糖尿病与败血症

Available online http://ccforum.com/content/13/1/117 Page 1 of 2 (page number not for citation purposes) Abstract Patients with diabetes mellitus have an increased risk of developing infections and sepsis. In this issue of Critical Care Esper and colleagues report on a large survey, involving 12.5 million sepsis cases, that examined the impact of pre-existing diabetes on organ dysfunction during sepsis. Their main con- clusion was that diabetes patients, relative to non-diabetics, were less likely to develop respiratory failure and more likely to develop renal failure during the course of sepsis. Most physicians recollect cases where patients with diabetes had trivial injuries or infection, but rapidly progressed to life threatening sepsis and death. Although such clinical experi- ences may suggest that diabetes is associated with more severe infections and poor outcomes, observational studies have shown conflicting results. The interaction between diabetes, a chronic condition, and an acute infection is complex. Most studies suggest that diabetes increases susceptibility to infection. However, its effect on outcomes of infection, especially in the critical care setting, is less clear. In this issue of Critical Care, Esper and colleagues [1] have added to our current understanding of organ dysfunction during severe sepsis by comparing the incidence of different organ dysfunctions in patients with sepsis who did and did not have diabetes. There are several key findings of this study. First, diabetes was associated with higher risk of acute kidney injury (13% versus 7%) and lower risk of acute respiratory failure (9% versus 14%); the latter association, suggesting a protective effect of diabetes, is intriguing and in line with an earlier study showing that diabetes is associated with lower risk of acute lung injury in patients with septic shock [2]. Second, contrary to clinical perception, Esper and colleagues show that diabetes was associated with lower case-fatality (18.5% versus 20.6%), likely due to lower risk of acute respiratory failure, which is often associated with worse survival [3]. These results would suggest that diabetes may have no effect or reduce mortality after infection. Indeed, results of epidemiologic studies to determine the effect of diabetes on short-term mortality after infection are conflicting [4-7]. The current study demonstrates complexities of under- standing interaction between diabetes and outcomes of infection. Diabetes is a multifaceted disease and abnor- malities include immune dysfunction and metabolic derange- ments, including hyperglycemia. Furthermore, these patients often have a higher burden of chronic conditions, such as cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease [8], and therapies used in diabetics, such as insulin, statins and thiazolidine- diones, together with diabetes associated immune abnor- malities [9,10], may influence the host response to infection and outcomes. A clear answer to which factors influence the overall impact of diabetes on sepsis outcomes will require a translational approach using epidemiologic studies combined with animal and in vitro models. The authors address most limitations in the current study. First, lower risk of acute respiratory failure could be con- founded by lower risk of developing respiratory tract infection in diabetes, but subgroup analysis in individuals with a respiratory source of infection confirmed findings observed in the overall analysis. Second, the study used an administrative dataset and whether acute respiratory failure was due to acute lung injury could not be determined. Misclassification errors due to inclusion of patients with acute respiratory failure due to congestive heart failure or patients who were intubated due to septic shock without evidence of lung abnormalities may have occurred. Congestive heart failure is likely to be more common in diabetes and would attenuate the difference in the risk of acute lung injury between those with and without diabetes. Finally, administrative datasets and Commentary Diabetes and sepsis outcomes – it is not all bad news Sachin Yende1,2 and Tom van der Poll3 1The Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA 2Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA 3Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) and Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands Corresponding author: Sachin Yende, yendes@upmc.edu Published: 18 February 2009 Critical Care 2009, 13:117 (doi:10.1186/cc7707) This article is online at http://ccforum.com/content/13/1/117 © 2009 BioMed Central Ltd See related research by Esper et al., http://ccforum.com/content/13/1/R18 Critical Care Vol 13 No 1 Yende and van der Poll Page 2 of 2 (page number not for citation purposes) even well designed observational studies cannot tease out acute and chronic organ dysfunction. For instance, the diagnosis of acute kidney injury is difficult when pre-illness creatinine levels are not routinely available. Thus, the higher risk of acute kidney injury in diabetes could be confounded by higher prevalence of chronic kidney disease. Finally, discrimination between insulin-dependent and non-insulin- dependent diabetes could not be made, and no information was available on glucose levels at and after admission or on the regulation of diabetes prior to the septic episode (for example, by using HbA1c levels). In summary, these findings by Esper and colleagues advance our current understanding of the interaction between diabetes and infection. Well designed epidemiologic studies and translational approaches are necessary to understand the factors that contribute to sepsis outcomes in diabetics and the mechanisms involved. Unlike most non-infectious illnesses, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer, where diabetes is associated with poor outcomes [11,12], diabetes may confer some protection against acute lung injury in patients with sepsis and may not be associated with higher short-term mortality after infection - indeed it is not all bad news. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Acknowledgements Sachin Yende is supported by a K23 grant (K23GM083215) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institute of Health. References 1. Esper AM, Moss M, Martin GS: The effect of diabetes mellitus on organ dysfunction with sepsis: an epidemiologic study. Crit Care 2009, 13:R18. 2. Moss M, Guidot DM, Steinberg KP, Duhon GF, Treece P, Wolken R, Hudson LD, Parsons PE: Diabetic patients have a decreased incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 2000, 28:2187-2192. 3. Rubenfeld GD, Caldwell E, Peabody E, Weaver J, Martin DP, Neff M, Stern EJ, Hudson LD: Incidence and outcomes of acute lung injury. N Engl J Med 2005, 353:1685-1693. 4. Falguera M, Pifarre R, Martin A, Sheikh A, Moreno A: Etiology and outcome of community-acquired pneumonia in patients with diabetes mellitus. Chest 2005, 128:3233-3239. 5. Kornum JB, Thomsen RW, Riis A, Lervang HH, Schonheyder HC, Sorensen HT: Type 2 diabetes and pneumonia outcomes: a population-based cohort study. Diabetes Care 2007, 30:2251- 2257. 6. Benfield T, Jensen JS, Nordestgaard BG: Influence of diabetes and hyperglycaemia on infectious disease hospitalisation and outcome. Diabetologia 2007, 50:549-554. 7. Valdez R, Narayan KM, Geiss LS, Engelgau MM: Impact of dia- betes mellitus on mortality associated with pneumonia and influenza among non-Hispanic black and white US adults. Am J Pub Health 1999, 89:1715-1721. 8. Prevalence of self-reported cardiovascular disease among persons aged >35 years with diabetes - United States, 1997- 2005. MMWR 2007, 56:1129-1132. 9. Krogh-Madsen R, Moller K, Dela F, Kronborg G, Jauffred S, Peder- sen BK: Effect of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on the response of IL-6, TNF-αα, and FFAs to low-dose endotoxemia in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004, 286:E766- E772. 10. Stegenga ME, van der Crabben SN, Blumer RME, Levi M, Meijers JCM, Serlie MJ, Tanck MWT, Sauerwein HP, van der Poll T: Hyperglycemia enhances coagulation and reduces neutrophil degranulation, whereas hyperinsulinemia inhibits fibrinolysis during human endotoxemia. Blood 2008, 112:82-89. 11. Megherbi SE, Milan C, Minier D, Couvreur G, Osseby GV, Tilling K, Di Carlo A, Inzitari D, Wolfe CDA, Moreau T, Giroud M: Associ- ation between diabetes and stroke subtype on survival and functional outcome 3 months after stroke: data from the European BIOMED stroke project. Stroke 2003, 34:688-694. 12. Abbott RD, Donahue RP, Kannel WB, Wilson PW: The impact of diabetes on survival following myocardial infarction in men vs women. The Framingham Study. 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