中国古代的经济制度（The economic system in ancient China）

中国古代的经济（The economic system in ancient China） 中国古代的经济制度(The economic system in ancient China) The economic system in ancient China (1) characteristics of China's ancient economic system Agriculture was the focus of the economic system in ancient times The household registration system is used as the basis for the formulation of economic system Land taxes and corvee system, constitute the basic framework of ancient economic system. The purpose of the economic system is to bind the peasants to the land so as to stabilize the social order The economic system not only restricts the annexation of land, but also is subject to annexation of land (two) the land system in ancient China 1, the evolution of the land system in ancient China "The world" and the state-owned land system "Private land" and private ownership of land The political turmoil and wasteland" Land annexation and land limitation" Shoutian and resettlement of displaced persons" The large land ownership restricts the continuation of the land system 2, the meaning and characteristics of "land state ownership" in slave society From the "home world" countries formed the pattern of domination, is the essence of all land and land will be under the jurisdiction of the population, as a family of common property, it is called "public field". Under the influence of the patriarchal clan system, the "family" and "divide and rule" are realized through "dividing the soil and sealing the Marquis" In the "state-owned land", the owner of the land and farming into slavery, the "labor rent" form. The formation of private ownership of land He said, "no man is born."" "Han Shihuo Zhi" "Tian in the grass, and is not closed" "Mandarin" week depending on who you listen to Establishment of household registration system "The people have two males or more who are not alike, twice as many as they are."" "Historical records Shangjunshu biography" "Recently the people" "The book of Lord Shang Lai people" 2, the "tuntian" background and essence Long in the political situation of war and turbulence A great deal of land is barren A large number of refugees fleeing war The military system was used to bind the peasants to the land Tun Tian has only the right to use the land 3, the limited land system Background: The annexation of the land led to a decrease in state taxes The peasants lost their land and aggravated social conflicts and unrest Substance: The Western Jin Dynasty, which is not on the national system, the allocation of land, but the state limit the amount of possession of the land. In the form of law, to protect the interests of the clan. 4, the social background and characteristics of the system of land grant Background and condition: The rule of the state is in a relatively stable situation The state controls vast amounts of uncultivated land Large numbers of peasants have little or no land Characteristic: It is a system granted by the state Xiang Chenmin (mainly farmers) to the land according to certain standards The land owner has the right to use the land he has granted, and he has the right to own part of the land The land grant system is compatible with the tax system The form and substance of the land grant system For the grant of land to "land" in the name. Since the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, there were a total of 7 land. "Land system" mainly in the family for the grant of land objects and units. The land used for the grant of land is confined to the state's largely uncultivated land, not the redistribution of land throughout the country For private land to meet or exceed the land grant standards, no longer grant farmland, nor withdraw from excessive land The land grant system is also a measure of peasant restraint on the land so that it can provide taxes Northern Wei Zhi Northern Wei Wo nine years (485 years), Emperor Xiaowen issued "Tian ling": Man over fifteen years old, Tian Tian 40 acres. Women 20 acres At the beginning of the grant of land, 20 acres of mulberry man to wing. The field shall not be traded, nor shall he be returned after death I Shoutian with beloved. Each head of cattle exposed granted 30 acres of fields, the 4 head. Professor Tian Xia Xiang deficiency, Xu Xiang Qiankuan. The Sui Dynasty land system Suikai Huang two years (582 years), the emperor issued "Tian ling": One man grants 80 mu (Tian Tian) to the mouth, and 40 mu for the woman A "bed" grant (or Matian Yongye Tian Kuwata) 20 acres. I Shoutian with people. Cattle Shoutian limit 4, 60 acres per head. The system of Tang Dynasty Ding Nan (21 - 59 years old), male (16 - 20) to grant land 100 acres. 20 acres to 80 acres of permanent land, as the export field. Old man (60 years of age or older) who has a disability of 40 acres A widow and concubine granted 30 acres of fields. Professor Tian and mouth: men who (monks, priests) 30 acres of women (nuns, nuns) 20 acres. The characteristics of the system in Tang Dynasty Compared with the previous generation, the fields were different Restrictions on the sale of land are loosened Allow the sale of permanent land Heci man Tian. Allow people can't afford the burial after death, sell Yongye Tian. From narrow to wide rural township, and export fields can sell apple. For the purchase of residential, hotel, roller, or sell the export field. Think questions two How to evaluate the effect and influence of the system Land issues after the Mid Tang Dynasty Land annexation is developing rapidly "If the smell and rich home, than the field, it is the fear of annexation, the articles of association,...... So that the people have nowhere to go" "Entire Donovan" Volume 35 "Tianbao ten years export ban from the people," Chao Tian Yongye The Song Dynasty did not set up farmland and did not control annexation Since the Song Dynasty, the commodity economy has been very active. Bureaucrats, landlords and businessmen have become the main land acquirers Wang Anshi's political reform formulated the "Tian Tian Tian tax law" Zhang Juzheng "measured land reform". The reflection of land annexation in the slogan of peasant uprising The war of the late Tang Dynasty, Huang Chao played "Ping" banner. Wang Xiaobao and Li Shun uprising put forward the slogan of "both rich and poor" The clock phase, Yang Yao uprising, put forward "and poor, both rich and poor" slogan. The peasants' War, Li Zicheng put forward the "kinda free food" slogan. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement, advocating the "land to the tiller". During the first national revolutionary war, the slogan of "fighting the tyrant and dividing the fields" was put forward (three) China ancient tax system 1, the structure and evolution of the ancient Chinese tax system The service system is a product of private ownership of land. It is at the beginning, the establishment of private land ownership. But with the emergence of private ownership of land, and subject to large land ownership. The rent tax system, tax (or household tax), corvee (or service) is composed of three parts. Rent through labor, real (divided, fixed), the evolution of several forms of currency. 2, the service system in pre Qin Period Slavery, servitude and rent. The spring and Autumn period, the establishment of private ownership of land under the form of tax system. In 568 BC, the state of Qi had to pay taxes In 643 BC, the "Yuan Tian". In 594 BC, the "levy by acre". In 548 BC, the state of Chu was "measured into Fu Fu" In 408 B. C., the state of Qin rented the land at first Qin Dynasty; Shang Yang; political reform Qin Shang Yang's reform, established on the basis of the household registration and land tax system. "Are on the draft, with its Shoutian number, no Ken (Ken) not Ken (Ken), are on the three release into the stone, two stone" "Yunmeng Shuihudi Qin Tian law" Hidden households,...... No man is worthy of his word" "Yunmeng Shuihudi Qin law Q" "Royal hair syndrome, lack of Eph, a cheap two" "Yunmeng Shuihudi Qin Yao law" 3, the service system in the early Western Han Dynasty "The emperor not out Jun Si phase, or by oxcart. Qi Min no cover to hide" The book of historical records The ruling policy of "Huang Lao Wuwei" and "the people rest" Compile household and Qi people A tax system: land rent, tax (mouth Fu, "people seven years old to fourteen years old Fu export money"; "people is Fu, fifteen years to more than fifty-six people out of money for a Fu, 120."), Lord. 4, the service system in the period of Wei (Tun Tian) Cao Wei period, the implementation of Tuen tin guest divided into land rent: the use of official cattle, and the government 46 divided; do not use official cattle, and the authorities half divided The farmers in the Jian nine years (204 years) the implementation of household modulation: land rent of 4 liters per mu Na Su, Hudiao household NaNO 2 silk, cotton 2 pounds. Cao Wei's "household modulation" abolished the Han Dynasty in the implementation of the "Fu", "count" and other head tax, to households as a unit of levy; divided into the system of rent for the fixed rent The western tax system (Xian Tian - zhantian) The tax system is divided into two items: male 50 acres of state-owned farmland, small state-owned farmland rent 4, Na Hu; Hudiao Na, 3 silk, cotton 3 pounds. 5, the tax system in the Northern Dynasties Emperor Xiaowen reform, the implementation of rent modulation. A bed (monogamy) at the age of 2 a nano silk, Su Shi. Fifteen years old unmarried men and women and slaves of 8 people, 20 cattle, with a bed. The Lord, Ritchie is a temporary. The Northern Qi Dynasty, the labor force set into the rent modulation. The Northern Zhou Dynasty, determined the Nannian service in January. He called for rent adjustment force service system. 6, the rent adjustment force service system A bed every year to rent 3 Stone (4 feet) a transfer of silk, cotton 3 two, or 1 (5 feet) end of cloth, hemp 3 pounds. Ding old male service in January. Kai Huang three years (583 years), a total of 2 feet cut. Man has served 20 days since he was twenty-one years old Kai Huang fifteen years (590 years), the "people of fifty years, a collection of mediocre" 7, the rent of the early Tang Dynasty "All households rent a two. The Su Hu with the native silk, Shi, each two feet, two feet five feet. The cloth lost Shi, silk, cotton cloth, linen 32; three pounds" "Where Suiyi Ding two years, there is a leap year plus two days. No matter it is received mediocre daily three feet, Budd 1/5" "Tang Liu Dian" volume three Characteristics of the rent transfer system in Tang Dynasty The object of expropriation is changed from "one bed" to "one little" Tax and labor force is less about 1/3. days. The Sui Dynasty Will "lose very mediocre" system. In the two kinds of rent, transfer tax, land tax and household tax and the early Tang Dynasty. As the local granary grain; household tax as transfer station. ' 8, two tax law Tang Jianzhong first year (780 years), Prime Minister Yang Yan changed to "two tax law"": "The cost of a hundred games, a collection of money, first of all, and its number, given to the people, measured out in order to enter, households without the host and guest, in order to see the residence as a book; people without Ding, the rich and poor poor...... In the autumn two tax levy of the customs are inconvenient. The rent Yong factotum noted, but Ding amount not waste, such as old. The entry declaration levy tax rate, to Dali fourteen years (779 years) the number of cultivated fields prevail, and all the summer syndrome. No tax in June, autumn November. No tax" "Old Tang Yang Yan Zhuan" Two, the characteristics and historical status of tax law Adapt to the development of the large land ownership system The only asset is the church, Don't take Ding as your own" "Lu Lu Zhi Xuan Gong Ji" Volume 22 "people first" festival T-shirt Broaden the scope of the tax payer A project to simplify tax collection Timely order code, save the liangtu disadvantages " Du You "," Volume 7 9, a whip "A whip." in a county of liturgical, quantity meter Ding, Ding Liang Bi officer. One year old lost in the battle, all officials raised. The total force difference is the amount of food costs, increase or decrease; the difference is the silver to pay fees, increase the consumption of any amount. Do, do send, Beijing Fu years and remained for the million fee, and the local contribution party, and is a noted, all total acres of silver, fold to do officer, so that one of the whip " "History of the Ming Dynasty Shihuo Zhi" The characteristics and historical status of the law. Liturgical merger, simplify the collection. Mu expropriation All taxes levy Silver To state the county as a unit, the total amount of tax calculation The reality of land annexation is more closely integrated Stimulated the development of commodity economy The expropriation of silver also caused farmers to suffer more from exploitation 10, tandingrumu (the small one, Land, Ding, silver, Ding, anywhere.) Fifty-one years of emperor Kangxi (1712), Shengzu issued the "breeding population, never add Fu edict. To Kangxi fifty years of population (population 24621334, 335 more than two small silver), as a permanent quota. In the future breeding population, without increasing the amount of small silver. The characteristics and historical status of "Mu Ding Mu" Change the two yuan tax system of population and land into a single land tax system It alleviated the burdens of peasants without land or less, and alleviated class contradictions The peasants are given certain freedom of their own Conducive to the accuracy of population statistics and population growth Changes in the population of China after the introduction of Mu Mu into Mu Qing Emperor Qianlong eighteen years (1753) National Population 102750000 mouth Qianlong thirty-one years (1766) National Population 208095796 mouth Daoguang thirteen years (1833) National Population 398942036 mouth (four) the basic characteristics of the ancient Chinese tax system On the basis of levy and object, is the main land and the household registration (population). To adapt to the "peasant economy structure of men tilling the farm and women weaving". Rent tax divided, Hudiao (Fu, three mouth) corvee collection, its evolution is becoming the trend. "Jane Tang Yong, can lose by" corvee "commonplace"; "a whip, Fu, battle with Qing; Tan Ding Ru Mu Fu, will export tax one. Rent in the pre Qin and Qin and Han Dynasties, the use of divided into systems; Wei and Jin Dynasties, began as a quota system The tax to levy real (food, cloth). Since the Ming Dynasty, tax levy silver (currency). China early stage of feudal society, the coexistence of tax system and land system;