心理障碍2

nullPsychological DisordersPsychological Disordersnull Somatoform and Dissociative DisordersSchizophrenic DisordersPsychological Disorders of ChildhoodThe Stigma of Mental illnessThe Nature of Psychological DisordersAnxiety DisordersMood DisordersPersonality DisordersContentsWords schizophrenia [,skɪtsə'fri:ni:ə] 精神分裂症 delusion [di'lu:ʒən] 错觉; 妄想 psychopathology [,saikəupə'θɔlədʒi] 精神病理学 bipolar [baɪ‘pəʊlə] disorder 双相(心境)障碍 distress [dis'tres] 痛苦, 忧伤 whip [hwip]鞭子;鞭打 sane [sein]心智健全的; 理智的 maladaptiveness [,mælə'dæptɪvnis] 适应不良Words Words prognosis [prɔg'nəʊsɪs] 预后 morbidity [mɔ:'biditi] 发病率, 致病率 comorbidity [kəʊmɔ:‘biditi] 共病 neurotic [njʊ‘rɔtɪk] disorders 神经症性障碍 neurosis [njʊ‘rəʊsɪs] (neuroses) 神经症 psychotic [saɪ‘kɔtɪk] disorders 精神症性障碍 psychosis [saɪ'kəʊsɪs] (psychoses) 精神病 etiology [,i:ti'ɔlədʒi] 病因学 forbidden [fə‘bɪdn] impulse 被禁止的冲动 ritualistic [,ritjuə‘listik] task 仪式化的任务Words Words dysfunction [dɪs‘fʌŋkʃən] 机能障碍 phobia ['fəubiə] 恐怖症 agoraphobia [æɡərə'fəubiə] 广场恐怖症 bladder ['blædə] 膀胱 engender [en'dʒendə] 产生, 引起 prophecy ['prɔfisi] 预言 perspire [pə‘spaɪə] 出汗;流汗 silly [‘sili] 蠢的;可笑的 vicious [‘viʃəs] cycle 恶性循环 heart palpitation [pælpi'teiʃ(ə)n] 心悸 Words Words mania ['meɪni:ə] 躁狂症 thwart [θwɔ:t] 阻挠;挫败 elated [ɪˈleɪtɪd] 兴高采烈的;情绪高涨的 predicament [prɪ'dɪkəmənt] 窘境 lavish ['læviʃ] 过分慷慨的 humiliating [hju(:) 'mɪlɪeɪtɪŋ] 丢脸的 triad [‘traiəd] 三合一;三个一组 deficit [‘defisit] 缺陷;亏空 groundwork ['graʊnd,wɜ:k] 基础;准备 self-reproach [ri‘prəutʃ] 自责Words null 2 The problem of objectivity3 Classifying psychological disorders 4 The etiology of psychopathology1 Deciding what is abnormalThe nature of psychological disordersDeciding what is abnormalDeciding what is abnormalSeven criteria Distress or disability Maladaptiveness Irrationality Unpredictability Unconventionality and statistical rarity Observer discomfort Violation of moral and ideal standardsDeciding what is abnormalDeciding what is abnormalIndividual, group, and environmental factors works together effectively, ensuring: Subjective well-being Optimal development and use of mental abilities Achievement of appropriate goals Conditions of functional equalityIndividual, group, and environmental factors conflict, producing: Subjective distress Impairment or underdevelopment of mental ability Failure to achieve appropriate goals Destructive behaviors Entrenchment of inequitiesOptimal Mental Health Minimal Mental Health The problem of objectivityThe problem of objectivityA judgment about behavior: the goal for researchers is to make judgments objectively ,without any type of bias. contextcontentThe problem of objectivityThe problem of objectivityLet’s see why objectivity is such an important issue. an 1851 report It may be impossible to be judged “sane” in an “insane place”. David Rosenhan (1973,1975) Mihail Chemiakin (1943—) Classifying psychological disordersClassifying psychological disordersA psychological diagnosis is the label given to an abnormality by classifying and categorizing the observed behavior pattern into a diagnostic system. three benefits Common shorthand languageUnderstanding of causalityTreatment planeClassifying psychological disordersClassifying psychological disordersHistorical perspective on classification Evolution of diagnostic categoriesHistorical perspective on classification Historical perspective on classification Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) Emil Kraepelin (1855-1926) DSM-Ⅳ-TR (American Psychiatric Association, APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 1952,1968,1987,1994 2000 Five dimensions/axesnull Axis ⅢClinical disorders(a)Personality disorders (b)Mental retardationGeneral medical conditions Psychosocial and environmental problemsGlobal assessment of functioningFive axesAxis ⅠAxis ⅡAxis ⅣAxis ⅤHistorical perspective on classification Historical perspective on classification Comorbidity refers to the cooccurrence of diseases. Morbidity refers to the occurrence of disease.Evolution of diagnostic categoriesEvolution of diagnostic categoriesThe shifts reflect changes about what constitutes a psychological disorder Where the lines between different types of disorders should be drawn E.g. neurotic disorders & psychotic disorders E.g. homosexuality The etiology of psychopathologyThe etiology of psychopathologyEtiology refers to the factors that cause or contribute to the development of psychological and medical problems. Why the disorder occurs What its origins are How it affects thought and emotional and behavioral processes The etiology of psychopathologyThe etiology of psychopathologyThe etiology of psychopathologyThe etiology of psychopathologyBiological approaches Psychological disturbances are attributable to underlying biological factors. brain biochemical processes genetic influences The etiology of psychopathologyThe etiology of psychopathologyPsychological approaches the causal role of psychological or social factors in the development of psychopathology. Personal experiences Traumas Conflicts Environmental factors The etiology of psychopathologyThe etiology of psychopathologyPsychological approaches Psychodynamic The causes of psychopathology are located inside the person. Behavioral focus : the current behavior and current conditions or reinforcements that sustain the behavior Cognitive focus : the way people perceive or think about themselves and about their relationship with other people and the environment Sociocultural focus : the role culture plays in both the diagnosis and etiology of abnormal behavior An interactionist perspective : psychopathology is the product of a complex interaction between a number of biological and psychological factors. null Phobias Obsessive-compulsive disorderGeneralized anxiety disorderPanic disorderPosttraumatic stress disorderCauses of anxiety disordersAnxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersnullDiffer in the extent to which anxiety is experienced the severity of the anxiety The situation that trigger the anxiety Anxiety DisordersnullGeneralized anxiety disorder feel anxious or worried most of the time for at least 6 months not threatened by any specific danger focus on specific life circumstances lead to impaired functioning Anxiety DisordersnullPanic disorder panic attacks unexpected , severe a feeling of intense apprehension , fear or terror accompany with physical symptoms Anxiety DisordersagoraphobianullAgoraphobia is an extreme fear of being in public places or open spaces from which escape may be difficult or embarrassing. Anxiety DisordersCan you see why agoraphobia is related to panic disorderThe dread of next attack and helpless feelings Be imprisonedMay leave home With extreme anxietynullPhobias a persistent and irrational fear of a specific object , activity, or situation that is excessive and unreasonable given the reality of the threat . Social phobias Specific phobias Anxiety Disordersnull Social phobiasSpecific phobiasFear of being observed doing something humiliating a self-fulfilling prophecyFear of several types of objects or situation Anxiety DisordersnullSpecific phobiasnull obsessive- compulsive disorderobsessivecompulsivethoughts, images ,or impulses that recur or persist despite a person’s efforts to suppress themAnxiety Disordersrepetitive ,purposeful acts performed according to certain rules or in a ritualized manner in response to an obsession Obsessive-compulsive disordernullPosttraumatic stress disorder The persistent reexperience of traumatic events through distressing recollections, dreams ,hallucinations, or flashbacks. the victim of the trauma witness others being victimized Anxiety DisordersnullCauses of anxiety disorders Biological Psychodynamic Behavioral cognitive Anxiety Disordersnull BiologicalPreparedness hypothesis Drugs Imaging techniques Family and twin studiesPsychodynamicThe symptoms of anxiety disorders come from underlying psychic conflicts or fears.BehavioralFocus : the way symptoms of anxiety disorders are reinforced or conditionedCognitive Focus : the perceptual processes or attitudes that distort a person’s estimate of the danger that he or she is facing Anxiety sensitivityCauses of anxiety disordersMood DisordersMood DisordersMajor depressive disorderBipolar disorderCauses of mood disorderGender differences in depressionSuicide Mood DisordersnullA mood disorder is an emotional disturbance. Mood Disordersnull severity duration Major depressive disordernullBipolar disorder is characterized by periods of severe depression alternating with manic episodes. Bipolar Disordermaniadepressiondeal with the damage and predicaments they created during the period of frenzy. act and feel elated and expansive an inflated sense of self-esteem or unrealistic belief sleeplessness null Biological Psychodynamic Behavioral cognitiveCauses of mood disordersWhat factors are involved in the development of mood disordersnull BiologicalDrugs Imaging techniques Genetic factors identical twin 67% fraternal twin 20%PsychodynamicUnconscious conflicts and hostile feelings that originate in early childhood play key roles in the development of depression.BehavioralFocus : the effects of the amount of reinforcement and punishments a person receivesCognitive Two theories negative cognitive sets explanatory style modelCauses of mood disordersnullAaron Beck “sets” patterns of perceiving the world three types of negative cognitions negative views of themselves negative views of ongoing experiences negative views of the futures negative cognitive setscognitive triad of depressionnullMartin Seligman three types of deficits motivational deficits emotional deficits cognitive deficits They have an expectancy that nothing they can do matters. How individuals explain their life events.explanatory style modellearned helplessnessinternal-external global-specific stable-unstableGender differences in depression Women experience more negative events and life stressors than man do. The response styles of men and women once they experience negative moods are different.Why women are afflicted twice as often as menGender differences in depressionThe gender differences in depression will endure as long as gender differences in life experiences endure.nullnull我看到了10F以恩爱著称的阿呆夫妇正在互殴nullnullwww.themegallery.com所有刚才被我看见的人现在都在看我… Suicide 128studies 500,000 individuals ages 12 to 20 Suicide Suicide The talk of suicide should always be taken seriously. Being sensitive to signs of suicide intentions and caring enough to intervene are essential. Suicide nullDeciding what is abnormal The problem of objectivity Classifying psychological disorders The etiology of psychopathologyThe Nature of Psychological DisordersGeneralized anxiety disorder Panic disorder Phobias Obsessive-compulsive disorder Posttraumatic stress disorder Causes of anxiety disorders Anxiety DisordersMajor depressive disorder Bipolar disorder Causes of mood disorder Gender differences in depression Suicide Mood DisordersReview null 少女初体验 （Prozac Nation） 抑郁症及抗抑郁剂治疗（Prozac：百忧解） 伴我情深 （Mr. Jones） 双相情感障碍 闻香识女人 （Scent of a Woman） 自杀及自杀干预null