nullnullnullnullnull 助动词have (has) + 动词的过去分词
注:has 用于第三人称单数,have 用于其他所有人称。规则动词的过去分词变化与过去式相同,不规则变化则须单独记忆。null1. 现在完成时
示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。(汉语中常用“已经”、“过”、“了”等表达)通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词 just,already, before, yet, never, ever 等状语连用。例如:
① I have never heard of that before.
② Have you ever ridden a horse?
null ③ She has already finished the work.
④ Have you milked the cow yet? Yes, I have done that already.
⑤ I’ve just lost my math book. null 2.现在完成时表示过去已经开始,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。可以和表示延续的时间状语连用。
如for、since 等引导的时间状语。(注意:句中谓语动词要用延续性动词)null 瞬间动词即非延续性动词不能直接与for/ since 连用。要改变动词:
come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in
go out----be out
finish----be over
open----be open
die----be deadnull★用have代替buy
My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.
★用keep或have代替borrow
I have kept the book for quite a few days. null★用be替代become
How long has your sister been a teacher?
★用have a cold代替 catch a cold :
Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
null 注意:非延续性动词 leave, arrive, come, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow 等的完成时,在肯定句中不能与 for 或 since 等引导的时间段连用。但其在否定式是可与这类时间状语连用的。如:I haven’t met him for two years. 我两年没有遇见他了。
null for: +一段时间: for a year, for two weeks , for three years 过去的某一时刻:since nine o’clock
since last week
一般过去时态的时间状语从句:
since you came ,since you got home.since一段时间的表达
有两种:null注意:for 和since 所引导的时间状语
都表示一段时间.He has been away since last week.He has been away for one week.对划线部分提问都用How longnull
3. have been (to)和have gone (to)的区别:
★have / has been (to) 表示“曾经到过某地”,说话时此人不在那里,已经回来。侧重指经历。
★have / has gone (to) 表示某人“已经去某地了”,说话时此人可能在路上或已到那里,反正不在这里。 null
试比较:
He has been to Beijing. 他曾去过北京。
(人已回来,可能在这儿)
He has gone to Beijing. 他已经去北京了。
(人已走,不在这儿)。null
null
一般过去时与现在完成时
之比较
一般过去时与现在完成时
之比较
1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作,和现在不发生关系。而现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况 。
一般过去时与现在完成时
之比较
一般过去时与现在完成时
之比较
2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
◎ 一般过去时的时间状语有:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now,等具体的时间状语。
一般过去时与现在完成时
之比较
一般过去时与现在完成时
之比较
◎ 共同的时间状语有:
this morning, tonight, this summer, before, already,等。
◎ 现在完成时的时间状语有:for, since, ever, never, just, already, yet, in past years等不确定的时间状语。
请大家认真分析比较下列各例句:请大家认真分析比较下列各例句:
1. I saw this film yesterday.
(只说明动作发生在过去。)
I have seen this film.
(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)
请大家认真分析比较下列各例句:请大家认真分析比较下列各例句:
2 .he has returned from Paris.
(她已从巴黎回来了。)
She returned yesterday.
(她是昨天回来的。)
请大家认真分析比较下列各例句:请大家认真分析比较下列各例句:3. He has been in the League for three years.
(在团内的状态可延续)
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入团,joined为短暂行为。)null 注意:句子中如有一般过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。例如:
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
null 瞬间动词可以用于现在完成时,但不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如可说“He has left.”但不能说“He has left for three years.” 如果要表达“他已走了三年了”可用以下几种表达法:null一、用ago,使用一般过去时。
He left here three years ago.二、用“It is +一段时间+since +一般过去时从句 ”
It is three years since he left here.null三、用“ 一段时间+have/ has passed + since + 一般过去时从句” Three years have passed since he left here. 以上三种表示方法适用于所有瞬间动词。null一看时间状语。如果句中没有表示过去确切时间的状语,常用现在完成时;如果有,则只能用一般过去时。如:
I have visited the factory.
I visited the factory last year.null二看句首有无疑问词。如果笼统地问人家做过某事了吗(句首无疑问词),常用现在完成时;但进一步询问何时、何地何原因、用什么方式做那事时(句首有疑问词)就要用一般过去时。如:null-Have you had your breakfast?
- Yes, I have.
-When did you have it? -At seven thirty.null注意: 这种用法是以连贯性问答为背景的。否则就需要具体情况具体分析。如:
How many words have you learned by heart?
How did you learn them by heart?null三看句中谓语动词是否为延续性动词。如果表示的动作或状态一直延续到现在,最好选用延续性动词,并使用现在完成时;如果是瞬间动词,则用一般过去时。如:
He has been a league member for two months.
He joined the Youth League two months ago.null( )1.You’ve never seen such a wonderful film before, _______?
A. haven’t you B. have you
C. do you D. don’t youBnull( ) 2. Mr. Green ____ in China since five years ago.
A. lived B. has lived
C. lives
D. is going to liveBnull( ) 3. His grandma ______ for two years.
A. died B. has died
C. was dead
D. has been dead Dnull( ) 4. –Where is Han Mei now?
- She ____ to Shanghai. She will be back in two days.
A. has gone B. has been
C. goes D. had goneAnull( )5. How long have you ____ this book?
bought B. borrowed
C. had D. lentCnull( )9. —Where have you _____ these days?
—I have _____ to Kunming with my friends.
A. been , gone B. been , been
C. gone , been D. gone, goneBnull