一、有机物的概念

一、有机物的概念 First, the concept of organic matter 1. Definitions: compounds containing carbon elements are organic compounds (oxides of carbon, carbonates, carbonates, metals other than carbon) 2, many kinds of characteristics: the most difficult to dissolve in water, soluble in organic solvents, easy decomposition, easy combustion and low melting point, hard conductive, mostly non electrolyte, slow reaction, side effects ("to" replace "=" the reaction equation) Two, methane Hydrocarbon hydrocarbons: consisting of only two elements, carbon and hydrogen (methane is the simplest hydrocarbon molecule) 1 physical properties: colorless, odorless gas, extremely difficult to dissolve in water, the density is less than that of air, common name: biogas, pit gas 2, molecular structure: CH4: carbon atoms as the center, four hydrogen atoms as the vertex of the tetrahedron (bond angle: 109 degrees, 28 points) 3, chemical properties: oxidation: (product gas test?) Methane does not react with KMnO4, so it does not fade the purple KMnO4 solution The substitution reaction: (also called trichloromethane chloroform and dichloromethane, tetrachloromethane called carbon tetrachloride, only one structure, that methane is tetrahedron structure) 4. Homologues: structurally similar substances that differ in molecular composition from one or more CH2 atoms (all alkanes are homologues) 5. Isomers: compounds having the same molecular formula but with different structures (different structures lead to different properties) Comparison of the boiling point of alkanes: when the number of carbon atoms is different, the higher the number of carbon atoms, the higher the boiling point; the more the carbon atoms are, the more branched branches are, and the lower the boiling point of the melting point is Isomer writing: the isomer of butane and pentane Three, ethylene 1. The preparation of ethylene: Industrial Law: cracking gas of Petroleum (ethylene production is one of the marks of a country's petrochemical development level) 2, physical properties: colorless, slightly odorous gas, slightly lighter than the air, insoluble in water 3, structure: unsaturated hydrocarbons, molecules containing carbon carbon double bond, 6 atoms coplanar, the bond angle is 120 degrees 4, chemical properties: (1) oxidation reaction: C2H4+3O2 = 2CO2+2H2O (flame bright and accompanied by black smoke) The acid KMnO4 solution can be faded, indicating that ethylene can be oxidized by KMnO4, and the chemical properties are more active than alkanes. (2) the addition reaction of ethylene can make water fade, using this reaction in addition to ethylene Ethylene can also react with hydrogen, hydrogen chloride, water and so on. CH2=CH2 + H2 = CH3CH3, CH2=CH2+HCl = CH3CH2Cl (ethyl chloride) CH2=CH2+H2O to CH3CH2OH (ethanol) (3) polymerization: Four, benzene 1, physical properties: colorless, a special smell of liquid, the density is smaller than the water, toxic, insoluble in water, soluble in organic The solvent itself is also a good organic solvent. 2, the structure of benzene: C6H6 (hexagonal planar structure) benzene molecules between 6 C atoms bond exactly the same, 2 times greater than the carbon carbon bond energy of carbon bond energy is less than carbon bond energy, bond length between carbon bond length and bond bond length between The key angle is 120 degrees. 3, chemical properties (1) oxidation 2C6H6+15O2 = 12CO2+6H2O (flame bright, smoke thick) Potassium Permanganate can make acid fade (2) substitution reaction + Br2 + HBr The role of iron catalyst and reaction of bromine: ferric bromide bromobenzene; colorless greater density than water Benzene and nitric acid (represented by HONO2) undergo substitution reactions to produce colorless, insoluble water, density greater than water, and toxic oily liquids - nitrobenzene. + HONO2 + H2O Apply the water bath to control the temperature at 50 - 60 DEG C, and the concentrated sulfuric acid is used as catalyst and dehydrating agent. (3) addition reaction With nickel as catalyst, benzene reacted with hydrogen to form cyclohexane + 3H2 Five, ethanol 1, physical properties: colorless, special fragrance of the liquid, the density is smaller than water, and water with any ratio of mutual dissolution How to test whether it contains water, ethanol and anhydrous copper sulfate; how to obtain anhydrous ethanol: lime, distillation 2, structure: CH3CH2OH (containing functional groups: hydroxyl) 3, chemical properties (1) ethanol with sodium metal reaction: 2CH3CH2ONa+H2 = 2CH3CH2OH+2Na= (substitution) (2) the oxidation of ethanol. Ethanol combustion: CH3CH2OH+3O2=, 2CO2+3H2O Catalytic oxidation of ethanol, 2CH3CH2OH+O2=, 2CH3CHO+2H2O Ethanol is oxidized by strong oxidant CH3CH2OH Six (common name: acetic acid and acetic acid) 1, physical properties: at room temperature is colorless, has a strong pungent smell of liquid, easy to form the same crystal as ice, so pure acetic acid, also known as glacial acetic acid, and water, alcohol, soluble at any rate 2 and structure: CH3COOH (containing carboxyl group, can be considered as carbonyl and hydroxyl components) 3. The important chemical properties of acetic acid (1) acetic acid: acid, but strong acidic than carbonate, perforating with acid The acetic acid can make the purple litmus red Acetic acid can react with carbonates to form carbon dioxide gas Using acetic acid, acetic acid can be used to remove scale (mainly CaCO3): 2CH3COOH+CaCO3= (CH3COO) = 2Ca+H2O+CO2 Acetic acid can also react with sodium carbonate and form carbon dioxide gas: 2CH3COONa+H2O+CO2 = 2CH3COOH+Na2CO3= The above two reactions can prove that the acidity of acetic acid is stronger than that of carbonic acid. (2) esterification of acetic acid (acid, hydroxyl, alcohol dehydrogenation, esterification is a substitution reaction) Acetic acid, the main product of ethanol, is a colorless, aromatic, dense, water insoluble, oily liquid than water. In experiments, saturated sodium carbonate was adopted to absorb ethanol and acetic acid to reduce the solubility of ethyl acetate. The reaction was made with glacial acetic acid and anhydrous ethanol, concentrated sulfuric acid as catalyst and water absorbent Chemistry and sustainable development