英语日常口语交流 2

nullDaily Verbal Communication IIDaily Verbal Communication IIWarm-up CasesWarm-up Cases Case 1 An invitation to dinner Bart Rapson had brought his family to the Philippines on a job assignment for a multinational corporation. While not particularly religious themselves, having largely abandoned the practice of Catholicism except for token appearances at Christmas and Easter, they still felt that their children might benefit from belonging to a church. They explained to friends that the church can give children a sense of belonging and can provide some moral and ethical guidance.nullSince the Philippines is largely Catholic, it was easy for Bart to place his 7-year-old daughter in a Sunday school class that would prepare her for her First Communion. As the day approached, Bart planned for an after-church party, inviting colleagues and their families from work. One Filipino colleague, Manuel, to whom Bart felt especially close, kept putting off an answer to Bart’s invitation, saying neither “yes” nor “no”. Finally, Bart said, “My wife needs to know how many people to cook for.” Still not giving a yes or no answer, Manuel later called and said that he would be attending a differentnullparty that would be attended by other Filipinos. Maneul said that he would try to stop by sometime during Bart’s party. Bart was quite upset. He complained, “If this is supposedly a Catholic country, why would they not place a value on this?” why would he turn down a once-in-a-lifetime gathering, my daughter’s Communion, to go to a party with friends he admits to seeing all the time? After the party, Bart was merely cordial to Manuel– there were no longer indications of friendliness. Manuel was puzzled, and had no idea what the problem was. nullThe director of the organization, a sensitive person, picked up the cues and realized that there was a strained relationship. Questions for Discussion If you were the director and chosen to mediate this situation, what would you do to ensure not to offend either party? How would you explain Bart’s behavior to Maneul? How would you explain Maneul’s behavior to Bart? as we can see, the different attitudes toward the same matter inevitably lead to misunderstandings and unhappy feelings. as we can see, the different attitudes toward the same matter inevitably lead to misunderstandings and unhappy feelings.For Americans: 1. it is important to know how many people will attend a gathering, as it helps the host to prepare properly. 2. Americans pay attention to important social gatherings, especially when their children are involved. nullfor Filipinos: 1. the number of guests is not very important, they usually prepare more food than enough and would not mind if there were leftovers. 2. they prefer to be together with people they know well. 3. First Communion is not as important as the party Case 2 The Cancellation of the Dinner PartyCase 2 The Cancellation of the Dinner PartyCalled to a staff meeting by his principal, Stan Brown from New Zealand reviewed the materials on a mathematics curriculum development project that he wished to see incorporated into the high school at which he taught. Stan had been teaching in the Philippines for two years and was enjoying his stay at this international school in Manila. Jose, who had developed a close relationship with Stan, was also asked to the meeting. The Principal asked Stan to discuss his proposal, the content of which was already known to the others at the meeting.nullOnly slight modifications were necessary. It was agreed to take the next step toward possible implementation. Since this had taken less time than expected, the principal asked Jose to say a few words about the curriculum development project he was working on. Again, most of the people at the meeting knew of this project. While Jose gave his project outline, Stan asked some difficult questions that forced Jose to think on his feet and defend some of his earlier assumptions. After the meeting, Jose told Stan that he could not meet him for dinner as earlier planned. Stan was puzzled by Jose’s cancellation.nullQuestion for discussion Why did Jose cancel the dinner party? Hint: Different attitudes towards friendship. How do Westerners view friendship? How do people in the east view friendship?different attitudes towards friendshipdifferent attitudes towards friendship1. In New Zealand, a friend can openly provide constructive criticism, it is a common practice among westerners. it is not true friend when he can provide help(make suggestion) but not. 2. In Philippines, a person cannot be a friend and a critic at the same time, or at lelyast not in public. they can make suggestion privateCase 3 Why should they do like this?Case 3 Why should they do like this?A Filipino couple was vacationing in England. While they were strolling along one of the main streets of London with a British acquaintance, they met another Filipino who had been residing there for some time. He was a good friend from the past, whom they had not seen for several years. They greeted him warmly and effusively and continued their conversation in a loud and animated fashion using their native language. After a while the British became noticeably agitated, and turned his head away and sighed. nullThe Filipinos noticed the reaction, looked at each other, and then resumed their conversation but in a quieter tone. Discussion Why did the British become agitated? null1. the British people maintain etiqueue and social manners even when they are excited 2. the Filipino couple did not introduce their Filipino friend to him, and talk in their native language, so the british felt left outCase 4 The Embarrassment caused by “No Etiquette”Case 4 The Embarrassment caused by “No Etiquette”For the sake of business, I was sent to study in Canada for two years. During my stay there, I encountered all sorts of inconveniences, especially the “no etiquette” custom which almost drove my crazy. No Seeing Out When Guest Leaves. Having just recently arrived in Canada, I paid a visit to my boss. When I was leaving, to my bewilderment, the door was shut with a click the moment I stepped out of his house. I was upset about this for several days. nullNo stand-up when your leader comes in When my boss came into my office for the first time, I stood up immediately to show my respect. The boss immediately misunderstood my behavior, thought I was going out, and said he would talk with me in a while. I was accustomed to respecting all those in authority. For instance, at an academic conference, if some academic experts came in late, and unfortunately had to stand behind me, I would feel uncomfortable and offer my seat to him. On one occasion, I offered my seat to the Head of the Department of Internal Medicine. He said “Thanks”nulland sat down. During the conference, he kept turning around and looking at me, which made me feel ill at ease. When the conference was over, he came over and apologized to me, “ I thought you were leaving the conference. You don’t have to offer me.” No help for old people My landlady was over 70 and we got along very well. Once when we were ascending the stairs together, I stretched out my hands to give her some help. She said, “I can do it. Thank you.” I thought she was just being polite, so I escorted nullHer to the top floor. Her face showed that she could do nothing about my over-kindness. Soon after, I saw her going up the stairs alone, I forgot my previous lesson and practiced “Lei Feng” once again. This time, half-jokingly and half-seriously, she asked me, “Young man, do you think I am old and useless? When I have to move myself on a wheelchair, I’ll ask you for help.” I stood there, blushed and puzzled. What suggestions can you give “I” in the above cases?Compliments and Compliment ResponsesCompliments and Compliment Responses Various expressions of compliment and compliment response manifest the cultural variations and different cultural roots.null Contents a. Social functions of compliments b. Different semantic formulas in English and Chinese compliments. c. Different syntactic formulas in English and Chinese compliments. d. Common response formulas in English and Chinese. e. Cultural assumptions about complimentnullWork in Pairs to act out the following two cases: A young Chinese woman in the U.S. was complimented by an American woman for the lovely dress she was wearing: “It’s exquisite. The colors are so beautiful!” She was pleased but somewhat embarrassed. In typical Chinese fashion, she replied, “Oh, it’s just an ordinary dress I bought in China.”nullb. At a reception at an American college, Mr. Chen, a newly-arrived Chinese scholar, was chatting with the hostess. As an acquaintance of the hostess approached, she said, “Ron, let me introduce Mr. Chen, an outstanding physicist and one of the nicest people I know.” Mr. Chen offered his hand to the newcomer but looked at the hostess and said with a smile, “Should I blush, or should I tell him you don’t really mean it?” nullDiscussion In both cases, what message is conveyed by the words of the Chinese? What is the intention/implication of the Chinese?nullDiscuss how you would respond in the following situations and act them out. A foreign visitor was looking at the host’s potted flowers with obvious admiration. The plants were blooming profusely. The host remarked diffidently, “ Growing flowers is my hobby, but I’m not much good at it.” A Canadian asked a Chinese art teacher to look over an article that she had written about Chinese paintings. He agreed, but added that “I really know little about the subject.”null Work in groups to discuss the social functions of Compliments Eg. greeting people, ….null(A boss meets his young female employee in the morning) A: Well, you look good today. You have such nice clothes. B. Thank you. I have had this for a while. (Two acquaintances meet in the street) A: Hi, Pat. How are you doing? You look nice. B: Thanks, Anne. So do you.nullA: Thanks for the Christmas present you sent me. It’s so nice and just what I needed. B: I’m glad you like it. (Two friends decide to make up after a quarrel. One comes to the apartment of the other.) A: Hi, Mary. How are you? B: OK. How are you? A: I’m fine. (pause) B: Oh, this vase is really pretty, when did you get it?nullSummary Creating or reinforcing solidarity Greeting people Expressing thanks or congratulations Encouraging people Softening criticism Starting a conversation Overcoming embarrassment nullDifferent semantic formulas in English and Chinese compliments. In America, who do you think usually take the initiative in complimenting the other party, a man or a woman? Man: You look terrific tonight, Mary. Woman: Flattery will get you nowhere, Mr. Jackson. (laughing) How do you see the relationship between the man and woman If the compliment is given by an American man to an American woman? If the compliment is given by a Chinese man to a Chinese woman?nullA: Your shoes are beautiful. How much did they cost? B: Only 50 yuan. A: That’s reasonable. I think I’m going to buy a pair tomorrow. “I love your scarf. It’s really pretty.” In China, positively commenting on something can indicate that the speaker like to posses it.nullSemantic formulas in English compliments. This is a great meal. You look so nice today. You did a good job. I like your haircut. I love your glasses. I really enjoyed your class. Summary: 80% of English compliments are of _________ type. 16% make use of _______.adjectivesverbsnullSemantic formulas in Chinese compliments. 裙子很漂亮。 这房间真不错。 你真是位经验丰富的老师。 你干得不错。 你很用功，进步也很快。 你待人真好。 我特别喜欢你衬衫的颜色。 你该受表扬。You are really an experienced teacher.This room is really good.Your/This skirt is very pretty.You did the job very well. You did a good job.You study hard and make progress very rapidly.You treat people sincerely.I especially like the color of your blouse.You deserve being praised.nullSummary of the semantic formulas In Chinese, positive words expressing compliments are mainly adjectives, adverbs and verbs. 80% of English compliments are of _________ type. 16% make use of _______. Many Chinese compliments begin with the pronouns “you” or “your”. In English compliments the pronoun “I” is more frequently used. nullSyntactic formulas in English and Chinese compliments. English Compliments Your blouse looks beautiful. You are so efficient. NP is/looks really (intensifier) ADJ (53%) I really like your hardwood floors. I really (intensifier) like/love + NP (16.2%) nullThat’s really a beautiful car. PRO is really (intensifier) (a) ADJ+NP (14.9%) Chinese Compliments 你干得不错。 You did the job well. YOU + V+ADV (43%) 你的外套真漂亮。Your coat is really beautiful. NP (You) is (intensifier) + ADJ (35%) For native English speakers, the pattern NP (You) is (intensifier) +ADJ is nothing more than a comment on an object.nullChinese Compliments 那真是一副不错的挂历。 That’s a wonderful wall calendar. PRO is + ADJ + NP (9%) 你值得称赞。You deserve being honored. PRO (You) +V (deserve) +O (5%) 我喜欢这张画。I like this picture. I like + NP (4%) For native English speakers, the pattern I like + NP (4%) is just an expression of the speakers opinion about an object.nullCommon Response Formulas of English and Chinese Compliments American English: a. A: This is really a nice sweater. B: I’m glad you like it. b. A: You did a good job. B: Thank you/Thanks. nullChinese a: A: 你的毛衣不错. Your sweater is very good. B：才花了我十元 . I bought it only for ten yuan. b: A: 你干得不错。 You did the job very well. B:大家努力的结果。/还差得远哩。 That’s the result of joint effort. There’s still much room for improvement.nullSummary Native English speakers tend to accept the compliments, at least in form, whereas the Chinese tend to efface themselves in words, although they do feel comfortable about the compliments. a: A: You look terrific today! B1: Oh, well, tomorrow I’ll just go back to being myself. B2: Yes, it’s the new me.nullb: A: You did a beautiful job. B1: Oh, well, it had to happen sometime. B2: Of course, what did you expect. Role-play: Initiating Conversations with ComplimentsRole-play: Initiating Conversations with ComplimentsBegin a conversation with a compliment in pairs. E.g. Maria: You did a nice job on the project the boss gave you. Kara: Thanks. It took about two weeks to complete it. Maria: That’s not bad. It takes some people four weeks to do the same job. Kara: Really? I didn’t think it was hard.Role-play: Initiating Conversations with ComplimentsRole-play: Initiating Conversations with ComplimentsSituations 1. Two neighbors: One compliments the other’s garden. 2. guest/host: The guest compliments the meal. 3. student/teacher: One compliments the teacher’s style of teaching. 4. Two students: One compliments the other’s English. 5. Two friends: One compliments the other’s clothes.nullCultural Assumption of Compliment You look good. Is “losing weight” good in Chinese culture? Is it good in American culture? Is “You’ve put on weight” a compliment in Chinese culture? Is “You’ve lost weight” a compliment in Chinese culture? nullA Review of the Contents a. Social functions of compliments b. Different semantic formulas in English and Chinese compliments. c. Different syntactic formulas in English and Chinese compliments. d. Common response formulas in English and Chinese. e. Cultural assumptions about complimentnullExercises True or False Statement 1. Sometimes the Chinese way of showing modesty may be considered as fishing for compliments. 2. The social functions of Chinese and English compliments are roughly the same. 3. In informal situations, a large number of compliments are used to make people feel comfortable. 4. The cultural assumption of compliments is the same between cultures.TTTFnull5. Adjectives and verbs are often used to convey compliment message in English, while adjectives, adverbs and verbs are often used in Chinese. 6. English compliments often begin with the word “you” while Chinese compliments often start with the word “I”. 7. Chinese people give more compliments in daily life than Americans. 8. Americans tend to be self-effacing in their compliment responses. TFFFnull9. Compliments on other’s belongings are sometimes an indirect way of request in American culture. 10. If a guest compliments something in another person’s home, the Chinese host or hostess will probably give that thing to the guest.FTCross-cultural exercises: when to give giftsCross-cultural exercises: when to give giftsDirections: There are times when a gift is appropriate and times when it is not. For each below, decide whether or not you would give a gift. Discuss what you would do in your culture and in the U.S.null1. You have studied English with a tutor for about two months. Your tutor cannot teach you any longer because of a busy schedule. You will be meeting with your tutor for the last time. Would you give a gift? If yes, what would you give? 2. Your supervisor at work just gave you your six-month performance review. He gave you an excellent review and an increase in salary. Would you give a gift? Would you give a gift? If yes, what would you give? null3. A teacher has helped you after class when you had difficulty with a subject. For three times, she stayed more than an hour after class to help you. You appreciate her extra help. 4.It is one of your co-worker’s birthday. You don’t know this person very well but you like him, and you know that other people will be getting presents for him.null5. You have a small problem with your car. Your neighbor is a mechanic, and offers to help. He finds the problem in a couple of minutes and fixes it right away. 6. You have been sick for a few days. One of your neighbors has been bringing food for your family every day.Cultural PuzzlesCultural PuzzlesSituation: (Joe and Gary, both Americans, are friends. They have just run into each other at a store.) Joe: Hey, Gary. How’ve you been? (Joe is happy to see Gary. He slaps him on the back.) Gary: Oh, hi, Joe. How’s it going? (Gary does not seem happy to see Joe.) Joe: Pretty good. Everything okay with you? It looks like something is bothering you. Gary: If you want to know the truth, I’m pretty angry at you. Joe: What did I do? Gary: Well, I heard that you went out with Jennifer two nights ago. You know I’ve had my eye on her for a long time.nullWhat do you think Joe’s reaction will be? Act it out Discussion Could the situation with Gary and Joe occur in China? If so, what might Gary and Joe say to each other? Would Gary express his anger? Can you make a cultural generalization or does it depend on the person? 2. What would you say if you were either Gary or Joe? How would you express yourself?