1995年考研英语真题(张剑)

1995年试题与分析 Section ⅠUse of English Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep.   1  kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is   2  to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more   3  . The new experiments, such as these   4  for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations  5  of non-REM sleep. For example, it has long been known that total sleep 6  is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 _examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now   8  the mystery of why the animals die. The rats  9  bacterial infections of the blood,  10  their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed.     1. [A] Either            [B] Neither        [C] Each            [D] Any 2. [A] intended        [B] required        [C] assumed        [D] inferred 3. [A] subtle             [B] obvious        [C] mysterious        [D] doubtful 4. [A] maintained        [B] described        [C] settled        [D] afforded 5. [A] in the light        [B] by virtue        [C] with the exception    [D] for the purpose 6. [A] reduction        [B] destruction    [C] deprivation    [D] restriction 7. [A] upon            [B] by            [C] through        [D] with 8. [A] paid attention to    [B] caught sight of    [C] laid emphasis on    [D] cast light on 9. [A] develop            [B] produce        [C] stimulate        [D] induce 10. [A] if                [B] as if            [C] only if        [D] if only 一、文章结构总体分析 睡眠分为浅睡阶段和较长时间的深睡阶段。虽然人们对两个阶段的睡眠都不是十分了解，但是人们推测浅睡对大脑起修复作用。深睡的作用更令人难以理解。在最近睡眠研究协会的会议上，专家们首次描述的新实验，对非快眼动睡眠的作用进行了吸引人的阐释。因剥夺睡眠而死亡的老鼠的尸体检查发现，其免疫系统似乎已崩溃了。 二、 试题解析 1.[答案] B [解析] 本题考核的是：不定代词的用法。 空格上文提到，睡眠分为浅睡阶段和深睡阶段。因此空格处____ kind of sleep指的就是这两种睡眠。四个备选项中，首先排除[D]项。any 指“任何一个”，如：You can buy sugar at any big store.你可以在任何一家大商店里买到糖。余下的选项中，each指两个或多个中的每一个，例如：Each of them thinks different thoughts.他们中的每一个人都有不同的想法。either表示两者之一，表示肯定，如：You can park on either side of the street. 在街道的哪边停车都可以。neither表否定含义，表示“两者都不”。如：Neither of us could understand German.我们两个谁也不懂德语。空格所在的分句里出现的关键词at all一般与否定词连用，即 not… at all，意为“一点也不，根本不”，因而这里应填表否定含义的词，[B]正确，意为“人们对两类睡眠都没有完全了解”。 2. [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：动词词义辨析。 intend意为“想要，打算，企图”，intend to do sth. (=mean to do sth.)意为“打算做某事”，主语一般是有生命的事物。如：I hear they intend to marry. 我听说他们要结婚了。require意为“需要，要求，命令”，be required to do sth.意为“被要求/必须做某事”，如：All passengers are required to show their tickets.所有乘客都必须出示车票。显然不能说，“浅睡眠阶段被要求做某事”。assume意为“假定，设想”，be assumed to do sth.意为“被假定/认为做某事”，如：He is assumed to be a Belgian.（他被认为是个比利时人。）infer意为“推论，推断”，但它不用于infer sth. to do结构中，而用于infer sth. from sth.结构中，如：Much of the meaning must be inferred from the context.（大部分含意必须从上下文中推断。）因此，只有assume符合上下文的要求。另外，根据上文可知，人们对睡眠的两个阶段都不十分了解，因此有关浅睡眠的功能的论述只是一种推测，[C]为正确项。 3. [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：形容词词义辨析。 subtle意为“微妙的，难以捉摸的”，如：He complained that these people were subtle. 他抱怨说这些人难以捉摸。obvious意为“明显的”；mysterious意为“难以解释或无法理解的”；doubtful意为“可疑的，值得怀疑的”，如He is a doubtful character. 他是个可疑的人物。 前文提到人们对两种睡眠阶段都不是很了解时用了well-understood一词，从逻辑语意上可以推出人们对non-REM sleep也不很了解，因此，几个选项中mysterious最合适。 4. [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：动词词义辨析。 空格所在句子是一个长句，主干部分是The new experiments suggest fascinating explanations. such as引导的短语是对experiments的举例说明。these指的是the new experiments，空格处填入的过去分词表示被动含义，相当于一个后置定语从句，即these which are _____ for the first time…，用来修饰these。四个选项中，maintain意为“保持，维持”，与句中的for the first time相矛盾；settle意为“解决”，afford意为“支付得起”，与experiments不搭配。describe意为“描述”，用在文中表示“（会议上）描述的一些新实验”，符合文意。 5. [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：短语语意辨析。 四个选项都可与介词of连用。in the light of (= in light of/according to)意为“按照，根据，考虑到”，如：He rewrote the book in the light of further research.（他根据进一步的研究重写了那部书。）by virtue of意为“依靠，由于”，如：She got the job by virtue of her greater experience.（她由于经验较为丰富而得到了那份工作。）with the exception of(= except)意为“除了……之外”，如：All his novels are set in Italy with the exception of his last.（他的小说除最后一部外全是以意大利为背景。）显然，这三个含义代入文中都不符合文意。for the purpose of可以看作是一个固定短语，意为“为了……的目的”，如：The three groups have been combined for the purpose of this study.（为了这项研究工作，三个小组业已合并。）但本文中却不是把它作为一个固定短语使用，而且分成了两个部分，explanations常与for搭配，表示“解释……的原因”， the purpose of non-REM sleep在上文中出现过，表示“深睡眠的作用”，正确答案是[D]。 6. [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：名词词义辨析。 for example一词提示空格所在部分是衔接上文，解释深睡眠的作用的举例。reduction意为“减少”；deprivation意为“剥夺”；restriction意为“限制”。destruction意为“破坏，毁灭”，通常指具体事物，如：The fire caused the destruction of my books.这场大火使我的藏书被毁坏。“对老鼠产生致命影响”的应是“睡眠的剥夺”，所以[C]符合题意。 7. [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：介词的用法。 upon+名词/动名词=when引导的从句，其中upon相当于when/directly after，表示“当……时……”。如：Upon entering the room（=When I entered the room）, I found him lying on the floor.用在文中表示“当检查死亡老鼠的尸体时”，因此[A]为正确答案。 through意为“凭借，用……的方法”； by意为“凭借，靠，通过”，主要表示方法、手段；with意为“用，使用；以”。本文如果使用这些介词，首先需要在名词examination前加上定冠词the；其次其逻辑主语就是句子的主语the animals，这样含义就成了“动物通过检查动物尸体”，不符合逻辑。 8. [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点：短语语意辨析。 pay attention to 意为“注意”，如：pay attention to state affairs关心国大事；catch sight of (=see)意义“看到，发现”，如：She caught sight of a car in the distance.她一眼瞥见了远处的汽车；lay emphasis on (=emphasize)意为“重视”，如：He laid a strong emphasis on the study of foreign languages.他把重点放在学习外训上；cast/throw/shed light on意为“使（问题等）较容易理解”，如：Recent research has shed new light on the causes of the disease.最近的研究结果可以使人进一步了解导致这种疾病的原因。根据句意，应选[D]，表示“一位研究人员使人们进一步了解动物死亡的奥秘”。 9. [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：动词词义辨析。 develop意为“（逐渐）显现出，（开始）患（病）”，如：She developed measles. 她得了麻疹。produce意为“制造，产生”，如：Hard work often produces good results.努力工作经常会有好结果。stimulate意为“促进，刺激”，如：Exercise stimulates the flow of blood.体操促进血液流动。induce意为“引诱，诱使”。如：Too much food induces sleepiness.吃得过饱会产生睡意。本题的关键词bacterial infections of blood (血液细菌感染)是一种病，根据习惯搭配，应该用develop。 10. [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。 本句是一个复合句。主句The rats develop bacterial infections of the blood用的是一般现在时，根据时态一致的原则，从句也应该用现在时。但在本题中，从句用的是过去完成时。很显然，主从句的时态不一致。时态不一致一般是由两个原因引起的：一，时间状语，如：I’m doing my homework, while I was watching TV this time yesterday.二，虚拟语气的使用，如：If I were you, I would go there. 如果我是你，我就去那儿。此题并没有涉及时间状语因此导致时态不一致的原因是虚拟语气的使用。 If意为“如果”，跟虚拟语气时，主句应相应地使用虚似语气，如：The conference wouldn’t been so successful, if we hadn’t made adequate preparations.如果我们不做充分的准备，会议是不会开得这么成功的。 as if 意为“好像”，可以接虚拟语气，如：He behaved as if nothing had happened.（他表现得若无其事。） only if 意为“只有”，接条件从句，一般引起主句的倒装现象，如：Only if the red light comes on is there any danger to employees.只有红灯闪亮时才有危及职工的险情。 if only意为“要是……就好了”，接虚拟语气，一般用来引导感叹句，如：If only she had known where to find you. 由于文中只有从句使用了虚拟语气，因此应选[B]，意为“似乎它们的免疫系统已经崩溃”。 三、全文翻译 睡眠分为浅睡阶段（REM）和较长时间的深睡阶段(non-REM)。浅睡阶段伴有快速的眼睛运动和做梦的特征。人们对两个阶段的睡眠都不太了解，不过人们推测，浅睡眠具有一些大脑修复功能。而深睡眠的作用则更更加令人费解。在明尼阿波利斯举行的由睡眠研究协会组织的近期会议上首次描述了一些新实验，类似这样的实验对深睡眠的作用进行了吸引人的阐释。 例如，人们早有所知，完全剥夺睡眠会100％使老鼠致命，然而，在检查死亡鼠类的尸体之后，发现这些动物看起来却非常正常。现在，一位研究人员已揭开了这些动物死亡的奥秘。老鼠患了血液细菌感染，就好像它们的免疫系统——抵御疾病原体的自我保护机制——已崩溃。 Section ⅡReading Comprehension Passage l     Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more. And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value. Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of. There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade. If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants. 11. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__. [A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising [B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming [C] advertising costs money like everything else [D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising 12. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising? [A] Securing greater fame.                 [B] Providing more jobs. [C] Enhancing living standards.            [D] Reducing newspaper cost. 13. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_. [A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising [B] interested in nothing but the buyers' attention [C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information [D] obviously partial in his views on advertising 14. In the author's opinion,__. [A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information [B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over [C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer [D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement 一、文章结构总体分析 本文论述了广告对现代社会做出了很大贡献。文章一开始作者就全面肯定广告的作用，认为花钱做广告是很值得的；接着列出它给社会带来的诸多益处。最后通过驳斥广告重在劝说而非提供信息的观点，指出广告具有劝诱性是无可厚非的。 第一段到第三段：先指出做广告是值得的，然后列举广告的优点，最后得出结论：广告给社会带来的物质利益比其他的形式都大。 第四段和第五段：对知名人士的话进行批评，为广告辨护，提出广告既要提供信息，又不可避免地要劝说大众。 二、试题分析 11. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__. 文章首句的意思是_____________ 。 [A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising [A] 他对广告价格了如指掌 [B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming [B] 人人都知道广告很费钱 [C] advertising costs money like everything else [C] 像做其他事一样，做广告要花钱 [D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising [D] 把钱用在广告上很值得 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：句意题。 首先看句子语法，第一句的重点是对as well as的理解。as well as 有两种意思：1）相当于in addition (to),意为“除……外，同，和，也”，如：He gave me money as well as advice. 2)用作连词引出比较对象，意为“和……一样好”。第2）种含义放在本文中才讲得通，这里as well as any相当于as well as any（money spent）, I know of 是定语从句，修饰any。其次，看下文内容。从文章第二句“它直接有助于……”可以推出作者对广告的作用持肯定态度。因此第一句应该被理解为“花在广告上的钱和任何别处花的钱一样值得”。 [D]项正是这个含义的概括，因此为正确项。[B]、[C]选项仅停留在“广告花费钱”的含义上，体现不了对广告的肯定态度；选项[A]是对从句“I know of”的错误理解。 命题意图要求考生正确理解句中为避免重复而省略的部分。 12. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising? 哪个选项不是文中提到的广告的优点？ [A] Securing greater fame.     [A] 保障更高的知名度 [B] Providing more jobs. [B] 提供更多的工作 [C] Enhancing living standards.    [C] 提高生活水平 [D] Reducing newspaper cost. [D] 降低报纸成本 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。 第一段作者对广告给予肯定并且列举广告带来的诸多益处：（1）它直接有助于商品以合理价格迅速销出；（2）在稳定国内市场的同时，使产品能够以有竞争力的价格进入国际市场；（3）它给人以新的消费观，从而大大提高人们的生活水准；（4）它有助于增加市场需求，扩大劳动力市场，有效地扩大就业；（5）它使日报等公共事业的服务价格低廉。由此可见，[B]、[C]和[D]选项都在文中直接涉及，可以排除。第二段首句虽然谈到广告为人们购买的产品和服务的合理价格提供了保障，但是未提及[A]选项“保障更高的知名度”的内容，因而为正确答案。 注意：这种“which is not included”题型相当于except题型，一般要在大范围内搜索，排除原文中已经提到的选项或直接找出与原文不符的选项。 潜在命题点：依据此内容可另出一题：What is the biggest advantage of advertising? A．Providing more jobs. B．Enhancing living standards. C．Reducing the costs of many services. D．Ensuring the quality of the products and services. 答案为[D]。关键是第二段首句“most important of all” 表明下面所述为最重要的优势，因此在列举题中，要注意关联词的作用。此外，也可用排除法，[A]、[B]、[C]在文中并列，作用相仿，成为答案几率均等，故都应该排除。 13. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_. 作者认为文中提到的知名人士________。 [A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising [A] 准确地表达了他对广告的评价 [B] interested in nothing but the buyers' attention [B] 只关心消费者的注意力 [C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information [C] 区分劝说和提供信息是有道理的 [D] obviously partial in his views on advertising [D] 对广告的评价明显存有偏见 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：本题考核的知识点是：作者观点题。 题干要求考生回答作者对文中提到的知名人士的看法。文章第四段谈到该知名人士对广告持否定态度，即他批评广告更多的是在劝诱观众，而不是提供信息。这显然与作者前面第三段用大篇幅对广告赞扬的态度大相径庭，所以作者马上对这种观点进行驳斥，以维护自己的观点。作者认为“他把两者区分得过于细微。因为广告不可避免地要劝说消费者，如果广告的内容仅仅限于提供信息，那将会乏味之极”。由引可以推论作者对知名人士看法持否定态度。因此[D]选项为正确选项。 [A]选项和[C]选项都持肯定态度，可以排除。而[B]选项也不对，因为在文中并未讨论知名人士的兴趣和关心对象问题。nothing but意为：只有，除了……之外都不。 命题意图要求考生正确理解文章局部细节体现的作者态度。 14. In the author's opinion,__. 在作者看来____________。 [A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information [A] 广告很少能够通过提供信息给人们带来物质利益 [B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over [B] 广告给人以新的观念，而不在于说服人 [C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer [C] 广告向购买者促销是无可非议的 [D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement [D] 消费者对从广告获得信息不感兴趣 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：作者观点题。 本题考查作者对广告所持的观点。读完全文后，我们已经很清楚作者对广告的态度和观点。先是在前三段肯定广告给社会带来的诸多好处，然后在第四段和第四段又指出广告劝说消费者不仅是不可避免的也是必要的，否则便失去了吸引力，不能把广告的劝诱性作为批评它的论据。[C]选项恰恰符合这一观点，为正确答案。 [A]选项与第三段的内容相悖。[B]选项与第四段作者提出的“广告不可避免地要劝说消费者，内容不仅仅限于提供信息”的看法不一致。[D]选项不正确，作者在末段提到，只提供信息的广告不会引起观众的兴趣，不能由此推出，消费者对广告信息毫无兴趣。 win sb. over(to sth.)=win sb. to do sth. 意思是“说服某人做某事”。 注意：做此类局部作者态度题，可以先看选项中是否有直接可排除之选项；不能排除的再定位，对照进行排除。 三、长难句解析和佳句赏析 长难句 ①It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. 本句的主干是It serves to assist…, thereby establishing… and so making…, thereby 后是两个并列分词短语做结果状语。Serve directly to do sth. 意思是：直接用于……。如：The evidence serves directly to support what the defendant said. 这些证据直接支持被告的陈述。 make it +形容词+to do sth.意思是：使……成为可能。 译本：它直接有利于商品以合理的价格快速地销售，从而建立稳固的国内市场，并且有可能以有竞争力的价格提供出口商品。 ②Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. 句子中的主干是no regular advertiser dare promote a product。前面apart from引导介词结构做状语，其中fact后是that引导的同位语从句；主句的宾语product后是由that 引导的定语从句做后置定语。 译文：除了国会制定的27项法案对广告词加以约束之外，也没有哪个正规的广告商胆敢推销与广告承诺不符的产品。 ③If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it , and that it represents good value. 该句是一个主从复合句，if引导条件状语从句，主句是it is the surest proof…，I know 做proof的后置定语，两个that 引导的并列从句都是proof的同位语从句。 译文：如果你看到一种商品不断地做广告，我认为这是最可靠的证明，即此商品一定与其宣传名副其实，一定体现良好的价值。 ④If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. 该句主干是If its message were confined merely to information…advertising would be so boring that…，其中if引导虚拟条件句，表示与事实相反，主句是so…that…句型表示因果关系。破折号中间为插入成分，由一个主从复合句组成，主句为that would be difficult，这里that指代If虚拟条件句if its message…；紧接着的是条件从句if (that is) not impossible to achieve，后面是for 引导的原因状语从句。 译文：如果广告仅仅限于提供信息——这一点本身也难以做到，如果不是不可能的话，因为即使选择一件补衬衫颜色这样的细节也多少隐含劝说之意——它就会变得枯燥乏味，无人关注了。 佳句 广告是写作的一个很好的话题，因为它和我们现在的生活紧密相关，而且还存在人们对它褒贬不一的态度。而本文作者针对广告提出了新颖的观点，全面肯定。其中的很多句子都值得我们搜集背诵，在写作中使用。 ①By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment.广告可以提高生活品质，增加就业率。 ②He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once.广告骗人只能一时，谎言迟早是要败露的。 四、词汇注释 (1) distribution (n.) 销售，分配，分发；配给物；分布状态，分区，分类；发送，发行 (2) tube (n.) [英口]地铁；显像管，电子管 (3) live up to (v.) 做到，不辜负。如：He didn’t live up to his reputation.他的生活与他的名声不符；与live有关的其他短语： 1）live on靠……生活。如：He lives on his friends. 2) live through 度过，经受过。如：He lived through three wars and two revolutions. 此外，应该注意live, living, alive的区别。 1) live:“活着的”直接加以名词之前，主要用于物。如：a live mouse  2)living：“活着的”可用作表语，亦可做定语；可用于人，也可用于物。如：Is the wife still living?  3)alive:“活着的”只做表语，或用在和他有关的名词的后面。living可用作比喻意味，如：living image，而alive只能用作原有的意义，不能用作比喻意义。如：No one alive will believe it.没一个活人会相信。 (4) mercifully (adv.)幸运地是；宽厚地，仁慈地；merciful (a.) (5) have the good sense 很明智。如：He had the good sense to realize that the plan would never work.他很明智，知道这项绝对行不通。 (6) touch on 涉及，关系到，简略地论述 (7) distinction (n.)差别，区分，draw ~ between A and B (8) confine (v.) (与to, within搭配)局限，限制（于）；管制，禁闭 (9) subtly (adv.) 细致地，精巧地；subtle (a.) 细微的，微妙的；精巧的，巧妙的 五、全文翻译 花在广告上的钱和我所知花在任何别的方面的钱一样是值得的。它直接有利于商品以合理的价格快速地销售，从而建立稳固的国内市场，并且有可能以有竞争力的价格提供出口商品。（长难①）通过向公众推出新思想，它极大地促进生活水准的提高。通过帮助增加商品需求，它确保对劳动力的更大需求，因此成为对抗失业的一项有效措施。（佳句①）它降低了许多服务费用：没有广告，日报的价格将是现在的四倍，电视许可证价格会翻一番，乘汽车或地铁出行也将贵出百分之二十。     也许最重要的是，广告对你所购买的产品和服务的合理价值提供了一种保障。除了国会制定的27项法案对广告加以约束之外，也没有哪个正规的广告商胆敢推销与广告承诺不符的产品。（长难②）他也许会通过误导人的广告暂时愚弄一些人。但他这样做长不了，因为所幸的是，公众很明智，不会再次购买劣质商品。（佳句②）如果你看见一种商品不断地做广告，我认为这就是最可靠的证明，商品一定与其宣传名副其实，一定体现良好的价值。（长难句③）     广告对社会的物质利益所作的贡献比我能想到的任何其他力量都要大。     有一点我觉得应该在此提及。最近我听到一位电视知名人士宣称，他反对广告，因为广告是劝诱性的，而不是客观地提供信息。他在此划了一条过于清晰的界线。当然广告总是试图劝服。     如果广告仅仅限于提供信息——这一点本身如果不是不可能的话，至少也难以做到，因为即使选择一件衬衫的颜色这样的细节也多少隐含劝说之意——那么广告将变得味同嚼蜡、无人理会了。（长难句④）但也许这就是那位电视名人所希望的结果。 Passage 2 There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language—all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts. By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept. In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all. These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making. 15 . A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when____. [A] he has given up his smoking habit [B] he has made great efforts in his work [C] he is keen on learning anything new [D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey 16. In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would____. [A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder [B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements [C] face difficulties and take up challenges [D] aim high and reach his goal each time 17. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 3, Para. 3) he is referring to__. [A] a new approach to experiencing the world [B] a new way of taking risks [C] a new method of perceiving ourselves [D] a new system of adaptation to change 18. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except_____. [A] curiosity about more chances [B] promptness in self-adaptation [C] open-mindedness to new experiences [D] avoidance of internal fears and doubts 一、文章结构总体分析 本文是一篇从心理学的角度看待个人成长的文章。文章一开始就点明主题，即：人们对成长有两种基本看法：有人将之视为结果，有人将之视为过程。接着分别述之，点出两种不同看法各自的内容，而作者着重强调视成长为一个过程的优势及其对一个人的影响。 第一段：首句列出两种对待成长的不同观点，接着简述第一种观点。 第二段，详细描述第二种观点，将“成长”类比成“旅行”，指出其不是具体的路标或标志物。并进一步指出成长就是人们遭遇新经历和面对意想不到的坎坷时持有的态度和情感。 第三段和第四段：指出为了成长，人们需要去冒险。当我们在尝试一种新的生存方式时，如何看待自己对我们的成长能力至关重要。同样在成长过程中，内心的不安和自我怀疑都是不可避免的。为了成长，我们需要去面对并且克服它们。 二、试题分析 15. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when______. 一个人通常被认为实现了个人成长，当他__________。 [A] he has given up his smoking habit [A] 戒掉烟 [B] he has made great efforts in his work [B] 工作上付出了巨大的努力 [C] he is keen on learning anything new [C] 热衷于学习新东西 [D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey [D] 试图确定自己在前进的道路上走到哪里了 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。 文章第一段谈到，人们对待成长有两种基本看法：将之视为结果和将之视为过程。该段第二句明确指出前者是人们通常持有的看法，即认为成长是一种外在的结果或成果，易于衡量。可以从该段最后作者给出的一系列例子去理解什么是外在结果。此外，最后一句中的“have measurable results to show for their efforts”表明这种观点认为个人成长也是通过努力取得的结果。这样答案就显而易见了。只有[A]选项既是经过努力又是可以衡量的外在结果，故为正确答案。 [B]、[C]和[D]选项都属于过程中付出的努力，结果却不可测量，故都不对。 命题意图是要求考生熟悉类比题的一种变相出法，即，不直接对文中内容提问，而是要求考生在正确理解文中的例子后，从选项中选出与之类似的情况。解题关键在于能够把握原来例子的实质。 16. In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would__. 作者认为视成长为过程的人将_______________。 [A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder [A] 成功地爬上了社会阶梯 [B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements [B] 根据自己的成就判断自己的能力 [C] face difficulties and take up challenges [C] 面对困难，接受挑战 [D] aim high and reach his goal each time [D] 确立高目标，并每次都实现自己的目标 [答案] C [解析]本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。 有关视成长为过程的的论述主要集中在第二段。这种观点认为成长是一段旅程，而不是具体的标记。人们应该看重的是成长过程中的态度和情感而非点滴的成功标记。[C]选项就是一种遭遇困难时的态度，也与第二段末句 “new challenges to accept”观点一致，为正确答案。 [A]选项是结果，而非过程。[B]选项显然是从结果的角度去看待人的发展。[D]选项仍然是追求有“标志”的成功结果。因此都可以排除。 17. When the author says “a new way of being”(line 3, Para. 3) he is referring to__. 作者提到“a new way of being”（第三段第三行）的意思是_____________。 [A] a new approach to experiencing the world [A] 体验世界的新方法 [B] a new way of taking risks [B] 新的冒险方式 [C] a new method of perceiving ourselves [C] 看待自己的新方法 [D] a new system of adaptation to change [D] 适应变化的新系统 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词义题。 题干中的短语出自第三段第二句中的how we see ourselves as we try a new way of being。该句之后，作者一连提出并列的三个问题，并给予了回答。三个问句及其回答分别是人由于对自身看法的不同而产生的不同处世方法：how we see ourselves是对三个问题的概括，而a new way of being这个关键词则应该涵盖三个回答的内容。[A]选项是简练、全面的概括，为正确答案。being相当于existing，意为：处世生存方式。首先排除[C]，它涉及的是问句的内容，[B]和[D]选项虽然都在该段被提及，但是不具有概括性，应该排除。 18. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except_____. 下列哪个选项不是作者对个人成长的倡议？ [A] curiosity about more chances [A] 对更多的机会持好奇心 [B] promptness in self-adaptation [B] 自我调节快 [C] open-mindedness to new experiences [C] 对新的体验持开放性态度 [D] avoidance of internal fears and doubts [D] 避免内心的恐惧和怀疑 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：作者观点题。 第三段首句提到，为了成长，人们需要乐于冒险、勇于面对未知事物、接受“失败”。接下来的一系列设问句说明了“快捷、有好奇心、抓住更多的机会、体验不熟悉的事情、对付新挑战”等的重要性，因此[A]、[B]和[C]选项都在文中提到。而第四段首句“这些不安全感和自我怀疑不仅是无法避免的，而且是必要的”充分表明作者对这些态度的肯定。由此可知，[D]选项与作者观点不一致，而且从第四段第二句作者用的两个假设也可看出他对躲避态度的否定，综上所述可以推出[D]选项为正确答案。 三、文章长难句解析和佳句赏析 长难句 ①The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language—all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts. 该句破折号前是三个带有定语从句修饰的名词短语The worker…the student…the foreigner，破折号后是系表结构these are examples，其中的代词these复指前面的三个核心名词，people后跟有一个who引导的定语从句。 译文：工人得到升迁、学生成绩提高和外国人学会了一门新的语言——这些都可以表明人们付出努力之后，取得了可测定的成绩。 ②The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. 此句主干是The process is not…but rather…，并列连词not……but rather…意思是“不是……而是……”。如：The old man is not a coward, but rather a man of high spirit. 本句中but rather连接的表语成分是the attitudes and feelings people have 和their caution or courage。as引导的是时间状语从句。 译文：成长过程不是道路本身，而是当遭遇新的情况或未预料到的坎坷时所持的态度和情感，是慎重行事还是勇往直前。 佳句 ①There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. 句型结构“There are two…: one…, the other…”表达在某件事情上存在的两种方式或态度。考生可以在写作时对此种句式加以运用，如：There are two ways to see technology: one as a benefit to human beings, the other as a harm to them. ②In this process ,the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept . 通过该句作者将人的成长比为永无止境的旅途。不定式结构的排列new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept非常耐人寻味。 ③In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. 该句中多个不定式的叠用，加强了句子的气势。从这个句子和第三段中一问一答句的连续使用也可以看出作者的写作风格就是通过排比结构使论述更加有力。 ④We become trapped inside a shell of our own making . 在这里用shell (贝壳)比喻自我封闭。 又如：In order to grow up, we’d better go out of our house to confront new things, to experience the world, not just stay in a shell of our own making. 为了成长，我们最好走出家门，去面对新事物，去体验世界，而不是呆在自己营造的壳里面。 四、词汇注释 （1）measurable (a.)可测量的；measure (n.) 尺寸、大小；[常用 pl.]措施，方法；（v.）测量，衡量 （2）contrast (n.)对照，差异；by~与之相反，in ~ with/to与……成反比；（v.）使与……对比，和……形成对照 （3）signpost (n.)路标 （4）landmark (n.)标志 （5）perceive (v.)意识到，察觉，感知，理解，领悟，~sth. as sth.把……看作 （6）indecisive (a.)优柔寡断的；decisive (a.)决定性的，决断的 （7）a shell of our own making我们自己建造的牢笼 五、全文翻译 看待成长有两种基本态度：一种视其为结果，一种视其为过程。（佳句①）人们通常视个人成长为容易被识别和衡量的一种外在结果或成果。工人得到升迁、学生成绩提高和外国人学会了一门新的语言——这些都可以表明人们付出努力之后，取得了可测定的成绩。（长难句①） 相比之下，测定个人成长的过程却要艰难得多。因为从定义来看，它是一段旅程，而不是沿途特定的路标或标志物。成长过程不是道路本身，而是当遭遇新的情况或未预料到的坎坷时所持的态度和情感，是慎重行事还是勇往直前。（长难句②）在这个过程中，旅行永远不会真正结束；总是有新的方法来感受世界，总会尝试新思想，接受新挑战。（佳句②）     为了成长，为了探索新路，人们需要乐意去冒险，去勇敢面对未知事物，去接受他们也许会一开始就“失败”的可能性。（佳句③）当我们尝试一种新的生存方式时，我们如何看待自己对我们的成长能力至关重要。我们认为自己快捷、有好奇心吗？如果是的话，那我们往往会抓住更多的机会，更愿意去体验不熟悉的事情。我们认为自己腼腆、优柔寡断吗？那我们的羞怯感会使我们犹豫不决、行动缓慢，不到万无一失绝不迈步。我们认为自己适应变化很慢且对付新挑战也不够机敏吗？那么我们极可能会处事较被动或者根本放弃尝试。     我们若想改变自己、有所成长，这些不安全感和自我怀疑感既无法避免也很有必要。如果我们不去面对并克服这些内心的恐惧和疑惑，如果我们过多地保护自己，那我们就一定会停止成长。我们会陷进自己营造的壳里面。（佳句④） Passage 3 In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today. In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned. Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming . Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people. In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people. 19. The word "it" (line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to__. [A] the lack of stable communities [B] the breakdown of informal information channels [C] the increased mobility of families [D] the growing number of people moving from place to place 20. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__. [A] they have to learn new things consciously [B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information [C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily [D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family. 21 . From the passage we can infer that__. [A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages [B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era [C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences [D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites 22. We can learn from the last paragraph that __. [A] it is necessary to obtain as much [B] people should make the best use of the information [C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information . [D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently 一、文章结构总体分析 本文是一篇介绍现代社会信息获取的科普性文章。它首先从分析给获取信息造成困难的社会发展的客观困素入手，转而谈及解决这个难题的办法就是依赖信息技术的发展，最后强调在这个瞬息万变的现代社会里获取信息的重要性。 第一段至第三段：指出社会进步、人口流动、信息爆炸等原因使人们获取信息的困难增大。 第四段：信息技术的发展帮助人们获得更多信息。 第五段：在当今社会获取信息十分重要。 二、试题分析 19. The word "it" (line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to__. 第二段第三行的it的指代对象是____________。 [A] the lack of stable communities [A]缺乏稳定的社会 [B] the breakdown of informal information channels [B] 非正规信息渠道的中断 [C] the increased mobility of families [C] 家庭流动性的增加 [D] the growing number of people moving from place to place [D] 越来越多的人流动不定 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：句意题。 本题考查第二段第二句中it的指代对象。按照代词关系中的临近一致原则和上下文的含义，it应该指代它前面的“非正式（日常）的信息流通被切断”这句话，而[B]选项正是对这句话的改写。“informal information channel”对应“the informal flow of information”; “breakdown”对应“cut off”。 [A]、[C]和[D]三个选项表达的内容近似，而且如果它们中的一个正确，那么原句中的“with it the confidence…”意思就成了人口的流动使人们更有信心。这与第二段表达的内容不符。 命题意图是要求考生掌握句子之间的逻辑关系，特别是代词it的复指作用。它不仅可以指代词语，也可以指代一个句子或句群。 20. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__. 人们今天遇到的主要问题是_______________。 [A] they have to learn new things consciously [A] 他们不得不有意识地去了解新事物 [B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information [B] 他们缺乏获得可靠信息的信心 [C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily [C] 他们对所需的信息很难唾手可得 [D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family. [D] 他们几乎不能同大家庭进行日常交流 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。 文章第一段、第二段和第三段指出社会进步带来知识的专业化、人口流动导致非正式的信息流通渠道被切断和信息爆炸给分检有用信息造成困难。第二段第三段段首的关联词“In addition to”和“Adding to”表明前三段论述的原因成并列关系。[C]选项正是这三段内容的归纳引申，为正确答案。 [A]选项在第二段末谈到，即“曾经在大家庭内部通过日常交流就可下意识学到的东西，现在却要有意识地去学”；[B]选项也在第二段中部提到，即“需要就能得到可靠、可信的信息的信心也随之丧失了”，但是它们都是非正式的信息流通渠道被切断带来的具体后果的表现，不能概括遇到的所有问题。[D]选项在文中没有被当做问题谈论。 21. From the passage we can infer that__. 根据文章可以推出_________。 [A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages [A] 电子邮件不久将成为传递信息的主要手段 [B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era [B] 在信息时代，保守秘密愈加困难 [C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences [C] 人们开会的时间会减少 [D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites [D] 事件将主要通过卫星直播 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。 第四段第三句指出“电信技术的发展使人们能够通过电视和无线电传送信息，不久之后，实现电子邮件对人们实施信息轰炸”。此句的bombard意为“炮击、轰炸”，用来比喻信息传递的力度。由此可以推出，electronic mail确实会在信息传递中起到重要作用。此外，原文very shortly一词与选项中的soon相对，故[A]选项正确。 [B]选项在文中并末将及，不能选。第四段倒数第二句谈到，“远程会议的出现使人们不用离开家或工作岗位专程去遥远的地方开会”，然而这里只谈及远程会议节省了因为开会而花去的旅行时间，而不是[C]选项中的“开会时间”。第四段第四句指出卫星的使用扩大了现场直播事件的力度，然而并未声称它会成为报道的主要形式，所以[D]选项错在mainly一词使用不当。 注意：选项中若出现“almost, completely, entirely, mainly”这一类表示程度的副词，考生应该特别注意该选项与原文在程度上是否一致，否则不能选。on the spot意思是：在现场。例如：The police were on the spot within a few minutes of hearing about the crime. 22. We can learn from the last paragraph that __. 从最后一段，我们可以得知___________。 [A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible [A] 需要尽可能多地获取知识 [B] people should make the best use of the information [B] 人们应该充分利用可以得到的信息 [C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information . [C] 我们应该意识到积累信息的重要性 [D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently [D] 有效地掌握所需信息至关重要 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。 解此题的关键就是对该段落的含义进行归纳经申。此段有三句话，第一句强调对信息的需要最具重要性；第二句指出掌握信息者才能生存和成功；前面两句推出第三句，即段落中心句：获取所需信息是必不可以少的要求。[D]选项是对该句的改写，也就是该段内容的综合概括。“acquire needed information”与“access to information”对应；“of vital importance”与“the most critical requirement”对应。 [A]选项谈的是获取知识，而不是获取信息，故排除。[B]选项谈合理使用信息，也不是获取信息，故错。[C]选项中的“积累”只强调了信息的量，而未说信息的质（如准确，可靠，最新）。实际上，正因为信息量的增加，才需要人们找出所需的信息。 三、长难句解析和佳句赏析 长难句 ①As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. 整个句子的主干是：the informal flow of information is cut off。前面是as引导时间状语从句，their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships 三个名词短语并列做from的宾语。最后部分的结构是and with it the confidence…，其中it指代the informal flow of information is cut off，表示“随着非正式的信息交流被切断而出现的是信心的丧失”。confidence后面是一个同位语从句对其进行说明。 译文：随着家庭远离稳定的社区、多年的朋友和大家庭的种种关系，非正式的信息交流被切断了。同时在需要时就能够得到可靠可信的信息的信心也随之丧失了。 ②The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming . 该句是由and 连接的两个并列的分句，前一分句中含有比较结构more… than…，后一分句中的主干结构是the task … is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming，主语the task后跟随of 短语做定语，表语由三个并列的形容词组成。 译文：今天，个人可以获得的信息比任何时代的人都多，而要找到一条与自己问题相关的信息既复杂又耗时，有时甚至相当困难。 ③Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. 该句子采用倒装结构，正常的语序是the development of technologies is coupled with the growing quantity of information。主语the development of technologies 后修饰成分很长，是which引导的定语从句，其中用more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before结构做了三方面的比较。表语是分词结构，其中couple with…意思是“与……并提，把……联系起来”。如：I have heard his name coupled with that of a notorious criminal.我常常听见人家把他的名字和一名臭名昭著的罪犯联系在一起。 译文：伴随信息量不断增长的是技术的发展，这些技术使得人们能够比过去以更快的速度往更多的地方储存和发送更多的信息。 ④Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. 该句主干是“developments enable the sending of messages… and (enable) electronic mail to…”，谓语enable后的宾语是由and 连接的两个并列成分，特别要注意electronic mail是enable的宾语而不是介词via的。 译文：电信技术的发展使人们可以通过电视、无线电传送信息。不久之后，它还使电子邮件对人们实施信息轰炸。 ⑤Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing , and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. 本句由两个结构相似的分句用and 连接而成。它们的结构都是sth. can be done+介词短语，后一分句用了without sb. doing sth. to do。expertise和teleconferencing的含义都可以用构词法去推测。 译文：通过远程会议，专家知识能够在全世界范围内被分享，同时人们不必放下工作、别离家人而大老远去开会就可以解决有争议的问题。 佳句 ①In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. 注意句子中of短语的多次使用，of + n.构成了形容词短语。如：a man of ability=a capable man，也可以仿造句子，如：In this world of change and complexity, adaptiveness is of greatest importance. ② “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people. 知识和信息在现在社会确实无比重要，多搜集这样的句子以备写作之用。 四、词汇注释 （1）beyond (prep.) 超越（某事物的）范围；在或向（某物的）远处；迟于或超过（某一时间）；除了；~sb. 对于某人来说难以想象、理解或估计 （2）extended family大家庭（几代同堂的家庭），nuclear family核心家庭（只有父母与孩子） （3）mobility (n.) 流动性，移动性，mobile(a.)可动的，运动的 （4）cut off 切断，使隔绝；剪去，删去；打断，停止 （5）trustworthy (a.)值得信任的；-worthy后缀，“值得的”，如：praiseworthy, blameworthy （6）aspects (n.) (问题等的)方面；样子，外表，面貌 （7）stockpile (n.) 逐步储备的东西，（应急用的）储备物资 （8）overwhelming (a.) 难以抵当的，压倒的；overwhelm (v.)压倒，制服 （9） at the instant of occurrence现场的；at the instant of… 在……的时刻；occurrence (n.)发生，出现，事件，事故 五、全文翻译 在这样一个变化中的复杂社会里，过去对信息需求的简单解决办法也变得复杂起来。过去生活中的许多问题是通过咨询家庭成员、朋友或同事得以解决的，现在却非大家庭所能及了。该去哪里征求专家意见以及如何决定该接受哪条专家建议成了现今许多人面临的问题。     此外，第二次世界大战后，人口流动性不断增大。随着家庭远离稳定的社区、多年的朋友、大家庭的种种关系，非正式的信息交流被切断了。（长难句①）随之而来的是在需要时就能够得到可靠可信的信息的信心也随之丧失。关于生活最基本方面的一些几乎无意识的信息流通因此中断。这样，曾经下意识地通过大家庭随意交流便可学到的东西现在则必须有意识地去学习。     除了现今社会变化这一原因外，巨大的信息储备是另一原因。今天，个人可以获得的信息比任何时代的人都多，而要找到一条与自己问题相关的信息既复杂又耗时，有时甚至相当困难。（长难句②）     伴随信息量不断增长的是技术的发展，这些技术使得人们能够比过去以更快的速度往更多的地方储存和发送更多的信息。（长难句③）计算机技术使人能够以机器识读的文件储存大量的数据并通过程序令计算机查寻出具体信息。电信技术的发展使人们可以通过电视、无线电传送信息。不久之后，还可以使电子邮件对人们实施信息轰炸。（长难句④）卫星已拓展了通讯能力，可以在事发当时对事件进行报道。通过远程会议，专家知识能够在全世界范围内被分享，同时人们不必放下工作、别离家人而大老远去开会，就能让有争议的问题得到解决。（长难句⑤）技术促进了信息共享以及信息的储存和传送，使得更多的人可以获得更多的信息。     在这个多变、复杂的世界里，对信息的需求最具重要性。（佳句①）那些拥有准确、可靠的最新信息以解决日常问题、解决业务和社会与家庭生活中重大问题的人才能得以生存和获得成功。“知识就是力量”可算是最真实的格言，获取信息也许是对所有人最必不可少的要求。（佳句②） Passage 4 Personality is to a large extent inherent—A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents; it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children. One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 'win at all costs' moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system , in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!” By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful. Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B’s. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management. If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged. 23. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually__. [A] impatient         [B] considerate            [C] aggressive        [D] agreeable 24. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because__. [A] the pressure is too great on the students        [B] some students are bound to fail [C] failure rates are too high                    [D] the results of exanimations are doubtful 25. The selection of medical professionals are currently based on__. [A] candidates’ sensitivity                     [B] academic achievements [C] competitive spirit                        [D] surer values 26. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that__. [A] the personality of a child is well established at birth [B] family influence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics . [C] the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors [D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society 一、文章结构总体分析 本文是一篇关于学校教育环境对人的性格的影响教育学文章。文章首先指出后天环境对人的性格的形成有深刻影响，目的是引出学校教育对孩子个性发展的影响，主张学校不要过分看重竞争，要鼓励孩子的个性发展。文中作者把人的性格分成两类：A型和B型。A指进取心强、在竞争中能够获胜的人，而B是指生活态度更加从容、不太追逐名利的人。 第一段：作者明确指出，人的个性（A或B型）在很大程度上是先天决定的，但是后天环境也有影响。比如说竞争的环境对性格形成的作用。 第二段和第三段：指出学校过分强调考试并且让孩子们热衷于获胜的环境培养了具有竞争性的A型儿童。 第四段和第五段：指出学校的重要职责应该是使儿童的个性适合于他将来的职为，应该向儿童传授稳定的价值观，而不是光看重学业成绩。 二、试题分析 23. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually__. 根据这篇文章，A型性格的人通常是_________________。 [A] impatient     [A] 缺乏耐心的 [B] considerate    [B] 体贴人的 [C] aggressive        [C] 好斗的、积极进取的 [D] agreeable [D] 和蔼的、易相处的 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词义题。 本题考查A型性格的特征。此题的解题关键是找出出现描述A型性格的词的句子。在第二段首句，出现“one place where children soak up A characteristics is school… which is a highly competitive institution”。本段第三句再次提到“competitive A types”，这表明A型儿童的特征是“competitive”。 因此只要在选项中找到与“competitive”意义相近之词便可以了。competitive意为“好竞争的”，而[C]选项与之意思很接近，为正确答案。“aggressive”既含褒义，也有贬义，可理解为“进攻性的”、“好斗的”、“积极进取的”。A、B和D选项均与这一含义无关，故排除。 命题意图是要求考生根据文中信息找出描述A型特征的词，再进行解释。注意这其实是一道变相的词语释义题，只不过一般的题是让考生直接解释，而这一题是让考生找出关键词“competitive”之后再解释。 24. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because__. 作者强烈反对学校中的考试，因为______。 [A] the pressure is too great on the students    [A] 它给学生造成的压力过大 [B] some students are bound to fail [B] 一些学生肯定通不过 [C] failure rates are too high        [C] 不及格率过高 [D] the results of exanimations are doubtful [D] 考试成绩值得怀疑 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：因果关系题。 在第三段首句“学校最糟糕的竞争方式是对考试的过分重视”中，作者表示了对考试的否定态度；接着末句直接指出否定它的原因：“在明知有人考试会通不过的情况下（certain knowledge of failure）还要进行竞争，则肯定是有害的”。[B]选项恰合此意，为正确答案。be bound to 意思是：一定，必定。 而[A]选项和[C]选项在文中均未涉及，故排除。[D]选项与该段第三句的内容不一致。原文并非说考试成绩是否真正反映学生的真实水平或能力值得怀疑，而是说考试这种形式作为一个促使学生竞争的手段是否合适值得进一步探讨。 注意：“certain knowledge of failure”中的“knowledge”并不是知识之意，而是“know”的名词形式，“了解，知道”。 25. The selection of medical professionals are currently based on__. 当前选用医疗护理人员的是___________。 [A] candidates’ sensitivity     [A] 申请者的敏感程度 [B] academic achievements [B] 学业成绩 [C] competitive spirit [C] 竞争精神 [D] surer values [D] 更可靠的价值 [答案] B [解析] 本题考试的知识点是：推理引申题。 文章末段第二句作者提到… selection for… medicine could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy（选择医疗护理人员时，应该多关注他们是否细心、是否有同情心，而少参照他们的化学成绩）。这里grades有“成绩，分数”的意思。言下之意是当前考虑学业成绩过多。因此，[B]选项是正确答案。 而[A]选项正是作者希望受到重视的一个方面，不是现况。[C]选项是A型学生的特点，但是文中并未说选择医疗工作以此为标准。[D]选项也是作者希望多加关注的标准。 26. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that__. 我们可以从文章中得出的结论是______________。 [A] the personality of a child is well established at birth [A] 儿童的个性在出生时就已确立 [B] family influence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics . [B] 家庭的影响对人性格特征的形成起主导作用 [C] the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors [C] 人的性格发展取决于多种因素 [D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society [D] 在竞争的社会中，B型性格的人不能找到其位置 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。 在文章第一段，作者指出：人的个性在很大程度上是先天决定的；继而用but一词，引出后天环境的影响；在随后的段落中，作者着重分析学校教育环境对个性发展的影响，主张学校不要过分看重竞争，要鼓励孩子多种个性的发展。由此可以推出[C]选项概括了文章的要点，为正确答案。 [A]选项与首段第二句谈到的环境对个性的形成也有深刻影响的观点矛盾。[B]选项中“dominate”一词过于绝对。文中的观点是儿童性格的形成既由先天决定，又有环境影响，未分轻重。[D]选项无从推知，作者在末段以医务工作为例，只是强调B型性格的人应该被重视，而未指出B型性格的人在社会中无立足之地。 三、长难句解析和佳句赏析 长难句 ①But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children. 该句的主干是environment must have a profound effect，后面是since引导的原因状语从句，其中又含有if引导的条件从句。分号后“it”指的是competition。 译文：但是环境也应该有深远的影响，因为如果竞争对父母来说很重要，那它也可能成为孩子生活中的一个重要因素。 ②One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school , which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. 此句中主干是one place is school，其中主语One place后是where引导的定语从句，宾语school后是which引导的非限定性定语从句修饰，by its very nature是这一从句中的插入成分，意思是“就其性质而言”。soak up原意是“吸收”，如：Blotting paper soaks up ink.吸墨纸吸收墨水，在此句中表示“培养”。 译文：学校是培养A型孩子的场所，从本质来讲，学校是一个高度竞争性的机构。 ③The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. 该句的主干是The current passion… produces a two-layer system。主语passion后是介词短语做后置定语，即for making sb. do against sb. or against sth.；宾语system后接的是in which引导的非限定性从句。 译文：目前热衷于让孩子与同学竞争或与时间赛跑造成了一种双重体制。在这种体制中，竞争性的A型学生在某些方面似乎比B型的学生要好。 ④By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. by far与比较级或是最高级连用时相当于by a large amount or degree，表示“大大地，……得多”之意，如：She is the smartest by far.（她显然最聪明）。Proportionate意思是“成比例的，相称的”；dis-表示“不”，因此disproportionate就是“不合比例的”，考虑上下文disproportionate emphasis应是“过分重视”之意。 译文：学校最糟糕的竞争方式是对考试的过分重视。 ⑤If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. 本句为if引导的虚拟语气，表示与事实相反的情况。句中的preoccupation with sth.意思是“对……专心致志”，如：preoccupation with one’s career对于自己事业的专心致志。 译文：如果学校对学业少强调一些，也许就有更多的时间向孩子传授更重要的价值观念。 佳句 ①Too many schools adopt the “win at all costs” moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. 以成就去估量一个人是否成功（measure the success by sporting achievements）、以成败论英雄的社会必然造就很多“不惜一切代价获取成功”（win at all costs）的人。 ②Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences. 其实过分热衷于任何事情都会带来危险的后果。可以仿照很多类似的句子，如：Being too keen to play computer games can lead to dangerous consequences. 四、词汇注释 (1) extent (n.)程度，广度，宽度，长度，限度，面积，范围；to a large ~ 在很大程度上，to some/what/such an/a certain~达到某种程度；extend (v.)使某物在（空间或时间上）更大，更长，延展 (2) inherent (a.)天生的，固有的，内在的，~ in sb./sth；inherently (adv.) ；inhere (vi.) 生来就有，固有，~in (3) sport (v.)炫耀，夸示， ~ achievements 夸耀成就；（n.）运动；（pl.）运动会 (4) be keen to do sth./on sth./on doing sth./ that渴望做某事，热衷于某事，对……有兴趣，喜欢。如：He is very keen to see his birthplace again. (5) rejoice (v.)（使）欣喜，（使）高兴 (6) conquer (v.) 战胜，征服；克服，破除（坏习惯）；conquest (n.) (7) disproportionate (a.) 不成比例的；proportionate (a.) 成比例的，均衡的，相称的；proportion (n.) 比例，部分，均衡，相称，in~与……成比例的 (8) fit (v.) 使适合，使配合，适应，装配，~sth. to sth.与……相称 (9) preoccupation (n.)主要关心的事，全神贯注，抢先占有；preoccupy (v.) (10) stock (n.)某一类人；祖先，世系，家族；备料，库存，现货；股票，公债 五、全文翻译 人的个性很大程度上取决于遗传—A型父母通常生养出A型子女。但是环境也应该有深远的影响，因为如果竞争对父母来说很重要，那它也可能成为孩子生活中的一个重要因素。（长难句①） 学校是培养A型孩子的场所，从本质来讲，学校是一个高度竞争性的机构。（长难句②）太多的学校遵从“不惜一切代价求胜”的道德标准并以运动成绩来衡量其成功。（佳句①）目前热衷于让孩子与同学竞争或与时间赛跑造成了一种双重体制。在这种体制中，竞争性的A型学生在某些方面似乎比B型的学生要好。（长难句③）对胜利过于执着也会带来危险的后果。（佳句②）请记住，第一位马拉松运动员菲底庇德斯在说完“欢庆吧，我们征服了！”之后几秒钟便倒地丧生。     学校最糟糕的竞争方式是对考试的过分重视。能允许学生专注于所擅长之事的学校实为罕见。（长难句④）通过考试竞争这种做法的好处本身有点值得怀疑，但在明确知晓有人会在考试中失败的前提下仍进行竞争是肯定有害的。     显然，让所有A型儿童都转变为B型既不现实也并不必要。世界需要不同的类型，学校的重要职责就是要努力使儿童的个性适合于他将来的职业。这是最高水平的教育经营。     如果学校少强调一下学业，也许就有更多的时间向孩子传授更重要的价值观念。（长难句⑤）也许对照料性职业的人员选择，尤其是医务工作，可以少参照他们的化学成绩，而要更多地考虑他们的敏感性和同情心。完全从A型人中挑选医生肯定是错误的。B型人也很重要，应该受到鼓励。 Passage 5 That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences. Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection. In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer; for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species. Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance. 27. From the evolutionary point of view, __. [A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive. [B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive [C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual' s adaptability [D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences 28. According to the passage, if a person never forgot __. [A] he would survive best [B] he would have a lot of trouble [C] his ability to learn would be enhanced [D] the evolution of memory would stop 29. From the last paragraph we know that__. [A] forgetfulness is a response to learning [B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system [C] memory is a compensation for forgetting [D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs 30. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of__. [A] remembering         [B] forgetting        [C] adapting        [D] experiencing 一、文章结构总体分析 本文是一篇关于记忆和遗忘方面的心理学的文章。文章从记忆的作用入手，谈及遗忘的重要性，并从心理学原理解释两者之间的关系。 第一段：讲述记忆的作用。 第二段和第三段：开始谈及遗忘的重要性，认为遗忘是人类适应生存的表现；并指出若没有遗忘，人类将难以吸收新东西，其适应性会受影响，甚至生活会出现混乱。 最后一段：通过记忆储存系统储量有限的原理去解释遗忘提供适应的灵活性。 二、试题分析 27. From the evolutionary point of view, __. 哪个符合进化论对遗忘的观点？ [A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive [A] 由于缺乏练习造成的遗忘往往是明显的不适应的表现 [B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive [B] 如果一个人突然变得很健忘，他肯定是非常适应生活的 [C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual’s adaptability [C] 逐渐的遗忘过程表明了人的适应能力 [D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences [D] 突然遗忘可能带来适应性结果 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。 从进化论解释遗忘是第二段的内容，该段第二、三句谈到，“一段时间由于缺乏实践，学到的东西往往就会忘记（渐进性地遗忘），其适应性结果就显得不太明显。然而戏剧性地突然遗忘的例子可以被看作具有适应性，即动物在自然选择的过程中幸存下来的能力”，但是末句又谈到“进化论的解释可能使人很难理解渐进的遗忘过程是如何经过自然选择生存下来的”。因此可知，[D]选项是正确的观点，而[C]选项与文意相反。 [A]选项错在“obviously”，原文第二句中提到适应性结果不太明显。[B]选项是对第三句的篡改，而不是改写，其中两个very夸大暗示了原文中没有的遗忘与适应性之间的正比关系。 命题意图是要求考生理解第二段中作者如何论述渐进性的遗忘和突然性遗忘与适应性的关系。 28. According to the passage, if a person never forgot __. 根据文章，如果一个人永远不会遗忘______。 [A] he would survive best [A] 他将最适于生存 [B] he would have a lot of trouble [B] 他会有很多麻烦 [C] his ability to learn would be enhanced [C] 他的学习能力会得到提高 [D] the evolution of memory would stop [D] 记忆的进化就会停止 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。 本题考查不会遗忘带来的后果。第三段一开始就指出，思考一下记忆不衰退会产生的结果。第四句论证说，忘事少的人，他们的日常生活充满了困惑。同时第二段第五句也提到，当一个人对一件情感上很痛苦的经历难以忘怀而导致严重焦虑时，遗忘可以带来解脱。也就是说，不会忘记就清除不了烦恼。因为[B]选项为上述思想的概括，其中，a lot of trouble 对应文中full of confusion。 [A]选项与第三段第三句“没有遗忘，适应性能力就会受损”不符。[C]选项与第四段内容矛盾：“人的记忆存储系统储量有限，学习与遗忘之间不断地调节”。[D]选项中的“进化停止”过于绝对，文中没有涉及。 注意：考生可以根据题干的if a person never forgot和第三段首句的if memories failed to fade，迅速定位到段落。 29. From the last paragraph we know that__. 从最后一段得出的结论是__________。 [A] forgetfulness is a response to learning [A] 遗忘是一种学习反应 [B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system [B] 记忆存储系统是一个输入输出完全平衡的系统 [C] memory is a compensation for forgetting [C] 记忆力是对遗忘的一个补偿 [D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs [D] 记忆存储系统储量有限，这是由遗忘造成的 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：段落主题。 最后一段认为，人的记忆存储系统储量有限，它通过遗忘来提供适应的灵活性。学习或记忆储存（输入）与遗忘（输出）之间始终不断地调节，达到出入平衡。因此[A]选项符合文意，为正确答案。 [B]选项中的exactly一词用得过于绝对，与文章内容不符。[C]选项把记忆与遗忘的关系搞错，二者并非补偿关系，只不过都是记忆系统的组成部分。[D]选项不正确，原文只说遗忘使记忆系统更具适应力，而不是说它造成了记忆存储系统的有限性。 注意：干扰项中可能大量使用原文中提到的词语，其增加或减少都会造成错误答案，考生一定要仔细辨认。如：该题干扰选项中出现的memory storage system, limited, capacity, input-output, balance等。 30. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of_______. 本文作者试图解释________的功能。 [A] remembering [A] 记忆 [B] forgetting [B] 遗忘 [C] adapting [C] 适应 [D] experiencing [D] 体验 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨题。 本题考查全文的主旨。本文共四段，仅在第一段单纯讲述记忆的作用。从第二段开始文章侧重论述遗忘的功能，指出它是人类适应生存的表现，没有它，人的适应性会受影响；以及记忆系统专门通过遗忘提供适应的灵活性。由此可见[B]选项是文章内容重点讨论的对象，即主题。forgetting一词在文中出现的频率很高。其他选项在文中有所涉及，但不是主题。 注意：解此类题，要特别注意综合各段中心大意，或找出文中出现频率偏高的词。 三、长难句解句和佳句赏析 长难句 ①That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. 句子的主干是That… is evidence, 其主语是that 引导的主语从句。表语evidence后是of 短语做后置定语，activity后又接过去分词结构做定语。 译文：过去的经历会影响日后的行为，这就表明存在着一种明显然而却非凡的脑力活动——记忆。 ②So-called intelligent behaviour ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. 该句主干是ability depends on memory。so-called意思是“所谓的”；本句还用to solve any problem和even to recognize that a problem exists两个并列不定式做后置定语，对这种能力进行解释。 译文：用于解决问题或是辨别出有问题存在的所谓的智力行为有赖于记忆。 ③Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. 本句由于orientation的出现，显得有些难于理解。遇到这样的句子，不要紧张，先断定该句是否为该段主旨。若为主旨，则可以从本段论据中推出句意；若不是主旨，则只看做一般的论据（support），可以从主旨或其他论据中推出此句作者意欲表达的态度或内容。该句子中有since引导的原因状语从句，其中现在分词短语providing…是对前述情况的进一步阐述。 译文：遗忘明显地有助于时间的定位。旧的记忆淡化了，使新的记忆清晰醒目，为推断提供了线索。 ④Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, … 此句是以Without forgetting为隐含条件的虚拟语气。相当与“if there were no forgetting”。 译文：没有遗忘，适应性能力就会受损。 ⑤Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. 此句主干是there is evidence。evidence后是that引导的同位语从句：the rate is directly related to how much…，从句的的主语the rate后接有at which引导的定语从句修饰，how much后接有省略关系代词的定语从句(that) they have learned修饰。 译文：的确，有证据显示个人遗忘的比率与他们学得的知识量的多少直接相关。 ⑥对第二段的结构分析： Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection. 本段使用的关联词yet, in this sense, indeed, nevertheless是文章结构的标志词。该段首句先指出“渐进性遗忘的适应性的结果可能表现得不明显”。yet一词表明对上文结论的转折，也就是“戏剧性的突然遗忘却具有适应性”。in this sense表明下句为此句观点的延伸或解释说明，态度与上句一致。indeed一词表明此句仍然支持yet一句的观点。而nevertheless一词则表明与上述观点或态度的不同，或指出上述观点的不足。 四、词汇注释 （1）subsequent (a.) 随后的，后来的；subsequence (n.) 随后（发生的事） （2）depend (v.)取决于，依赖，相信，~on，如：A great deal will depend on the way the government response. dependent (a.) , be ~ on 依赖，依靠，如：The man was out of work and dependent on his son’s earnings. be independent of 独立的，不依赖他人或他物的，如：If you have a car, you are independent of trains and buses. （3）adaptive (a.) 适应的，有适应性的，用以适应的；adapt (v.) (使)适应，适合；改编，改写，~to （4）in this sense 在这种意义上；in a sense 从某种意义上说；make sense有意义，讲得通 （5）evolutionary (a.) 进化论的，进化的，渐进的；evolution (n.) 进化，渐进，演变 （6）orientation (n.) 确定方向；认识环境；熟悉情况 （7）stand out 突出，显眼 （8）gross (n.) 全部的，整个的。如：the gross amount 总额；his gross income他的全部收入；gross national product (GNP)国民生产总值；其反义词是net净的，纯的。 五、全文翻译 过去的经历会影响日后的行为，这就表明存在着一种明显然而却非凡的脑力活动——记忆。（长难句①）没有被广泛称之为记忆的作用，学习就不可能发生。不断的练习实践对记忆产生了影响，从而成就了钢琴上的熟练弹奏、背诵诗歌，甚至阅读和理解这些文字。用于解决问题或是辨别出有问题存在的所谓的智力行为能力有赖于记忆。（长难句②）举例来说，一个穿过街道的决定是根据对许多以往经历的回忆而作出的。     练习（或者复习）有助于建立和保持对一项任务或任何学习过的的记忆。如果一段时间不练习，已学习到的知识往往会被遗忘；其适应性的结果可能表现得不明显。但是，戏剧性的突然遗忘的例子可以被看作为极具适应性。从这点看，遗忘的能力可以被理解为动物通过自然选择进程赢得了生存。的确，当一个人对一件情感上很痛苦的经历的记忆导致了严重的焦虑时，遗忘可以带来解脱。然而，进化论的解释可能会使人很难理解通常逐渐的遗忘过程是如何经自然选择生存下来的。     在思考记忆的进化过程及其他相关方面时，考虑下面这个问题是很有益处的，即，如果记忆不能渐渐消失将会出现什么情形。遗忘明显有助于时间的定位，因为旧的记忆淡化了，使新的记忆清晰醒目，为推断某事的持续时间提供了线索。（长难句③）没有遗忘，适应性能力就会受损。（长难句④）例如，十年前所学的正确行为现在也许不再被认为正确。案例记载了这样一些人，他们（按一般人的标准）忘记的事情太少以至于日常生活充满了困惑。因此，遗忘似乎有助于个人以及人类的生存。     另一条思路假设人的记忆存储系统储量有限，它专门通过遗忘来提供适应之灵活性。依此观点，学习或记忆储存（输入）与遗忘（输出）之间始终在不断地调节。的确，有证据显示个人遗忘的比率与他们学得的知识量的多少直接相关。（长难句⑤）这样的数据为认为输入—输出持衡的当代记忆模式提供了总体上的支持。 Part Ⅲ English-Chinese Translation The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (31) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user. All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (32 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error. Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (33) Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. (34) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. (35) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 一、文章结构总体分析 本文首先指出批评标准化教育或心理测验是错误的，因为造成不理想结果的原因可能是人们使用测验不当；接着分析影响测试有效性的因素是被采用的信息的数量、质量以及解释信息的能力；最后指出测试如果使用得当可以提供有用的信息，但是它有很多做不到的事情。 二、试题分析 31.[解析] 本题考核的知识点：名词译为动词和介词语短的译法。 这是一个主从复合句。主干为主系表结构带一个for引导的原因状语从句。主句翻译成“目标是错误的”含义不够清楚，根据上下文可知，the target应翻译成“把标准化测试作为抨击目标”。 状语从句的主干是critics divert attention from…，直译为“批评家把注意力从弊病上移开”，意译为“批评家没有考虑其弊病”。 The fault和其后的定语从句直译为“在于消息不灵通或不称职的使用者的错误”也不太符合中文的习惯，原因在于英文的名词使用频率比中文高，翻译时经常需要把名词转化为动词。users的动词是use，users前的形容词应相应地转为修饰动词的状语，可以译为“人们使用测试时对信息了解不够或使用不当”。 In attacking the tests是介词短语做状语，译成状语从句时关键要看此介词短语在原句中起什么作用，然后再译成中文相应的状语从句。 译文：把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者未考虑其弊病是来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。 32. [解析] 本题考核的知识点：句子理解，代词指代。 句子的主干是：How well…depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of… and (depends) on the skill and wisdom…。 主语是how well开头的主语从句，其中使用了被动语态的将来时。“by+施动者”译成被动语态。depend后除了upon接了the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information做介词宾语之外，后头的the skill and wisdom with which 也是承接depend 而来，做on的介词宾语。with which引导的定语从句中it指代前文中的information，所以定语从句译成“解释这些信息的技能和才智”。 词汇方面：validated的意思可以从形容词valid（有效的）推出，译为“证实”。 译文：这些预测在多大程度上被后来的表现证实，这取决于被采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。 33. [解析] 本题考核的知识点：抽象名词的意译和代词指代。 这是一个简单句。Whether to use… situation做主语；whether… or 意为“是……还是”; depends是谓语；evidence from和such factors as…共同做介词on的宾语。 主语中的both根据上文应该指tests, other kinds of information两者；the evidence后有from experience修饰，experience又由一现在分词短语修饰；the evidence… validity可以译作“有关相对效度的经验依据”。 译文：因此，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是在某一特定情况下两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和现有条件等因素。 34. [解析] 本题考核的知识点：状语从句的翻译和句子间的对比。 该句由两个并列的主从复合句构成：the tests work most effectively when…and least effectively when…。两个分句由and 连接，and 之后的分句承前省略了主语和谓语the tests work。 两个when都引导了时间状语从句，翻译时应置于主语之前。第二个状语从句中的主语是what 引导的名词性从句：what is to be measured or predicted，意为“被测定和被预测的东西”。 词汇方面：work在这里意马心猿为“起作用”的意思；qualities是指被测人的素质；define意为“下定义，界定”。 译文：一般地说，当被测定的特征能够被很准确的界定时，测试最为有效；而当被测定或被预测的东西不能够被明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。 35. [解析] 本题考核的知识点：虚拟语气，推测词义 这是一个并列复合句。前一个分句的主语they指上文的the tests（本题所在段落中第二、三、四句的主语都承接第一句的主语tests，用they代替)。后一分句省略主语。由于两个分句成分相同时才会省略，因此这里省略的主语就是they(指测试)。Tell后的宾语从句用的是虚拟语气，表示对过去情况的虚拟；had he grown up 即if he had grown up。翻译时虚拟句中的条件从句应该放在其主句之前。 词汇方面：gross在这里意为“明显的”；tell在此意为“判断、说明”；underprivileged 是一个需要用词汇学知识去推测词义的词，under(在……下)+privilege(特权)，意为“在特权之下”，即物质条件不好，也可以结合条件句中的favorable circumstances(好的物质环境)的反义猜出词义；how able可以译作“有多能干，有多大的才干”。 译文：例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长，会有多大才干。 三、全文翻译 广泛用来帮助选择、分类、指定或者激励学生、雇员和军队人员的标准化教育或心理测试是近来书刊、杂志、日报社甚至是国会攻击的目标。(31)把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者未注意到其弊病在于那些对测试不甚了解或使用不当的使用者。这些测试本身只是工具，其特点能够在特殊的条件下相当准确地被估量。测试结果是否有价值、有意义，或者甚至误导人部分取决于工具本身，而大部分取决于使用者。 所有已知的对将来行为的预测都是基于对过去某些相关经验的了解的基础之上的：学校成绩、科研生产力、销售业绩，或诸如此类。(32)这些预测在多大程度上被后来的表现证实，这取决于被采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。任何仔细记分的人都知道可用的信息总是不完整的，预测总是容易出现错误。 标准化测试应该考虑在这样的环境中使用。他们提供快捷、客观的方法以获取关于某个人学到了什么、他有哪些技能或者他属于哪种人的一些信息。如同其他种类的信息，如此得来的信息在质量方面也是兼有优缺点。(33)因此，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是在某一特定情况下两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和现有条件等因素。 (34)一般来说，当被测定的特征能够被很准确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当被测定或被预测的东西不能够被明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。如果测试被恰当地使用，它们将提供一种快捷的方式来获取有关很多人的可比较的信息。有时，通过它们（测试）还可以发现那些高潜质以前没有被发掘的学生，但许多事情是测试做不到的。(35)例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长，会有多大才干。 Part Ⅳ Writing (15 points) DIRECTIONS: A. Title: THE "PROJECT HOPE" B. Time limit: 40 minutes C. Word limit: 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence) D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country”. E. Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. OUTLINE: 1. Present situation 2. Necessity of the project 3. My suggestion 一、审题 本题为提纲式论说文。由题目可知本文讨论的是有关“希望工程”的问题。 二、谋篇 按提纲所示，本文应分三方面展开。第一段应说明目前境况：一方面，贫困造成大量儿童失学；而另一方面，国家需要大量有知识的人才。第二段，由首段的陈述自然引出实施这项工程的必要性。分析必要性切忌写得过于空泛。这段可通过正反两方面进行论证。第三段提出自己的建议。 三、写作范文 评分标准1 15~13分：内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点；表达清楚，文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。     Sample 1 (15 points) The“Hope Project” Education is the key to the modernization of our country. Chain cannot achieve its planned economic growth and catch up with those developed nations without a well-educated population. However, more than 37 million primary and secondary school students in the poverty-stricken areas of the countryside are obliged to quite school. Many of them are joining the ranks of new illiterates. Thus, a financial plan called Project Hope is carried on to rescue those children from a life of illiteracy and ignorance. The project, which brings the hope for children and promises a bright future for China, is quite necessary. As we know, being deprived of education will not only result in exhaustion of human resources in those poverty-stricken areas, but also hold back the economic development of the whole country. Developing education to arm youngsters with knowledge is an urgent task and a responsibility of the entire society. But it is impossible for the Chinese government to afford such a sum of money for hundreds of thousands of school dropouts. So a nation-wide drive, Project Hope, is the best solution. As Project Hope aims to raise funds from all walks of life, we should finance the project with money. Moreover, it needs our love and strong sense of responsibility for those children. As it says, “knowledge is a lamp leading people into the world of brightness and beauty”, so is Project Hope. 例文分析 1． 提纲 （1）现状：从国家需要人才和大量儿童失学两方面说明目前中国教育状况； （2）需要：上学的障碍为学生与政府都没有钱； （3）建议：捐钱及爱心等。 2．论点与谋篇 本文中心突出，结构严谨。从国家与个人两方面进行论述是本文的一大特点。它使得文章脉络非常清晰。第二段，作者用了总——分——总的方法展开，使文章简短有力。第三段的特点是呼应主题，以俗语作总结，并采用对照，起到了画龙点睛的作用。 3．连贯性 本文流畅不仅来自于思维的连贯，并且归功于诸多连词的应用（已在文中标出）。 4.句式及用词 经典句式：Developing education to arm youngsters with knowledge is and urgent task… As… aims to do sth., we should… 评分标准 2 12~10分：内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点；表达比较清楚，文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误。 Sample 2 (10 points) The“Hope Project”     Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country. In rural areas millions of children have no chance to go to school. Helping their family in the field or doing endless housework at home, they do not even know how to write their own names. These new illiterates are impossible to catch the change of the world. So the Project Hope was established to help the poor children. The Project is quite necessary. On the one hand, these children are too poor to buy the books and go to school. On the other hand, as a developing country China is not likely to spend a huge amount of money on education. Only through the love the project can provide more and more education chances for the poor children. Thus, everyone should do what he can for the Project Hope. I think this project is great important to our country. So my suggestion is that people should donate our money and the government should encourage more of the public to participate the project. And I’m sure the project will be fruitful. 例文分析 1．提纲 （1）儿童失学，提出希望工程； （2）从两方面说明工程的必要性； （3）提出建议。 2．论点与谋篇 本文论点突出，按照提纲所示将文章按三段展开。第一段的缺点在于：第一句与第二句间缺乏过渡。第二句应展开说明教育对中国的重要性，然后再进行转折衔接第三句，这样内容较衔接。但此段的描写较为生动。不是直接讲述，而是通过形象地描述，用干活、做家务及不会写名字的对比生动展示失学儿童的现状。 3．连贯性 段与段之间衔接比较自然。 4.句式及用词 典型错误： 倒装：Only through the love the project can provide more and more education chances for the poor children. Only开头的句子应为部分倒装。应为：Only through the love can the project provide more and more education chances for the poor children.