, usually the exporter sound financially satisfactory ban prohibit, forbid drawee the person to whom a draft is drawn credit-worthiness being believed or accepted by others as reliable in making payment substantial large; great; considerable constitute make up; amount to; form applicant of L/C the importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/C beneficiary the company that can make use of an L/C to get paid for its export discrepancy difference ; absence of agreement confirming bank the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C bill of exchange written order drawn by the beneficiary on the bank for the purpose of payment underlaying forming the basis of reimburse pay back to sb. for the expenses he has spent clean credit a credit that doesn't require shipping documents for payment cancel not to do sth that has been arranged or decided upon leading bank major bank, most important bank impeccable faultless insolvent unable to pay debts sight credit a credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft maturity becoming due after sight after presentation of draft middleman trader through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumer sustain suffer documentation the preparation and use of shipping documents 31 consignee the party in the bill of lading to whom the goods are shipped shipping marks what is printed on the outer packing of goods as symbol for identification in the course of transportation discrepancy absence of agreement liability what one is responsible for according to law apparent according to appearance; seeming insurance policy a document used for covering possible risks discount amount of money that may be taken off the full amount title right to the possession of a position or property invoice a document for the general description of the goods and the price alternative a choice from two or more possibilities modes different forms of transportation fundamental very important ownership legal right of possession intermediate products semi-manufactures commercial intercourse business dealings between individuals or firms unload getting goods off a carrier package combination of related parts or elements accepted or rejected as a single unit distribution the marketing, transporting, merchandising, and selling of any item destination the terminal to which goods are sent insured a person covered by an insured for coverage under the contract premium the amount paid by an insured for coverage under the contract potential loss loss which is possible to incur viability ability to succeed in operation claim a payment demanded in accordance with an insurance policy margin amount above what is estimated as necessary underwriter a person who carries on insurance as a business consumption the using up of goods and services having an exchangeable value compensation sth given or received as an equivalent for loss pooling a combination of funds formed for common advantage field a sphere of activity incidence occurrence multi-model transaction transport that combines road, rail, sea and air diminish the right to collect from an endorser a payment of loss indemnity compensation for loss subrogate to substitute a claim against one person for a claim against another person legal action an action taken against someone in accordance with the law leader an insurer who is well-known in a particular class of business deposit money paid as party payment that is owed compulsory that must be done peg to keep fixed or unchanged redeem to repay or pay off, esp. loan stock, debentures and preference shares or stock settlement the act of paying a bill, debt, charge, etc exchange rate the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currency fluctuations upward and downward movements in the economic system gold reserves the stock of gold coin and bullion (gold bars) held by a note-issuing bank in a country on the gold standard money circulation money in the hands of the public and being used to pay for goods and services devaluation the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange value of its currency in units of gold or as compared with other currencies offset to set one value against another or as equal to another par equal in value against another or as equal to another affiliate a business concern owned or controlled in whole or in part by another concern institutions an organization or establishment devoted to the promotion of a particular object productivity power of being productive loans sth lent on condition of being returned, esp, a sum of money lent at interest prerequisite required as a condition for sth else cyclical recurring in cycles 32 maturity the time when a note or bill of exchange or a loan becomes due reserve money held aside to meet future demand investment the act of putting money to use in sth offering profitable returns stringent strict, that must be obeyed quota a limit placed by a government on the amount of imports or commodity VER an agreement by a country's exporters or government to limit their exports to another country Acquisition company expansion through the purchase of other business Synergy benefits form combining different business, normally claimed by the promoters of mergers Rebate reduce intellectual property certain non-tangible assets held, principally covering the areas of patent protection, registered trade marks and designs , and copy-right tax holiday a period of time during which tax is not levied return the gain form an investment, either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment access a way by which a place, esp, property, can be reached or entered or used joint venture a business where the provision of risk capital is shared between two or more firms market place a place in which securities are sold and bought securities stocks and bonds gilts stocks issued by government information knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance qualifications competence membership the state of being a member of a certain organization practitioner a person engaged in the practice of a profession or occupation cost-effective producing optimum results for the expenditure shortfall deficiency equities company stocks ratify a country or firm that signs a legal agreement controversy public argument about sth. Which many people disagree with biennial best or most favorable clout influence anti-dumping make an agreement or a treaty officially valid by signing it mandate one form of action which may be taken by a government to protect industries from unfair competition by which goods are sold at a price lower than in the country where they are manufactured stillborn (of a child) dead at birth; (of an idea or a plan) not developing further contracting party similar, related to akin to happening every alternate year optimal authority given to perform a duty terms of trade the relation of export and import prices preference a practical advantage given to one over others export earnings money earned on the sales of goods to other countries provisions a formal or explicit statement of conditions demanded tariffs customs duties imposed by a government on imports or exports invisibles trade in services board an official group of persons who direct or supervise some activities of a firm permanent lasting counterpart a person or thing that closely resembles another in position or function forum an outlet for discussion of matters of interest to a given group Translation Conclusion Unit 1 stories 1. He was thirty-six, his youth had passed like a screaming eagle, leaving him old and disillusioned. 他已三十六岁,青春像一路鸣叫的鹰,早已一闪而逝, 留给他的是衰老和幻灭. 2. average height 普通高度 3. gleaming eyes 两眼闪着光辉 33 4. in his middle twenties 大概是二十五六岁的年龄 5. ignoring the chair offered him, Chu The stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was, what he had done in the past, how he had fled from Yunnan, talked with Sun Yat-sen, been repulsed by Chen Tu-hsiu in Shanghai, and had come to Europe to find a new way of life for himself and a new revolutionary road for China. 朱德顾不得拉过来的椅子,端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十岁的青年面前,用平稳的语调, 说明自己的身份和经历: 他怎样逃出云南, 怎样会见孙中山, 怎样在上海被陈独秀拒绝, 怎样为了寻求自己的新的生活方式和中国的新的革命道路而来到欧洲. 6. When both visitors had told their stories, Chou smiled a little, said he would help them find rooms, and arrange for them to join the Berlin Communist group as candidates until their application had been sent to China and an answer received. 两位来客把经历说完后,周恩来微笑着说,他可以帮他们找到住的地方,替他们办理加入党在柏林的支部的手续, 在入党申请书寄往中国而尚未批准之前,暂时作候补党员. 7. Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党 8. 两条要求, 忠实------内容, 通顺-------语言 9. Several times on his trips to China, which he made as a guest of the Chinese Government, Bill's birthday occurred while he was in Beijing. 以中国官方客人的身份, 比尔来访中国已多次了, 而且在北京停留期间恰适他生日也有好几次了. 10. „ This is for you,' Bill Morrow heard on many occasions he would never forget----such as when he was taken a boat down the Grand Canal and every boat that passed sounded its siren in salutation. Or when he shown over the great Nanjing bridge, built where the ferries used to carry trains across the Changjiang River. He was given a chair and asked to wait a little as darkness came on, then suddenly the whole bridge was outlined in lights. “这是为你安排的.” 这句话比尔.莫诺听到过好几次, 每一次都令他难以忘怀. 有一次, 他沿大运河乘船顺水而下,途经的每艘船都鸣笛致敬. 还有一次, 他参观雄伟的南京长江大桥------以前没桥时, 要靠轮渡托载火车横渡长江. 夜幕渐渐降临了, 他被安排坐下,并被告知稍坐等候, 然后突然间, 整个桥身被灯光勾画出了一个清晰的轮廊. 11. The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher, Anne Mansfield Sulliven, came to me. I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects. 在我的记忆里, 安妮.曼斯匪尔德.沙利文教师来的那一天,是我一生中最重要的日子. 从这一天开始, 我的生活与以前迥然不同, 一想到这一点, 我就感到非常兴奋. 12. On the afternoon of that eventful day, I stood on the porch, dumb, expectant. 那天下午,我一声不响, 怀着期待的心情站在门廊里. 13. Have you been at sea in a dense fog, when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in ,and the great ship, tense and anxious, groped her way toward the shore with plummet and sounding-line and you waited with beating heart for something to happen? I was like that ship before my education began, only I was without compass or sounding-line, and had no way of knowing how near the harbour was. “ light! Give me light!” was the wordless cry of my soul, and the light of love shone on me in that very hour. 不知你是否有过这样的经历---在海上航行遇上了大雾,周围一片白,好像着实把你关在一个黑暗的地方,大船上的人又紧张又着急, 一面用铅锤探测深浅,一面向岸边慢慢驶去, 你的心也怦怦直跳,生怕出事. 我在开始受教育之前, 就像这样一条船, 只是没有罗盘, 没有测探绳, 也无法知道离海港有多远. “光明!给我光明!” 这就是发自我内心深处的无言的呼唤, 也就在这时候, 爱心的光芒照到了我的身上. 14. Someone took it, and I was caught up and held close in the arms of her who had come to reveal all things to me, and, more than all things else, to love me. 有个人握住了我的手, 于是我被抱了起来, 紧紧地抈在了她的怀里. 正是她来到我的身边, 将一切展切在我面前, 更重要的是, 是她将爱带给了我. 15. monkey-like imitation. 猴子模仿似的 16. In the days that followed, I learned to spell in this uncomprehending way a great many words, among them pin, hat, cup and a few verbs like sit, stand and walk. 接下来的几天里, 我在根本不知自己在做什么样情况下,学会了拼好些单词, 比如PIN, HAT, CUP 及一些动词, 如SIT, STAND AND WALK. 17. That was because I saw everything with the strange, new sight that had come to me. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken. I felt my way to hearth and picked up the pieces, I tried vainly to put them together. 那是因为我正用一种刚刚获得的全新而奇特的视角来看待一切事物. 进屋时,我想起了被我弄坏的那个娃娃. 我摸索着来到壁炉前, 拾起那些碎片, 试图将它们拼接在一起, 却没办到. 18. it would have been difficult to find a happier child than I was as I lay in my crib at the close of that eventful day and lived over the joys it had brought me, and for the first time longed for a new day to come. 当那感概万千的一天快要结束时, 我躺在自己的小床里, 感受这一天带给我的那些快乐, 我觉得没有人比我更幸福了. 一生中第一次,我期待着新一天的来临. 19. 一切旧的传统观念, 一切阻止社会进步和人性发展的不合理的制度. All outmoded traditional thinking; any irrational system which obstructs social progress or human 34 development. 20. 我觉得有一根鞭子在抽打我的心, 又觉得仿佛有什么鬼魂借我的笔为自己伸冤一样. I felt as if my mind was being whipped, as if a ghost had commandeered my pen and was writing to redress the injustices it had suffered. 21.另一个地方 On another occasion. 22. 长得好看的人用不着浓妆艳抹, 而我的文章就像一个丑八怪, 不打扮, 看起来倒还顺眼些. Physically attractive people don't need heavy make-up. Though my writing resembles an ugly monster, it actually looks a little better without any embellishment. 22. 我最恨那些盗名欺世, 欺骗读者的谎言。 This means I oppose fabrication, deception and flowery language. What I hate most are those glory-seeking writers who deceive the public with their lies. 23. 就学习英语而言，有三个方面值得注意:拼法正确，合乎用法---一个词怎么用，和哪个词连用，很有讲究。句子平稳—合乎语法。 Unit2 HISTORY 1. The country was a place where men worked from dawn to dark, and the labourer lived not in the sun, but in poverty and darkness. What aids there were to lighten labour were immemorial, like the mill, which was already ancient in Chaucer's time. The industrial Revolution began with such machines; the millwrights were the engineers of the coming age. James Brindley of Staffordashire started his self-made career in 1733 by working at mill wheels, at the age of seventeen, having been born poor in a village. 在农村，人们从早到晚都得干活，劳动者并不是沐浴在阳光下，而在生活在贫困和黑暗之中，那么帮助减轻劳动的机械都不知从哪个年代就有了。比如磨坊，在乔叟的时候就已经是古老的了。而工业革命就是从这些机械开始的。修造磨坊的匠人就是开创新时代的工程师。斯塔福郡的詹姆斯。布林斯雷，出身于一个贫苦的农村家庭;一七三三年，他十七岁，就着手改良磨坊的车轮，从而开始了他那自我奋斗的生涯。 4. Brindley had begun on his own account, out of interest, to survey the waterways that he traveled as he went about his engineering projects for mills and mines. 布林斯雷在为他的磨坊和矿井建筑工程到处奔走的时候，出于自愿和兴趣，对沿途经过的河道进行了勘察。 5. they often had little education, and in fact school education as it then was could only dull an inventive mind. 他们一般都没有受过什么教育。事实上，当时那种学校教育也只能窒息人的创造性。 6. arteries of communication 交通的动脉 7. these things had been manufactured in villages which were growing into towns now, away from London; it was a country-wide trade. 这些物品都是在远离伦敦渐渐发展成为城镇的农村制造的。这是一场全国范围的贸易。 8(要从词汇，短语和结构三个方面去弄懂原文，但是光这样做还是不够的，还必须把握全篇。 9. It is not alone: it forms one of a triad of revolutions, of which the other two were the American Revolution that started in 1775, and the French Revolution that started in 1789. It may seem strange to put into the same pocket an industrial revolution and two political revolutions. 工业革命不是孤立的，它是当时三大革命之一，另外两次是美国革命和法国革命，分别始于1775年和1789年。将一次工业革命和两次政治革命相提并论，似乎有些奇。 10. cottage industry 作坊似的 11.what makes the Industrial Revolution so peculiarly English is that it is rooted in the countryside. 工业革命特别具有英国特色是因为它植根于农村 12. During the first half of the eighteenth century, in the old age of Newton and the decline of the Royal Society, England basked in a last Indian summer of village industry and the overseas trade of merchant adventures. 18世纪上半期，也就是牛顿的晚年，皇家学会逐渐衰败的年代，英国仍享受着农村经济和商业冒险家从事的海外贸易带来的最后欢娱。 13. Eventually, though a few communities continued to be devoted almost exclusively to mining, the real wealth of Montana, Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, and California proved to be in the grass of soil. 后业虽然少数城镇专门从事采矿业，但蒙大拿，科罗拉多，怀俄明，爱达荷等州的真正财富，也和加州一样，还是在草原和沃土之中。 14. readability, 读起来上口，顺。所谓翻译，是翻译意思，而不是翻译词句。只要抓住了意思，译文在词句上可以有一定的灵活性。 15. Despite the great gains in industry, agriculture remained the nation's basic occupations. The revolution in agriculture----paralleling that in manufacturing after the war involved a shift from hand labor to machine farming, and from subsistence to commercial agriculture. Between 1686 and 1910, the number of farms in the United States trebled, increasing from 2 million to 6 million while the area farmed more than doubled from 160 million to 352 million hectares. 尽管工业的收益很大，农业仍是国民的基础产业。农业革命----和战后的制造业革命齐驾齐驱，使手工业劳作变为机械耕种，使维持生计的农业变为商业化的农业。从1860年至1910年间，美国农场的数量翻了三番，从2000000个增至6000000个，耕种的面积也从1。6公顷增至3。52公顷，增长了一倍多。 16. In 1840, Cyrus McCormick performed a miracle by cutting from two to two-and-a-half hectares a day with the curious machine he had been developing for nearly 10 years. 到了1840年，塞路斯麦克米克创造了一个奇迹，用他历经近十年研制的神奇机器，一天可割麦2-2.5公顷。 17. In 1862, the Morrill Land-Grant College Act 35 1862年，政府颁布的有关赠地建校的“莫里尔公地兴学法案” 18. industrial colleges, appropriated fund, were at work. 农业院校， 下拨款项， 展开了科研活动。 19. 五四运动是反帝国主义的运动,又是反封建的运动. 五四运动的杰出的历史意思,在于它带着为辛亥革命还不曾有的姿态, 这就是彻底地不妥协地反帝国主义和彻底地不妥协地反封建主义. The May 4th Movement was an anti-imperialist as well as an anti-feudal movement. Its outstanding historical significance is to be seen in a feature which was absent from the Revolution of 1911, namely, its thorough and uncompromising opposition to imperialism as well as to feudalism. 20. 五四运动所进行的文化革命则是彻底地反对封建文化的运动,自有中国历史以来,还没有过这样伟大而彻底的文化革命. May 4th Movement was uncompromising in its opposition to feudal culture; there had never been such a great and thoroughgoing cultural revolution since the dawn of Chinese history. 21. 五四运动是在思想上和干部上准备了一九二一年中国共产党的成立,又准备了五?运动和北伐战争. Both in ideology and in the matter of cadres, the May 4th Movement paved the way for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 and for the May 30th Movement in 1925 and the Northern Expedition. 22. 上海,唐山,长辛店等地工人纷纷罢工示威, 中国工人阶级第一次作为觉悟了的独立的政治力量登上政治舞台,显示了它的伟大力量. Workers in Shanghai, Tanghsna, Changxindian and etc, went on strike to express their disapproval. As an awakened, independent, political strength, Chinese working class stepped on the political stage for the first time and illuminated its tremendous power. 23. 在全国人民反帝爱国斗争的压力下, 北洋军阀政府被迫释放被捕学生,撤销三个卖国?的职务,拒绝在对德”和约”上签字,反帝反封建斗争取得了初步胜利. Under the pressure of a nationwide patriotic struggle against imperialism, the Northern Warlord government had to release those arrested students, remove the 3 traitors from their posts and refuse to sign on the Peace Treaty with Germany. The struggle against imperialism and feudalism has achieved a foundemental victory. 24. 五四运动是一次彻底的不妥协的反帝反封建的革命运动, 它促成了中国工人运动同马克思主义的结合, 在思想上和干部上为中国共产党的成立作了准备, 是中国新民主主义革命的开端. May 4th Movement is a revolutionary movement with a thorough and uncompromising opposition to imperialism and feudalism. It prompted the combination of Chinese workers' movement and Marxism and, both in ideology and in the matter cadres, paved the way for the founding of Chinese Communist Party. It was the beginning of the Chinese New Democratic Revolution. 25. Scarcely less important than machinery in the agricultural revolution was science. In 1862, the Morrill Land-Grant College Act allotted public land to each state for the establishment of agricultural and industrial colleges. 在农业革命中与机械几乎同等重要的是科学.1862年,根据”莫里尔公地兴法案”, 国会把公用地分配给各州,以便建立农业和工业学院. 26. the revolution in agriculture---paralleling that in manufacturing after the war involved a shift from hand labor to machine farming, and from subsistence to commercial agriculture. 农业的革命----和战后制造业的革命并驾齐驱----使手工业劳动变为机械耕作,从维持生计的农业变成为商业化的农业. 3。1. All this suggested ancient harmonies. 这一切使人感到古代的和谐气氛. 2. The devastating floods and droughts that imposed a recurrent tax of suffering on the fellahin no longer occur. 过去给农民带来灾难的水旱灾害,现在也不再发生了. 3. About six years ago it became an island. Day by day the sea is eating the land----the dam has stopped the sediment of the Nile from replenishing the shoreline. 大约六年前, 那地方变成了一个小岛.海水一天天冲刷陆地----水坝已经使得尼罗河的泥沙无法沉积下来加固海岸了. 4. 旧的教学法只管三件事,识汉字, 读汉字读物, 写汉字作文. 冰心在<北京晚报>发表过一篇文章:”漫谈赏花和玩猫”. 5.Tombs and temples of ancient Egypt follow the Nile well into Sudan. Driving southward from Cairo into the valley, I entered a landscape that owed little to the present era. For the next 1800 miles the thin blue ribbon of the Nile, flowing slowly north, unwound over brown soil and green fields, some only a few yards wide, others as broad as an Iowa cornfield. At the edge of the fields, rising in dramatic hills or stretching flat to the horizon, lay the brown barren deserts. 古埃及的坟墓,庙宇遍布尼罗河两岸,一直沿至苏丹.驾车从开罗往南行至尼罗河谷,映入眼帘的是一番与现代截然不同的景色.蓝色玉带般的尼罗河绵延1800英里,在棕色的土地和绿色的田野间缓缓向北流去.田地有的仅几码宽,有的则如依阿华州的玉米地那么宽.田野的外边缘处是寸草不生的棕色沙漠,有的地方如小山般高高耸起,有的则平平的一直延展至天际. 6. I had the illusion that I was driving through one immensely long, narrow farm. 我感到自己宛若驾车穿越一个毫无尽头的狭长农场. 7. the road followed the course of the Nile, now passing through the fields, now drawing a black line separating them from the desert. 公路是顺着尼罗河修筑的,所以时而从田间穿过,时而如一条黑色的分界线将田地与沙漠隔开. 8. as the flood receded, the water draining through the soil leached out the salts and carried them off to the Mediterranean. 洪水退去时, 下渗土壤的水会冲走土里的盐分,并最终把盐带入地中海. 9. it enjoys a Mediterranean climate. 属地中海气候 10. The fertility of the surrounding plains, easy access to the Murray lowlands to the east and southeast, and the presence of mineral deposits in the nearby hills all contributed to the city's growth. 四周平原土壤肥沃,与东和东南方的墨累低地相通.附近山区有矿藏. 原为早期农贸中心, 现已工业化. 36 11. The Adelaide Festival of Arts was the first international celebration of its kind to be held in Australia. 阿德莱德文艺节每两年举行一次,是在澳大利亚举办的第一个国际性文艺活动. 12. Adelaide, the capital of South Australia, is one of Australia's best-planned cities. 南澳大利亚的首府,阿德莱德, 是澳大利亚布局最精巧的城市之一. 13. Belts of parklands line three sides of the area and four large open squares of lawns and trees break the regularity of the city buildings. North Adelaide, which is chiefly residential, is bordered by more parklands, and contains two open squares. N and S Adelaide are divided by the Torrens River, spanned by four bridge and lined with ornamental gradens. 带状绿地从三面环绕,区内的四块空地上有草坪也有树木,打破了市内建筑物的单调格局.北部主要是居民区,其周围也有公园环绕.另外还有两个大广场.南北阿德莱德的分界是特化斯河,河面上建有四座桥,两岸则有花园点缀. 14. The city contains many fine examples of early Australian architecture, including the town hall on King Wiiliam Street---the wide main N-S thoroughfare. 阿德莱德拥有许多早期澳式建筑的典范,比如贯通南北的主干道路----余威廉大街上的市政大厅. 15. jets of water, aluminium sculptures, draws its water. 喷水孔,铝质雕塑.供水之源 16. Parklands, which separate the city and the suburbs, are preserved in the perpetuity for the use of the people. 分隔市区与郊区的绿地永远留作人们活动的场所. 17. The Imperial Palace 18. Of particular interest if you have time might be the Imperial Ancestral Temple, which is to the right, and the Sun Yat-Sen Park, on the left. 19. Covering an area of 175 acres, the Palace is enclosed by walls over 35ft high and surrounded by a moat 57yd wide. 20. the Palace Museum, with four gates, has its main entrance to the south, known as the Meridian Gate. This is the gate you will approach as you continue along the cobbled roadway from Tian An Men. The Imperial Palace is divided into two ceremonial areas: the Outer Palace and the Inner Court. Through the Meridian Gate and across the Golden Water Bridge, one comes to the Gate of Supreme Harmony, the main gate of the Outer Palace. The main building in the Outer Palace are the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Preserving Harmony. 21. The Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Meridian Gate, the Outer Palace, the Inner Court, the Golden Water Bridge, the Gate of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Complete Harmony, the Hall of Preserving Harmony. 太和殿, 午门, 外朝, 内延, 金水桥, 太和门, 中和殿, 保和殿 22.总面积共有68.2公顷, 燕京八景之一, 五龙亭, 九龙壁, 御花园, 白塔, 燕京, 琉璃瓦, 影壁 With a total area of 68.2 ha. One of the eight views of Beijing. The Five Dragon Pavilion. Nine-Dragon Screen. The Imperial garden. The White Dagoba. Beijing. Glazed tiles. Screen. 4。 1. President Clinton realized---as al of us must---- that today's economy is global. 正如每个人必须认识到的那样,克林顿总统认识到当今的经济具有全球性质. 2. 1977, the sum total of Chinese imports and exports was less than $15 billion, putting China's share of world at 0.6 percent. The most populous country in the world, China ranked a distant 30th among exporting nations. By 1993 China's exports and imports totaled nearly $200 billion. China had become the world's tenth largest exporter. 在1977年,中国进出口总额还不到150亿美元,仅占世界贸易总额的0.6%, 世界上人口最多的中国在出口国家中排名靠后,仅是第30位,到1993年,中国进出口总额接近2000亿美元,它已成为每10个最大的出口国. 3. Per capita GNP has grown at an average rate of 7.6% from 1980-1992. 从1980年至1992年,人均国民生产总值平均增长率为7.6%. 4. But the importance of trade in our economy has exploded in the past three decades. In 1970, the value of two way trade was equal to just 13% of the US economy. Last year, that figure, at 28%, was more than twice as high. In just the last seven years, jobs supported by US exports have risen by 4 million, to a total of 11 million. That's almost one out of ten American jobs. Last year US trade equaled $1.8 trillion dollars. 但在过去30年中,我们经济贸易的重要性大大地增加了,在1970年,双边贸易的总值占了整个美国经济的13%.去年上升到28%,比1970年增加了一倍多.就在过去7年中,美国的出口创造的就业机会增加了400万个.总数上升到1100万个.这个数字就占美国就业总数的1/10.去年, 美国贸易总额达到了1.8亿美元. 5. Nor is the importance of trade likely to diminish for either China or the United States. Foreign exchange. 无论是中国还是美国,都不会缩小贸易的重要性. 外汇. 6. Bilateral trade, the order of 双边贸易 7. sound foundation for future commercial and financial ties. 为未来贸易与金融关系打下了一个坚实的基础. 8. China's imports from the US, which amounted to $900 million in 1978, rose to nearly $ 3 billion in 1982. exports rose from $300 million to $ 2.3 billion during that period. Total Chinese trade has also risenj dramatically, from 1978 to 1983 Chinese exports increased from roughly 10 billion to 22 billion, while imports increased from 10 billion to just over 21 billion. 中国从美国的进口额,从??到由9亿美元增至近30亿美元,对美出口额在这期间也从3亿美元增至23亿美元.中国的对外贸易总额也急速攀升, 中国的出口额从1978年的约100亿美元增至1982年的220亿美元,进口额与此同时也从100亿美元增长到了210多个亿美元. 9. joint ventures. Offshore oil exploration 合资企业, 海上石油勘测 10. there are reasons to be optimistic and to expect that commercial and financial relationships will 37 grow in the future. 我们有理由保持乐观的态度,有理由相信,未来贸易与金融关系会继续发展. 11. Food production, industrial production. Light industries. 粮食产量, 工业生产, 轻工业 12. I believe Chinese economic authorities recognize the problem and the next Five-Year Plan will address it effectively. 我相信中国的经济管理部门已认识到这个问题,在下一个”五年计划”中定会有效地解决这一问题. 13. Britain lives by commerce. With 2% of the world's population, we are the world's fifth largest trading nation. We rely more than any other major economy on the goods and services that we export, the investment that we attract and we make abroad. 英国的生存依赖贸易. 虽然英国人口只占全球的2%, 它却是世界第五大贸易国.英国对商品和服务出口以及对投资和引资的依赖超过了世界上其他主要经济体. 14.outward investor, net income, the share of foreign investment. 海外投资, 净收入, 15. what this means is that Britain has direct experience of the benefits that international trade and investment generate. 这意味着英国直接享受到了国际投资所带来的利益., 国际投资的蓬勃发展符合我国利益. 16. that is the way to maximize her share of world markets; and----as the UK knows from direct experience----to attract the stimulus, the technology and the funding that inward investment can offer. 最大限度地扩大其在世界上的市场份额的方法, 英国从自身直接的经历中体会到,吸引外资可以带来动力,技术和资金. 17. 严复--<天演论>,信—忠实, 达—流畅, 雅—尔雅, 他并不十分重视”信”, 他说”译文取明深义,故词句之间,时有所颠倒附益,不斤斤于字比句次.” 周煦良教授在”翻译三论”一文中说: 我认为应当作为”得体”来理解. 18. multilateral disciplines. Brought this home. Zero-sum game. Finite stock. Donor and recipient. 多边条约, 感触颇深, 盈利损失总体持平, 经济利益增长值, 投资方与被投资方 19. 立足国内资源, 实现粮食基本自给, 是中国解决粮食供需问题的基本方针. The basic principle for solving the problem of grain supply and demand in China is to reply on the domestic resources and basically achieve self-sufficiency in grain. 20.根据中国农业自然资源,生产条件,技术水平和其他发展条件,粮食增产潜力很大. Natural agricultural resources, production conditions, technical level and some other conditions ensure great potential in this respect. 21.即使考虑到土地报酬率递减的因素,也是有条件实现的. To achieve the target is totally possible even if the factor of diminishing land returns rate is considered. 22.中国政府将在加强对现有耕地保护的同时,加快宜农荒地的开发和工矿废弃地的复垦. The Chinese government will make efforts to speed up the reclamation of wasteland suitable for farming as well as land discarded by factories and mines. 23. inland waters, aquaculture, aquatic products, intensification, animal by-products, arbor foodstuffs. 内陆水域,养殖,水产品,集约化,畜产品,木本食物. 5。 1. it's raining again. As I lie awake in bed, listening to the sound of those razor-sharp drops pounding on the pavement, my mind goes reeling down dark corridors teeming with agonizing flashbacks, and a chill from within fills me with dread. It's raining, again. 又下雨了,我躺在床上,睡不着,听着雨点儿落在路面上啪啪作响.我思绪万千,恍恍惚惚进入了一条条幽暗的甬道,回想起许多痛苦的往事.心里一阵冰凉, 不禁感到毛骨悚然.是的,又在下雨了. 2.it does this every year in Southern California; at least that's what they told me last year when I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain. 加利福尼亚南部,年年如此;去年,雨无情地下个不停.我表示惊异, 人们就是这样对我说的. 3. every child raised in the West knows about these dangers. At least that's what I used to think. I'm not so sure anymore. 在西部长大的孩子都知道洪水的厉害.至少我过去是这样想的,现在就不敢说的. 4. Habits form, however, and, in a child's mind, most of the time becomes all of the time, and nobody gives it much thought. Then the rains come. 然而孩子们习以为常,在他们心目中,”大部分时间”变成了”全部时间”,而谁也没有仔细去想这件事.后来就下起雨来了.\ 5.在理论方面,鲁迅曾针对当时赵景深的”宁顺而不信”的提法,提出了”宁信而不顺”的主张. 1935年,鲁迅在”题未定'草'”一文中又对翻译作了新的概括.他说:”凡是翻译,必须兼顾着两面,一当然力求其易解,一则保存着原作的丰姿.”也就是说,翻译既要通顺,又要忠实. 6. Each day we make choices that affect our lives and, sometimes, the lives of others. 每一天我们都要做出许多选择,大部分是为自己,有的也为别人. 7. Somehow our path took us toward the park, across the footbridge high above the rolling water of the Los Angeles River. 不知怎的,我们就踏上了通向公园的小路. 8.Many children were playing close to the water, and we were stunned by their ignorance and daring. The far bank. 许多孩子在告近水边的地方玩耍.他们的无知与鲁莽把我俩看呆了. 9. He jumped into the water to get his bike and was carried rapidly downstream, a look of panic and horror registering on his young face. 他跳进河里去捞车.急流一下子就把他给冲走了,他吓坏了,脸上现出惊恐的表情.刹那间,我们要做出选择. 10. the greatest instinct, I believe, is to help a child in need. 我想,是本能驱使我们去救助一个危难中的孩子. 11. I could see that he had confronted much more than he could handle, even being as strong and athletic as he was. 从艾勒的表情,我知道,尽管他身强力壮,但当时他面临的困境是他无法摆脱的. 12. feeling of guilt, as a matter of course. That little was lucky to get out. 内疚心理, 理所当然, 那孩子命大的话会脱险的. 13. Although both my parents died young, I have done well in this respect as regards my other 38 ancestors. My maternal grandfather, it is true, was cut off in the flower of his youth at the age of sixty-seven, but my other three grandparents all lived to be over eighty. 我的父母年纪轻轻就去世了,可是说到祖辈,我还是选得不错的.我外祖父固然是在风华正茂之年就弃世了,当时他只有六十七岁,但是我的祖父,祖母和外祖母却都活到了八十以上. 14. my maternal grandmother, after having nine children who survived, one who died in infancy, and many miscarriages, as soon as she became a widow devoted herself to women's higher education. 我外祖母有九个孩子活了下来,有一个孩子很小就死了,她还流产过多次.丈夫一死,她就致力于女子高等教育. 15. if you have wide and keen interests and activities in which you can still be effective, you will have no reason to think about the merely statistical fact of the number of years you have already lived, still less of the probable brevity of your future. 你要是有广泛的爱好和强烈的兴趣,而且还有能力参加一些活动,你就没有理由去考虑自己已经活了多少岁这样的具体数字,更没有理由去考虑自己的余年大概是很有限的了. 16. one's thoughts must be directed to the future, and to things about which there is something to be done. 一个人应当考虑未来,考虑一些可以有所作为的事情. 17. It is easy to think to oneself that one's emotions used to be more vivid than they are, and one's mind more keen. 人们往往会对自己说,我过去感情多么丰富,思想多么敏锐,现在不行了. 18. the other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigour from its vitality. 另一件需要避免的事就是老想和年轻人呆在一起,希望从青年的活力中吸取力量. 19. Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves, but human beings, owing to the length of infancy, find this difficult. 动物,一旦它们的后代能够自己照料自己,它们就不管了;但是人,由于抚养子女的时间长,是难以这样做的. 20.在我国,从二十年代开始从事翻译工作,从五十年代乃至八十年代还在讨论翻译问题的,大概只有两个人,一个是郭沫若,一个就是茅盾. 21. I think that a successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interests involving appropriate activities. 我认为,如果老年人对个人以外的事情怀有强烈的兴趣,并参加适当的活动,我们的晚年是最容易过得好的, 他们的晚年才会是一生收获的季节. 22.Yong men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do ,to fear of death is somewhat object and ignoble. 年青时有这种想法是可以理解的. 年青人害怕阵亡疆场,而且一想到人生最美好的一切就这么被葬送了,恐惧的心情会更加严重.这种恐惧无可厚非.但作为老年人,人生的悲欢离合你已都经历过了,自己要做的事情也都做了,这时若还恐惧死亡,那就有些让人瞧不起了. 23. An individual human existence should be like a river--- small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end , without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. 一个人的一生应像一条河----起初窄窄的,夹在两岸之中,急速地流动阒,冲过岩石,冲下瀑布,渐渐地,河面变宽了,两岸变得越来越远,河水静静地流动着,直到最后,再也没有什么阻碍了,因为这时,你已融入了大海,毫无痛苦地结束了自己单独存在的那一段历程. 24. 如今,能为他的这本散文集作序,我觉得很荣幸. I find it a great honour to be asked to write a preface to this collection of his essays. 25. <心上的河流>写出了他对于小河流水的深情,这使我忆起死回我所热爱的无边的大海. In “ A River at Heart”, he expressed his deep feelings towards the flowing water of a creek, which reminded me of my own love for the boundless, vast sea. 26.这几年,我因行动不便, 整天过着”井蛙”的无聊生活,读了这游记,绚丽生动得如经其境,给了我很大的快乐. In recent years, unable to move about easily, I have been leading a dull life like that of “a frog at the bottom of a well”. Reading his travel notes gave me great pleasure because they are so colourful and vivid that I felt I was actually there. 27.如同旧梦重温一般,我回忆起1936年在伦敦的3个星期,在昼夜看不到日,月,星三光的浓雾之中,参观了大英博物馆,敏纳斯教学-----访问了一些英国朋友. Just like going through old dreams, I remembered the three weeks I had spent in London in 1936. during that time, when the sun, the moon and the stars were hidden behind the thick fog day and night, I visited the British Museum and the Westminster and called on my English friends. 28.因为住处离罗浮宫很近,我就整个上午”泡”在罗浮宫里. As I was very close to the Louvre, I would loiter in the palace the whole morning. 29. 吃过早餐,就出来坐在宫门台附上,欣赏宫门口那一大座花坛,花坛里栽的是红,黄,白,紫四色分明的盛开的郁金色. After lunch, I would come out and sit on the steps at the entrance of the palace, enjoying the big flower beds near the gate filled with blooming tulips of distinctive red, yellow, white and purple. 30. 意大利是我最喜欢的一个欧洲国家. One of my favorite European countries falls on Italy which is built of stone. 31.佛罗伦萨给我留下的,除了美术馆里的雕像和壁画之外,还有一座座府弟墙壁上的灯座,每座灯下都有一只拴马的铁环,是聚会或宴客时拴马用的,十分别致. Things I can remember in Florence are the statues and murals in the Art Gallery as well as the lampstands on the walls of each house. Under each lampstand, there is q unique 39 iron ring used to tie the horses when parties or banquets are held. 6。 1. 重神似不重形似”这是在讨论翻译问题时常说的一句话. 傅雷—人间喜剧, 约翰.克利斯朵夫, 最难应付的是原文中最简单最明白而最短. 2.“No, no, no,” replied this individual, who was blond and vigorous and by nature a little irritable and contentious. “没有,没有,没有,” 这个人回答说.他长得漂漂亮亮,精神饱满,生性有点暴躁, 喜欢争吵. 3.茅盾:”直译的意义若就浅处说,只是'不妄改原文的字句';就深处说,还求'能保留原文的情调与风格.” 4.”No, sir, but couldn't I pick it up pretty quick if I tried hard?” “是没干过, 先生.但只要我用心,很快就会学会的,是吧?” 5.Clyde, left alone in this fashion, and not knowing just what it meant, stared, wondering. 克莱德就这么给甩在这儿了,弄不明白什么意思, 两眼直愣愣地想呀想呀. 6.著名翻译家王佐良教授以翻译英诗为主,兼及散文和戏剧. 1980年出版的他的<英国诗文选择集>中,有他译的袁斯诗11首,雪莱诗8诗,麦克迪儿米诗10首,有他译的培根的散文3篇,科贝特的散文6篇.1985年出版了他译的<彭斯诗选>.此外他还曾将曹禺的<雷雨>译成英语. 7.I remember my childhood names for grasses and secret flowers. 我记得儿时给各种小草和隐蔽的小花取的名字. 8.It required only a rich winter of rain to make it break forth in grass and flowers. 只要经历一个雨量充足的冬季, 草呀,花呀, 就会长出来. 9. when June came the grasses headed out and turned brown, and the hills turned a brown which was not brown but a gold anad saffron and red----an indescribable color. 到6月,草就已经长高了,颜色也变成棕色了.山则显出一种特别的棕色,说棕也不是棕, 有点金黄,有点桔黄,还有点红----也形容不出是个什么颜色. 10. It was a rasping nervous wind, and the dust particles cut into a man's skin and burned his eyes. 大风让人们烦躁焦虑,尘土的微粒剐着人的脸,刺痛人的眼睛. 11. The land cracked and the springs dried up and the cattle listlessly nibbled dry twings. 土地龟裂,泉水干枯,牛儿无精打采地啃着干树枝. 12. The tall, well-dressed gentleman standing before me was certainly a far cry from the old sea wolf of my imagination. 站在我面前的是一位身材高大,衣着讲究的先生, 与我先前想像的老海怪完全不同. 13. A delighted giggle cut through the severe silence. The ice was broken. We all laughed. 一阵咯咯的欢笑声打破了严肃而沉寂的气氛. 谁也不拘束了,大家都笑了起来. 14.在旧社会, 我们评剧演员常常挣钱不够吃饭,艺人们大都是拉家带口,生活困难. In the old society, Pinju players seldom made enough to live on. And as most were saddled with big families their life was hard. 15.腊月二十三封箱,把”祖师爷”请到前台去, 后台冷冷清清, 演员们就更苦了,要等到年初一开戏了,才能挣到钱. On the twenty-third of the twelfth lunar month, when theatres closed and the patron saint of actors was invited to the front stage, leaving the backstage deserted, actors were even worse off, unable to earn any more until the reopening on New Year's Day. 16. 真是一个钱撕成八瓣用,心里总是想着怎样能够改善家里的困境. Each single copper had to be eked out, and I kept racking my brains for ways to improve our difficult conditions. 17.每天天不亮戴着星星去排队,工厂没开大门就排上老长的队了. We had to queue up before dawn when there were still stars in the sky. A long queue formed before the mill's gate opened. 18.可我从头到脚淋成了落汤鸡了. I was drenched from head to foot like a drowned rat. 8。 1. there were three groups of oils; animal, vegetable and mineral. 油可以分为三大类:动物油,植物油,矿物油. 2. a few other creatures yield oil, but non so much as whale. 有些动物也出油,但都没有鲸鱼出得多. 3. Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity. 植物油从古以来就为人们所熟悉. 4. To it we owe the existence of the motor-car, which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse, to it we owe the possibility of flying. 就是因为有了这种油,我们才能用上汽车,以代替马车.就是因为有了这种油,我们才有可能飞行. 5. two metal surfaces rubbing together cause friction and heat; but if they are separated by a thing film of oil, the friction and heat are reduced. No machine would work for long if it were not properly lubricated. 两个金属面相擦,就要产生摩擦和热;但如果在它们之间抹上薄薄的一层油,就可以减少磨擦,降低热度. 6. the statement that oil originated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map showing that chief oilfields of the world; very few of them are far distant from the oceans of today. 石油原于大海的这种观点是被人们所认可的,你要看一眼世界主要油井的分布图就一目了然了, 几乎没有远离现在海洋的油井. 7. the rocks in which oil is found are of marine origin too. 石油存在处的岩石也都有海洋的渊源. 8. A very common sedimentary rock is called shale, which is a soft rock and was obviously formed by being deposited on the sea bed. And where there is shale there is likely to be oil. 一块极普通的沉积岩叫页岩,这种页岩质地松软,很明显是通过海底沉积作用形成的. 有页岩的地方,极有可能有石油. 9. the drill may just miss the oil although it is near; on the other hand, it may strike oil at a fairly high level. 有时石油虽就在附近,但因为没钻准地儿,结果还是一无所获.有时呢,就这么一钻,石油就喷出好高好高. 10. when the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed. 从油田获得的原油要被送到炼油厂进行处理.接下来再将获得的汽体浓缩后成为煤油. 11. We stand now where two roads diverge. But unlike the roads in Robert Frost's familiar poem, they 40 are not equally fair 我们正处在两条道路分岔的地方.但是并不像我们所熟悉的罗伯特.佛罗斯特诗中所说的,这两条路是同样的好. 12. right to know 知情权 13. A truly extraordinary variety of alternatives to the chemical control of insects is available. 除了用化学方法控制昆虫以外,还有其他各种非常奇妙的方法可以利用. 14. All have this in common: they are biological solutions, based on understanding of the living organisms they seek to control, and of the whole fabric of life to which these organisms belong. 所有这些方法都有一个共同点:他们都是生物的解决办法，其基础是人们对所要控制的生物体的了解，以及对这些生物体整个生活状况的了解。 15. It has its obscure and unpretentious beginning; its quite stretches as well as its rapids; its periods of drought as well as of fullness. 其源头，隐隐约约，并不引人注目;其流势,时而平缓,时而湍急;其水情, 有汛期,也有枯谒期. 16. Dr. Knipling was ready for a full-scale test of his theory. 尼普林教授已在佛罗里达岛进行了一些实地预备性实验, 并计划大规模地实践其理论. 17. the resounding success of the Curacao experiment whetted the appetities of Florida livestock raisers for a similar feat that whould relieve them of the scourge of screw-worms. 库拉索岛上的实验大获成功. 这引起了佛罗里达州特征畜饲养者的兴趣,他们希望借助这一成果帮他们摆脱螺旋铃绳这一祸害. 18. prearranged flight parents. 事先安排好的飞行队形. 19. 中国还对广阔的大陆架和专属经济区行使主权权利和管辖权;中国的海域处在中,低纬度地带,自然环境和资源条件比较优越. 人工养殖. China also exercises sovereignty and jurisdiction over the vast continental shelves and exclusive economic zone, as defined by the Un Convention on the Law of the Sea. Located in medium and low latitudes, China's sea areas have comparatively advantageous natural environmental and resource conditions. 20. 所谓上下文一般是指该语言单位的语言环境. 所谓狭义上下文是指句子的上下文, 即在一个句子的范围内该单位周围的的一些语言单位.所谓广义上下文是指该单位的超出句子范围的语言环境,这就是话语上下文,即在该单位的周围,在该单位之外,亦即在与之毗连的各个句子的语言单位的总和. 狭义上下文又可以分为句法上下文和词汇上下文. 所谓环境, 是指:1.交际环境,妈了实现交行行为的环境; 2.通报主题,即话语中描述的一情景; 3. 交际参与者,即说者与听者. 9 1. As recently as the early 1960s, the phrase “environmental law” would probably have produced little more than a puzzled look, even from lany lawyers. 早在六十年代初,甚至连许多律师接触到”环保法” 这个词儿,大半也只会感到纳决而已. 2.enforcement power, environmental statutes. Court of apples. Federal Power Commission. Grant a licese 执法权力, 环境法, 上诉法院, 关邦电力委员会, 颁发许可证. 3.A powerful indictment of America's disregard of ecology, Silent Spring was aimed chiefly at the wholesale use of chemical pesticides, especially DDT. In 1965 a court action took place that ranks in environmental importance with the publication of Silent Spring. 不久以后,在1962年雷切尔.卡林所著,名为<沉默的春天>一书问世了><沉默的春天>有力的控诉了美国之忽视生态,它主要是针对大规模使用农药----特别是嘀滴涕. 1965年又发生了一件诉讼,其对环境之重要意义,不亚于<沉默的春天>之出版. 4. strip mining, noise pollution, offshore oil drilling, waste disposal. Aerosol cans, and nonreturnable beverage containers. 露天采矿, 噪音污染, 深海钻油,废物排放, 喷雾器罐及一次性饮料容器. 5. in fact, there is hardly a realm of national life that is not touched by the controversy that often pits those who style themselves environmentalists against proponents of economic growth in our energy-consumming society. The problem is to balance the needs of the environment against those of the economy or consumers trying to cope with the high cost of living without destroying the earth on which we all depend. 实际上,人类生活的方方面面都同这个争议密切相关.那些自称为环保主义者的人十分关注这个皱议,他们反对社会消耗能源以求发展经济. 问题其实是要在环保需求同经济消耗需求之间找到平衡,既满足生存的高消耗又不能破坏我们依赖的地球. 7. enacting legislation, Clean open land. Clean Air Act Amendment. State legislatures. Bills. Hearings. Private lobbies. Labor unions. Trade-offs. Immediate future. Taken into account. 实行规范, 空置土地, 净化空气法案, 净化空所修正法案, 各州立法机构, 条款, 听证会, 行业协会, 劳工会, 8. the contracting states. copyright protection international systems. Copyright proprietors. Cinematographic works. 缔约国,成员国, 版权保护, 世界版权保护制度, 版权所有者, 电影的作品 9. For the purpose of this Convention any Contracting State may, by domestic legislation, assimilate to its own nationals any person domiciled in that State. 为实施本公约,任何成员国均可按照国内立法,将经常居住于该国的任何人按本国国民对待. 10. Director-General, signatory States. Come into force. 委员会主席, 缔约国. 生效. 11. each Contracting State undertakes to adopt, in accordance with its Constitution, such measures as are necessary to ensure the application of this Convention 各缔约国应依据其宪法采取有效措施保证此公约的实施. 12. it is understood that at the date this convention cones into force in respect of any State, that State must be in a position under its domestic law to give effect to the terms of this Convention. 须明确的是此公约在缔约国内一经生效, 该国就应依据其国内法律实施公约的各项条款. 13. 中华人民共和国 People's Republic of China 14. 国际经济合作和技术交流, 平等互利的原则 International economic cooperation and technological 41 exchange. On the principle of equality and mutual benefit. 15. 合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律, 法令和有关条例规定. All activities of an equity joint venture shall comply with the provisions of the laws, decrees and pertinent regulations of the PRC. 16. 合营各方, 主管部门, 工商行政管理主管部门. 有限责任公司. 注册资本. Parties to the venture, competent department, State's competent department in charge of industry and commerce administration. Limited liability company. Registered capital. 17.合营企业各方可以现金, 实物,工业产权等进行投资. The parties to an equity joint venture may make their investment in cash, in kind or in industrial property rights. 18.董事会, 企业发展规划, 生产经营活动, 收支预算, 利润分配, 劳动工资计划. Board of directors; the venture's development plans, proposals for production and business operations. The budget for revenues and expenditure, the distribution of profits. The plans concerning manpower and wages. 19. 毛利润, 所得税, 储备基金, 职工奖励及福利基金, 企业发展基金, 净利润, 注册资本 Net profit. Income tax. Reserve fund. A bonus and welfare fund for workers and staff members and a venture expansion fund, 20. 外汇帐户, 外汇管理条例, Foreign exchange transactions. Regulations on foreign exchange control. 21. 合营企业所需原材料,燃料,配套件等, 应尽先在中国购买, 也可由合营企业界自筹外汇,直接在国际市场上购买. In its purchase of required raw and processed materials. Fuels, auxiliary equipment, etc. an equity joint ventures should first give priority to purchases in China. It may also make such purchases directly on the world market with foreign exchange raised by itself. 22. 外籍职工, 个人所得税, 不可抗力, 全国人民代表大会 Foreign employee. Individual income tax. Force majeure. National People's Congress. 10 1. distinguished guests. On behalf of. Incomparable hospitality. 诸位贵宾. 谨代表. 盛情款待. 2. Never have I heard American music played better in a foreign land. 我在外国从来没有听到过演奏得这么好的美国音乐. 3. gracious and eloquent remarks. Common ground. At the outset. Common interests. 盛情和雄辩的讲话. 合作的共同点. 一开始. 共同利益. 4. we have acquired a keen sense of the diversity, dynamism, and progress of China under your policies of reform and opening to the outside world. 我们强烈地感受到你们所进行的改革和对外开放政策给中国带来的多样化,活力和进步. 5. more than eight years have passed since Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping and I joined hands to establish full diplomatic relations between our two great nations. 自从邓小平副总理和我共同建立我们两个伟大国家之间的正式外交关系以来,已经八年多了. 6. sino-American relationship. The forging of firm Sino-American ties. National security policies. 中美关系. 建立牢固的中美关系. 国家安全政策. 7. strategic relations. Non-government sectors. 战略关系, 非政府部门 8. in this context, it is important for our two societies to search for areas of cooperation which clearly add to our mutual benefit. 在这种情况下, 两国寻求能明显带来互惠互利的合作领域便显得尤为重要. 9. in the area of public health. Although ours is relatively quite small, such activities, when combined with our common foreign policy interests and a growing commercial relationship, should help to remove the lingering fragility in Sino-American relations. 在公共健康领域方面. 尽管我方所占比例较小, 但此次项目, 涉及我们基本对外政策的利害关系及不断增进的商业关系,必将有助于消除中美关系中长期存在的不稳定因素.\ 10. 先有哈佛,后有美利坚合众国, 这说明了哈佛在美国历史上的地位. The fact that Harvard was founded before the United States of American testifies to its position in the American history. 11. 中国教育界,科学界,文化界一直同哈佛大学保持着学术交流. The Chinese educational, scientific and cultural communities have all along maintained academic exchange with this university. 12. 中国在自己发展的长河中, 形成了优良的历史文化传统. In the prolonged course of its development, China has formed its fine historical and cultural traditions 42