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七大方言分别是指

2017-09-25 50页 doc 322KB 46阅读

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七大方言分别是指七大方言分别是指 七大方言分别是指官话、赣语、吴语、湘语、粤语、闽语、客家话。也有人把中国汉语划为八大方言、九大方言。其实,我们所说的“八大方言”、“九大方言”都是指汉族方言,如果加上少数民族的语言,中国的方言还可以划得更多、更细。 如八大方言就,把闽方言分成了两种不同的方言,闽南话和闽东话。 中国七大方言 ? 粤语 ? 赣语 ? 北方话 ? 闽语 ? 吴语 ? 客家方言 ? 湘语 目录 官话 赣语 粤语 吴语 闽语 湘语 客家话 展开 官话 赣语 粤语 吴语 闽语 湘语 客家话 展开 ...
七大方言分别是指
七大方言分别是指 七大方言分别是指官话、赣语、吴语、湘语、粤语、闽语、客家话。也有人把中国汉语划为八大方言、九大方言。其实,我们所说的“八大方言”、“九大方言”都是指汉族方言,如果加上少数民族的语言,中国的方言还可以划得更多、更细。 如八大方言就,把闽方言分成了两种不同的方言,闽南话和闽东话。 中国七大方言 ? 粤语 ? 赣语 ? 北方话 ? 闽语 ? 吴语 ? 客家方言 ? 湘语 目录 官话 赣语 粤语 吴语 闽语 湘语 客家话 展开 官话 赣语 粤语 吴语 闽语 湘语 客家话 展开 编辑本段官话 概述 以北京话为,中国大陆使用人数超过70%,通行于中国北方地区各省区,贵州、四川、云南以及华中地区的部分县市。 分布情况 (1)华北方言,通行于京津两市及东北三省,河北、山东及河南(除信阳地区)六省。其中吉林、辽宁、黑龙江三省方言最接近北京话。 (2)西北方言,通行于山西、陕西、甘肃、内蒙古、宁夏一部分、青海一部分及新疆等六省一区。 (3)西南方言,通行于四川、贵州、云南重庆三省一市及湖北大部分。湖南、广西北部边沿地区。 (4)江淮方言,俗称下江官话,通行于长江、淮河中下游,包括湖北、安徽、江苏、江西部分沿江地区。 此外,晋语在山西大部以及陕西北部、河北西部及南部、河南北部、内蒙古中西部使用,以太原话为代表,有入声韵。其白读系统与典型的官话截然不同。有不少学者将其归于官话,有人认为应当独立,不过晋语与其它官话的差别比起闽语中相邻两县甚至两镇的差别都甚小。 编辑本段赣语 概述 赣语又称江右语,是汉藏语系汉语族下的一门声调语言,为中国日常生活中主要运用的汉语七大方言之一,主要通行于江西大部、湖南东部、湖北东南部、安徽西南部和福建的西北部等地区,是该些地区事实上的公用语。使用赣语的人口在6000万,约占中国人口的6%左右,世界排第三十位。 起源 赣语历史悠久,其源头可追溯到吴城文化,江西在上古时期曾经有过“干越国”和“艾国”等非华夏族国家。史载干越国在春秋时期为吴国所灭,其中心地带可能位于今余干一带,而艾国则位于今修水、武宁一带,后其被楚国并吞。至春秋时代,江西地方经常被称为“吴头楚尾”,是因为江西曾迭为吴、楚、越的争雄之地。公元前473年越灭吴,公元前306年楚灭越。处于“吴头楚尾”的江西和各方都有大量关系,而赣语中至今依旧保存著一些很有特色、很常用的古吴语和古楚语词的积淀,西汉扬雄在其著作《輶轩使者绝代语释别国方言》中,提到“南楚”方言达85次,其中单言“南楚”、不并引其他地名有42次,提到“南楚之外”、“南楚之南”10次。而《史记?货殖列传》中则注明道:“衡山、九江、豫章、长沙,是南楚也。”同时,《方言》中提及的吴越、吴杨越、吴楚等地亦被认为包括江西的部分地区,该时期的江西话[span]是似吴类楚的一种独具特色、有别于周畿雅言的语言。 秦始皇二十六年(公元前221年),使尉屠睢发卒五十万南下。据《淮南子?人间训》所载:“其一军守南野之界,一军结余干之水”。用来对付当时福建的东越与广东的南越的两支军队给江西带来了部分的中原人。 汉高帝初年(公元前202年),汉朝在江西设置豫章郡(赣江原称豫章江,因此而得名),郡治南昌,下辖十八县,管辖区域遍布今江西四方。豫章郡人口由西元2年的将士35万余人猛增至公元140年的167万余人,净增近132万人。在当时中国一百多个郡中,豫章郡的人口名次由53位跃居第四位。在扬州的六个郡中,由第五位跃居第一位。当时,扬州总人口的 五分之二都住在豫章郡。 南朝时期赣语和与当时洛阳话的变体金陵话已经存在相当明显的区别。《南史?胡谐之传》有记载:“胡谐[span]之,豫章南昌人也„„建元二年,为给事中、骁骑将军。上方欲奖以贵族盛姻,以谐之家人语傒音不正,乃遣宫内四五人往谐之家教子女语。二年后,帝问曰:‘卿家人语音已正未,’谐之答曰:‘宫人少,臣家人多,非唯不能得正音,遂使宫人顿成傒语。’” 隋唐时期,经过盛唐二百多年的稳定发展,赣语的主要特点基本定型,但之后随着不断地外来文化影响,赣语因此也增加了不少新的词汇,如新传入的中亚文化中的伊斯兰词汇,佛教文化的梵语词等。 分布情况 赣方言内部可分为9个片: (1)以南昌话为代表的昌靖片,通行于南昌地区、高安地区。 (2)以宜春话为代表的宜浏片,通行于宜春地区、新余地区和湖南省 (3)以吉安话为代表的吉茶片,通行于吉安地区、井冈山地区和湖南省的茶陵、攸县、酃县。 (4)以抚州话为代表的抚广片,通行于抚州地区。 (5)以鹰潭话为代表的鹰弋片,通行于鹰潭地区、贵溪地区、乐平地区、景德镇地区。 (6)以咸宁话为代表的大通片,通行于湖北的大冶、咸宁市、嘉鱼、蒲圻、崇阳、通城、通山、阳新和监利的部分地方,以及湖南的华容和临湘、岳阳的部分地方。 (7)以怀宁话为代表的怀岳片,通行于安徽的怀宁、岳西、潜山、太湖和望江、宿松、东至、石台、贵池的部分地区。 (8)以耒阳话为代表的耒资片,通行于湖南的耒阳、常宁、安仁、永兴、资兴市。 (9)以洞口话为代表的洞绥片,通行于湖南的洞口、绥宁、隆回的部分地方。 通行地域 赣语通行于江西省中部和北部,湘东和闽西北;鄂东南和皖西南一些县市通行的方言,其特点近似赣语,有的学者认为也可以划入赣语。 江西省内通行赣语的有60多个县市。包括南昌、景德镇、萍乡和宜春、抚州、井冈山三地区的各县市:南昌、新建、安义、靖安、奉新、高安、宜丰、铜鼓、上高、万载、分宜、新余、清江、丰城、进贤、东乡、临川、金溪、资溪、南城、黎川、崇仁、宜黄、乐安、南丰、新干、峡江、永丰、吉水、吉安、泰和、永新、莲花、安福、宁冈、遂川、万安,上饶、 九江两地区的大多数县市鄱阳、余干、万年、鹰潭、贵溪、余江、弋阳、横峰、铅山、乐平、永修、德安、星子、都昌、彭泽、武宁、修水,赣州地区的广昌、石城、宁都、兴国、于都、瑞金、会昌等县也有使用赣方言的乡镇。此外,通行赣方言的还有湖南省东界的13个县:临湘、平江、浏阳、醴陵、攸县、茶陵、酃县、桂东、汝城、常宁、资兴、安仁,有人认为岳阳、永兴也属赣方言区;福建省西北部的4个县市邵武、光泽、建宁、泰宁;湖北省东南部与江西省连界的8个县通城、蒲圻、崇阳、通山、阳新、咸宁、嘉鱼、大冶;安徽省西南部安庆地区的望江、东至、宿松、怀宁、太湖、潜山、岳西、桐城等县的方言。使用人口约6000万。 推广难度 根据赣语(含其他方言区的许多地域)的发音实际情况,在赣语区推普中语音的难度可分为三级台阶。第一级是翘舌声母(舌尖后音)zh、ch、sh、r的把握,第二级是韵母部分的后鼻韵母inɡ、enɡ的把握,第三级台阶是古入声字的入派四声的把握。推普、培训应把这三级台阶作为重点、难点来抓,从而收到事半功倍的效果,因而该方言区普通话水平测试自然也就应该把这“三级台阶”作为衡量普通话语音水平的标准。能准确地把握翘舌声母zh、ch、sh、r,应作为最基本标准;能准确清晰地分辨出其后鼻韵母inɡ、enɡ,应作为较高标准;能准确地把握好声调中古入声字在普通话中的读音,则是更高标准了。 1、第一级难度台阶zh、ch、sh、r 如果把中国的语言划分为南北两大区域,那么南北方言区语音的最明显差异是平翘舌声母。粗略地分辨一个人、尤其是南方人的普通话音准程度,首先往往会以能否把握zh、ch、sh、r声母字作为衡量标准。听到一个人说普通话,把zh、ch、sh、(r)说成z、c、s、(l、n),就会有八分把握地说,这是个南方人在说普通话(当然,南方人也有说成zh、ch、sh的,如赣方言区的樟树市等地域;而北方方言区的人也有说成z、c、s的,如湖北、东北、苏北的部分地域的人)。因而,“南方人”推普、培训往往很注意翘舌声母的发音。注意力多集中于此,是属于“显性”的差异,自然也就把它作为“基本要求”、“基本标准”了。这就是其界定为“第一级台阶”的原因。 在赣方言区,普通话中应该读zh、ch、sh的,大体上可分为以下几种情况。 ?混读于z、c、s。这种情况最为普遍,不需举例。 ?读d、t、s。如高安、丰城、奉新、上高等地域。这是中古语音的保留。典型的比如“周”,在这些区域说成[tEu]或[tiEu],运用古音韵学知识分析可知,这是“照三归端”,即照母三等字在中古归于“端”母,或换一句话说,中古的端母字,在普通话中转变为读zh,而这些地域仍保留读“端”母未变,因而凋、碉、雕的声母为“端”(即以“周”作业形声字的声符)也就不难找到答案了。又如“者”之与“堵”也是同一道理。“昌”在这些区域中说成[t‵oN],“嘲”这些区域说成[t‵εu],“少”这些区域中说成[sεu],“生”说成[sεn]或者[saN]。 ?读j、q、x。如南昌、新建等地。 ?读舌叶音。即发音部位介于zh、ch、sh与j、q、x之间,发音效果如同前者又似后者,似翘舌而非翘舌。如宜春、高安等部分地域,把“知”说成[ i],把“池”说成[ i],这种现象似乎可戏称为正在向普通话过渡却又未彻底的一种现象。% Y- S4 H6 C- w \" t, Z) o v; `. E8 o# S0 U' J) z0 d ?读纯正的翘舌音zh、ch、sh。如以樟树话为代表的部分地域,平翘舌音分得很清楚,与普通话靠得很近,演变得快,似乎很“现代”了。 浊音r的实际发音较复杂。 以“日”字为例,声母多读成[l],也有的读[n]或近似于[n]和[ ]。 2、第二级难度台阶inɡ和enɡ 在赣方言区测评一个人的普通话水平程度时,如果翘舌声母字掌握好了,听起来比较顺耳了,那么第二步则应该是后鼻韵母inɡ和enɡ。 分析inɡ和enɡ韵母在方言区的实际发音情况,不仅仅宜春地域,也不仅仅是赣方言区,就是北方方言区的许多地域,也往往把in和inɡ混读为in,如“英、青、星、京、经、令”等字音,而且往往为大众听评普通话时所不注意,因而学习普通话时也就往往不会把它作为重点,不会倾注很大的精力。enɡ则分为两种情况,一种读成en,如湖北、湖南、江西等地域,读“彭penɡ大将军”为“盆[p‵En]大将军”或者“[p‵anɡ]大将军”,宜丰人说“宜丰(fenɡ)”为“宜分[fEn]”。更多的则把enɡ发成onɡ,如许多地域把“丰”“风”“峰”说作[fuN]。唯其不经意而忽略,闻其错而不知其错,所以能正确读出inɡ和enɡ韵母字,更显得难于读出zh、ch、sh、r声母字。所以把它们界定为“第二级台阶”。 3、第三难度台阶,入声字的定调 普通话中没有入声。北方方言区内缺乏入声字的概念,南方广大地区均保留了入声,而不论其是否带有塞音尾。因为已经“入派三声”(实际上在普通话中是“入派四声”),所以南方人即使在学习普通话时较好地掌握了翘舌声母,后鼻韵母,在遇到入声字的定调时,还是会“露馅。 比如在一些交际场合中,高安、丰城、奉新、宜丰等地域说“学校”“学习”“石头”“打铁”“竹子”时,分别将“学”说成,将“习”说成,将“石”说为,将“铁”说成,将“竹”说成或,分别收不同的塞音尾。在用普通话说上述字时,尽管声母、韵母能正确发音,仍然收塞音尾,这就是“露馅”。在北方方言区比如湖北等地,因为在方言交际中入声字说成阳平,在普通话中也往往误读为阳平。而在普通话的实际读音中,铁、雪、派入上声,学、石派入阳平,所以即使是北方方言区的武汉人说普通话时,凭其入声字的定调,还是可以鉴别其不纯正之处,如果问及究竟什么是入声字,则可以告诉他,你读的字与普通话声调发生矛盾的,大多数是入声字 尽管常用入声字不多,就推普培训而言,入声字的定调仍然是个难点,但因入声字不 多,在赣方言区却又更容易被忽视。再加上入声字的定调又不能如声母、韵母那样依靠形声字偏旁代表字来类推,无规律可循,只能是下一番死记的功夫,因而显得更难。因此,入声字的定调应界定为更高要求的第三台阶。 编辑本段粤语 概述 广州话为标准语,又称粤方言,俗称广东话,当地人称白话,英文叫Cantonese,使用人口占汉族总人数的5%左右,是汉语七大方言中语言现象较为复杂、保留古音特点和古词语较多、内部分歧较小的一支方言。世界上有较强生命力的语言之一。已经成为澳大利亚第四大语言,加拿大第三大语言,美国第三大语言。此外,粤语亦是唯一除普通话外在外国大学有独立研究之中国汉语,亦是唯一除普通话外拥有较为完善文字系统的汉语,而且可以完全使用汉字(粤语字)表达。 分布情况 通行于广东省大部分地区,广西自治区的东南部,港澳地区及海外华人区。以广州话为代表。粤方言内部被分为4个片,但语音与标准粤语广州话相对来说差别不大。广东省中西部地区及珠江三角洲地区、广西中南部及东南部地区、香港、澳门等地区和东南亚的新加坡、印尼北苏门答腊省棉兰市、圣诞岛、马来西亚、越南、以及北美、英国和澳大利亚、新西兰等华人社区中广泛使用。 平话在广西的部分地区使用,有人认为应当从粤语中独立分离,部分学者将其南部方言(桂南平话)归于粤语,而将北部方言(桂北平话)当成孤立的土语存在。 广东省境内纯粹属粤方言或以粤方言为主的县市有47个,占全省面积的1/3以上,即广州、佛山、肇庆、江门、深圳、茂名、中山、珠海、南海、番禺、东莞、顺德、龙门、佛冈、增城、从化、花县、清远、连县、阳山、连山、怀集、广宁、四会、三水、高要、云浮、高明、新兴、鹤山、封开、郁南、德庆、罗定、阳春、阳江、信宜、高州、化州、吴川、台山、开平、新会、恩平、斗门、香港、澳门。此外,惠州、韶关、湛江、海丰、博罗、惠阳、惠东、仁化、乐昌、英德、宝安、电白、遂溪、海康、徐闻、廉江等16个县市也有部分地区讲粤方言。 广西壮族自治区通行粤方言的县市有24个,即南宁、横县、贵港、桂平、平南、藤县、梧州、玉林、北流、容县、博白、陆川、兴业、钦州、合浦 、浦北、灵山 、北海、苍梧、岑溪、昭平、蒙山、贺县、钟山。此外,海外华侨及华裔中以粤方言为母语的也很多,他们主要分布在东南亚、南北美洲、澳大利亚、新西兰等国家。美洲华侨和华裔几乎百分之90%以上的祖籍都是粤方言区。 分区情况 粤方言内部按其语言特点和地理分布可以分为4个片: 1.粤海片,又称广府片,主要分布在广东省珠江三角洲、粤中、粤西南和粤北的韶关、清远、乐昌等地区及港澳地区,是粤方言中使用人口最多、通行范围最广的一个片,以广州话为代表,它在粤方言中有很大的代表性和影响。 2.四邑片,主要分布在台山、开平、恩平、新会、斗门等县(主要在江门市范围内),以台山话为代表。 3.高阳片,主要分布在高州市以及茂名市所属各县、湛江市、阳江市和阳春县(历史上广东下四府之首高州府管辖范围),以高州话为代表。 4.桂南片,主要分布在广西壮族自治区邕江、郁江、浔江沿岸的南宁市、横县、贵县、桂平县、平南县、藤县、梧州市,玉林地区的玉林县、北流市、容县、博白县、陆川县,钦州地区的钦州县、合浦县、浦北县、灵山县和北海市,梧州地区的苍梧县、岑溪县、昭平县、蒙山县、贺县、钟山县,一般以南宁话为代表。它的语音比较一致,也存在一些分歧。 桂南片按其内部的异同又可以分为四个方言小部分:広府、邕浔、勾漏和钦廉。 1.勾漏片:主要分布在北流市及贵港两地区13个县市(除平南县、桂平县城外)这里以北流话为标准。音系复杂,声调有10个。有粤语的其它方言中罕见的b、d浊声母。许多字的韵尾失落,如两读为[lar]。以及词汇也很有特点。 2.邕浔片粤语在广西分布范围很广,除南宁及周边地区外,广西西部的百色、龙州粤语亦属邕浔片。邕浔粤语与梧州粤语和广州话都比较接近。主要流行于邕州、浔州(桂平市古称)两岸交通便利的城镇,如南宁市及横县、崇左县、宁明县、凭祥市、桂平市下属乡镇、平南县等县城以及柳州市部分地区。以南宁市为代表点。但是由于自八十年代后大量外来人口的涌入,加上南宁市政府的语言文化是削弱地方方言改而推广普通话,南宁市区内南宁话的使用人口大幅度下降,南宁话使用人口锐减到不足三成。邕浔粤语的代表性口音实际上已迁移到古称“浔州”的桂平市下属乡镇。有相当多人忧虑南宁话事实上已经变成死语。 3.広府片以广州话为代表.广州方言由古代汉语演变而来,它的形成与发展经历了一个长期的过程。秦代以前,居住在广东、广西地区的是称为“南越”(百越的一种)的少数民族,包括壮、瑶、黎和疍家等。后秦始皇派兵戍守岭南,开始了早期汉语与百越语言融合的先声。不过也有学者认为“粤方言最早的源头,应该是楚人南迁、楚语南来所导致的结果”(李新魁《广东的方言》)。汉代至唐宋,中原汉人源源不断地迁徙岭南,促进了粤语的发展和定型。元明清以来,粤语的变化较小。 4.钦廉粤语主要分布钦州市、合浦县(旧称廉州)、浦北县、防城县、灵山县及北海市。 编辑本段吴语 苏州话为标准语,今多以上海话为其代表。吴语又称吴方言,江浙话或江南话。过去以苏州话为代表,现今随着上海市的经济发展,使上海话使用的人口不断的增多,通晓上海话也逐渐多。因此现今吴方言的代表乃是上海话。 分布情况 通行地域主要是江苏省长江以南、镇江以东,南通小部分,上海及浙江大部分地区,可分为五部分: (1)以上海话为代表的太湖,通行地域:上海市、嘉兴地区、常州地区、杭州地区和宁波地区。 (2)以临海话为代表的台州。 (3)以温州话为代表的东瓯。 (4)以金华话为代表的婺州。 (5)以丽水话为代表的丽衢。 此外还有徽语:在安徽南部及江西、浙江部分毗邻地区使用。部分学者主张将其归于吴语,部分人认为应当独立分离。 音系 特色 1. 最主要的特征是中古全浊声母至今仍保留浊音音位,比如「冻」、「痛」、「洞」的声母分别[t]、[t?]、[d](普通话「洞」的声母清化为[t])。 2. 全浊声母在起首或单念时通常清化,即“清音浊流”,只在词或语句中维持浊音。清塞音爆破性较其它汉语强。 3. 疑母洪细皆读鼻音(疑泥细音混同)。如上海「鳄」[??o?2]「恶」[?o?5],「艺」[??i113]]?「异」[?ji113]。 4.泥来母不混(南方只有吴语、部分客家话和部分粤语完全区分泥来母),“弄”字依古音“卢贡切”读来母上海[l?o?113]。 5. 边、鼻音[l]、[m]、[n]、[?]、[?]均分为清浊两套,分别与阴阳声调相配,可视为清浊对立的一部分。 6. 在壮侗语族语言中,先喉塞声母是最常见的声母,而浙南,古帮母和端母有好些地方也念成先喉塞音,如:“疤、带”等,这是典型的古吴语的遗留。 代表地(上海)声母: 老派:声母27个,韵母51个,声调6个(阴平、阴上、阴去、阳去、阴入、阳入) 中派:声母28个(增加[?]),韵母43个,声调5个(阴平、阴去、阳去、阴入、阳入) 新派:声母28个,韵母32个,声调5个(阴平、阴去、阳去、阴入、阳入) 下面关于语音的具体描写以中派上海话为基础。 跟多数其他吴方言一样,上海话拥有一整套的浊塞音、不送气清塞音和送气清塞音的对立。此外,还有一套对立的清擦音和浊擦音。 韵母 吴语是以单元音为主体的方言。普通话中,ai,ei,ao,ou等都是双元音韵母,发音的时候声音拖得很长,而且口部很松,而吴语恰好相反,一般来说,对应普通话ai,ei,ao,ou的音,在吴语中分别是?/ø,e,?,o,都是单元音,并且发音的时候口形是比较紧的。 1.介音[j]、[w]、[?]发音短促,具有辅音性(吴语金衢片金华地区例外)。 2. 蟹摄一、二等不同韵。 3. 咸、山摄见系一、二等不同韵,如上海“官”[kwø52]?“关”[kw?52](杭州话除外)。 4.梗摄二等白读跟梗摄三、四等、曾摄不混,如上海 “撑”[??ã335]?“称”[????335]。 5. “打”上海[tã335]字韵母同“冷”上海[l?ã113],合古音“德冷切”。 6. “大”口语大多读“唐佐切”,如上海[du113]。 7. 绝大多数地区保留入声韵(除东瓯片、金衢片金华地区外,均收喉塞音[?])。 8. 边、鼻音[l]、[m]、[n/?]、[?]能自成音节,并分为阴阳(清浊)两套。 节奏组 1. 单字调 吴语大多有七八个声调(中古的平上去入四声各因声母清浊分为阴阳,部分地区阳上并入阳去,如苏州)。 上海进一步将阳平并入阳上去(阳舒统一),阴上并入阴去,所以只有五个声调(阴平、阴去、阳去、阴入、阳入)。 北吴苏沪嘉小片的吴江县与嘉兴府(部分),除了声母清浊影响分调外,清声母的送气与否也构成分调条件,如次阴平(清送气)与全阴平(清不送气)不同。吴江县的各个乡镇 分调格局各异,有十到十二个声调(与壮侗语言的十五调格局原理类似)。 在八声调具全的地点(如绍兴),古浊上字不混入阳去,仍归阳上(汉语族仅有吴语、粤语两分支的阳上同阳去有严格区别,其馀汉语分支皆不同程度地有「浊上归去」现象)。 上海话声调较周围吴方言少。上海话大致分为平仄入三声。平声相当英语长音、法语短音,仄声略长相当法语长音,入声相当日语促音、英语短音。又根据声母的清浊性分为两类。 1,阴平:调值53。 2, 阴仄:调值34。 3,阳平、阳仄:调值相同13。 4, 阴入:调值5。 5, 阳入:调值2。 2. 连读调 1 两个或两个以上音节连在一起时,构成一个连读单位,其中每一音节(字)的声调往往不同於该音节(字)单念时的声调。中国连续变调最复杂的语言有吴语、闽语等。 2 吴语具有汉语中独一无二的广式连续变调系统。形象地说,吴语在被讲的时候,一句话,或者一个短语,只有第一个字是保持了其原本的声调,后面的字,根据第一个字的声调(甚至在不少时候,首字也要发生声调变化),以及说话者想要表达的意思,改变了声调的高低和走向,称作变调。这种变调是广泛存在的,即变调可能超越了句子、短语或者词汇等语音单位 而存在,所以称为广式连续变调。同时,这种变调是有倾向性的,即将原先不平整的声调,变成平整的,而且同时以词、短语为单位,加强了词里面的字,或者短语 里面的字之间的联系关系,使得看上去像一个整体(想象一下英语中的单词,或者多个单词、词根形成的新单词),所以又被非正式地称为连读变调。 3 两个或两个以上音节连在一起时,构成一个连读单位,其中每一音节(字)的声调往往不同于该音节(字)单念时的声调。 4吴语的连读变调现象为汉语族内最丰富的。 5如同吴江全清与次清之间分调,从吴语部分地点(如苏州)的连读调规律中,可以看出吴语历史上也有全浊与次浊分调的痕迹。这些痕迹是现时的单字调所不能显示的。 文白异读 1.见系声母(见溪群,广义包括疑影晓匣)有文白异读,分别念舌面音与舌根音(或喉音)。 如上海「家」[?ia52]文/[ka52]白、「颜」[??i?113]文/[???113]白、「樱」[?i?52]文/[?ã52]白、「孝」[?i?335]文/[h?335]白、「学」[?ja?2]文/[?o?2]白。 2.微母有文白异读——[v高元音/?w低元音]和[m?]。如上海「物」[v??2]文/[m???2]白;「网」[?wɑ?113]文/[m?ɑ?113]白。 3. 奉母部分有文白异读——[v]和[ b ]。如上海「凤」[vo?113]文/[bo?113]白(凤仙)、「肥」[vi113]文/[bi113]白(肥皂)。 4.日母有文白异读——[z~?]和[n?~??]。如上海「日」[z??2]文/[??i??2]白、「人」[z?n113]文/[??in113]白。 5.「鸟」字声母有文白异读——上海[??i?335]文/[ti?335]白,白读合古音「都了切」。 编辑本段闽语 泉州话和漳州话为闽南标准语。所有口音的闽南语均由泉州话和漳州话衍生而成。其要注意的是,闽方言包含有闽东方言,其是闽方言的一种,亦于闽南方言,闽东话以福州话。 分布情况 过去以福州话为代表,今由于闽方言的闽南居民的人口日益增长,使用闽南方言的人口也由此增多。闽方言内部可分为5大部分: 1.闽东区:以福州话为代表 -- 其有福清话为其著名,因福清人移民较多,其福清人把福清话带到国外,例如:美国纽约3个唐人街与美国波士顿唐人街都有其闽东方言,大多说福清话。 2.闽南区:以泉州话和漳州话为代表。在闽方言中的闽南片又被分为几个部分:1.泉漳片以泉州话和漳州话为准。2.潮汕片以广东潮州话为准。3.雷州片以海康话为准。4.琼文片以海南海口话为准。 3.闽北区:以建瓯话为代表。 4.闽中区:以永安话为代表。 5.莆仙区:以莆田话为代表,分布在莆田和仙游、福州市的福清南部、永泰部分地区。 6.琼文区:以海南话为代表,分布在海南、雷州 7.邵将区:分布在邵武、将乐。 其他划分 1.闽东方言:又称为福建话。 闽北方言分布在福建北部、浙江南部个别地区和台湾的 一部分,此外,南洋华侨也有一部分人说闽东方言。闽东方言以福州话为代表。 2.闽南方言:除了闽南本土,台湾的台语,广东的潮汕话与雷州话,海南话都属于是广义的闽南话。 闽南方言分布在福建南部、广东东部、浙江温州苍南和平阳、海南岛的一部分和台湾大部分地区,海外部分华人社区亦流通闽南方言。闽南方言以泉州话和漳州话为代表。 编辑本段湘语 长沙话为标准语,湘语又称湘方言,湖南话或湖湘话。以长沙话为代表,分布在湖南省大部分地区。湘方言从内部语音差异上看,又有新湘语和老湘语的分别。老湘语广泛流行于湖南中部宁乡、衡阳等地,新湘语流行于长沙、株洲等大中城市中。 分布情况 湘方言点主要集中在湘、资流域中下游和洞庭湖沿岸,向西南方向以邵阳、武冈等混杂性方言作为过渡,有城步、绥宁两个点,向东南方向以衡阳、耒阳(耒阳虽然归入西南官话,但混杂程度很高)作过渡,有永兴、资兴两个点。这四个点就整个音系来看仍属湘语,但都不纯粹,城步的韵母系统属官话系统。 片区分布 1.西南官话方言点:为湘西北、湘南两片。湘西北片与湖北、四川、贵州境内的西南官话连成一片,湘南片与广西境内的西南官话连成一片。两片加起来有四十四个方言点,是湖南省势力最大的方言。 2.赣方言点:但赣语的影响可从湘赣交界的混杂性、独立型方言点中看出来。独立型方言有两种类型,一种是“湘乡型”,包括隆回、双峰在内。这种方言可能原来就是独立的,受周围方言影响较小,原来的特点保留得比较多,因而不同于其他方言,同属独立型方言的方言点之间的关系尚需研究。另一种是“醴陵型”,醴陵话的音系就整个系统来说很难把它归入湘语或赣语,可又都同时具备湘语和赣语的一些特点。这种方言大概属于因方言间的相互影响(当然也有自身的音系特点)而产生的既不同于甲这种母方言也不同于乙那种母方言的新型方言,这类方言还有攸县、茶陵、桂东、汝城等,它们之间的关系也需进一步的研究。 3混杂性方言也有两种类型:一种是湘语和赣语相混杂的“平江型”,一种是湘语和官话相混杂的“祁阳型”。平江型只有一个点,祁阳型则有祁东、衡阳、零陵、江永、武冈、洞口、邵阳、新化、会同、黔阳,桃源等十一个点, 这十一个点可以合成一类。从祁阳到黔阳一线的混杂性方言点正好处于湘语东北片、湘语西南小片和湘语东南小片的分岔处,也是官话湘西北片和湘南片被沅、资、湘三水分割的地带,事实上是湘语和官话的交接处,这一地区的方言成为混杂性方言,应该是合情合理的事。从整个分区的结果来看,所有的混杂型方言或因混杂而成的独立型方言都处于方言区交界处,可以说,这样的分区结果是比较合 乎语言事实的。 方言剧种 这个分区可以用湖南花鼓戏和祁剧(祁阳戏)的流行地域来验证。花鼓戏是湖南省各地民间小戏的总称。湖南各地花鼓戏名称有别,源流亦异,但其曲调唱腔都与当地人的山歌小调密切相关,唱词道白都使用当地方言,是当地人民喜闻乐见的民间艺术,因此,其流行的地域与方言的地理分布是大致平行的,可以相互证明。 花鼓戏 1.长沙花鼓戏内部可以分为长沙路(流行于长沙、湘潭、株洲等地)、宁乡路(流行于宁乡城乡)、平浏醴路(主要流行于平江、浏阳、醴陵等地)、西湖路(主要流行于洞庭湖西岸的南县、益阳、沅江等地)四种小类,其分布范围与湘语中心区域是一致的,其之所以分为四路,也与湘语内部的方言差异有直接关系,如平浏醴路。前述诸家多把平江、浏阳、醴陵划归赣语,完全可以想象让平浏醴路长沙花鼓戏分别在长沙和南昌演出时两地观众可懂程度的大小。 2.衡阳花鼓戏,流行地点主要有衡阳、衡山、常宁、耒阳、安仁、永兴、郴州、茶陵等地。从其流行地域可以看出,它既可在衡山,永兴等湘语区流行,也可在郴县、常宁等官话区流行,还可在茶陵等因混杂而成的独立语区流行。 3.邵阳花鼓戏,其流行的地点主要是:邵阳、邵东、武冈、隆回、新宁、城步等地。和衡阳花鼓戏一样,邵阳花鼓戏也可在湘语、官话、混杂型方言区流行。从邵阳花鼓戏的形成历史来看,它和湘西阳戏、零陵花鼓戏有密切关系,相互影响、渗透、融合的程度很深,从分区第二图看,这地区的方言的韵母系统就颇具西南官话的特征,大多可以划入西南官话。其他还有常德“喀喀戏”、零陵花鼓戏、湘西阳戏等,其流行地域均与官话湘北、湘西、湘南各片相对应。 祁剧 是湖南地方大戏剧种之一,它又称祁阳班子,民国初年称“祁阳戏”,清末又名“楚南戏”,因形成于祁阳而得名。祁剧广泛流行于湖南省的祁阳、衡阳、邵阳、零陵、郴州、怀化等地区,以及广西壮族自治区的全州、桂林、平乐、柳州和赣南、粤北、闽西一带。祁剧兼有高腔、昆腔、弹腔3种声腔,在发展过程中逐渐地形成永河、宝河两大流派,其舞台语言均统一使用祁阳话(祁阳官话)。演唱时永河派由鼓师帮腔,宝河派用唢呐帮腔,声调高扬、激越。祁剧剧目繁多,曲牌丰富,是弹腔为主的多声腔的湖南大戏种。 编辑本段客家话 概述 客家话,又称客家方言,或称客方言、客语或广东话(土广东话,康熙年间湖广填四川,客家人来到四川自称所言为土广东话,也"可能"系历史上最早出现的“广东话”概念)等。是汉语七大方言之一,英文中与客家等义的单词是 Hakka。客家先民是中原的华夏民族,在近千年的五次大迁徙中,最终形成汉族(华夏族)的一个新民系。他们的先祖多是因中原战乱等原因,从中原(河南,安徽,山东)南迁赣南、闽西、粤北,而形成一个汉族民系。后又因战乱和人口膨胀等原因,一部份又从这三地继续迁往全国其他省份,以及东南亚、美洲及世界各地。一个民系成立的重要因素之一就是有共同的语言。客家民系的共同语言即客家方言。 一般认为,客家方言的底层是唐初的正音,客家先民迁居粤闽的过程中,也有受到粤闽先居汉语方言和粤闽少数民族语言的影响,形成了现代各地口音并不完全相同的客家话(唐音,至今梅县人仍称客家话为唐音)。粤方言则是秦朝正音,融合南楚古音而成(秦音);闽方言则是晋朝正音,融合瓯闽古音而成(晋音);赣方言则是江淮古音融合而成(淮音)。当然也有人抱持不同看法。闽、粤、客等民系经过历代相互通婚,事实上已经无法完全根据血统来区分。大陆地区的民系常以方言作区别标志,海外则以其父系血统的来源为根据。 分布情况 客家方言的分布主要是中华、海外两大部分。客家方言较具影响力的地方,有中华的广东、江西、福建、广西、台湾、四川、浙江、湖南、海南等九个省区;海外的东南亚、美洲、环印度洋地区等。 1中国大陆:具体来说:中国大陆的福建、广东、江西三省交界处,是客家方言最为集中的区域,惯称客家大本营。“纯客县”是指使用客家方言的人口超过九成,且当地经济、文化主要为客家民系主导的县域,这样的县域,只存在于中国内地,而且只存在于客家大本营(闽粤赣三省交界处)。 2台湾:在台湾省,客家族群与闽南族群、原住民族群,共同构成本省籍;一般认为,台湾省的客家族群主要源自粤东地区,并根据他们的祖籍地,分为四县腔(程乡、镇平、兴宁市、平远县)、海陆腔(海丰、陆丰)、永定腔(福建永定县)、长乐腔(广东五华县)、大埔腔(广东大埔县)、饶平腔(广东潮州市)、诏安腔(福建漳州市),即是“四海永乐大平安”,其中至今保留较好、使用人口较多的是四县腔、海陆腔、饶平腔等三种。 3海外:海外客家人主要是祖籍福建汀州府、广东嘉应州、惠州府、大埔县。汀州府华侨中最为著名的人物是缅甸的胡文虎家族、惠州府华侨中最重要的代表人物是马来西亚的叶亚莱、大埔县华侨中最为著名的人物是新加坡的李光耀家族。其次,还有祖籍福建漳州、广东四邑、广西博白等地的客家籍华侨。 总的来说,东南亚国家之中,祖籍福建汀州府、广东嘉应州、惠州府、潮海沐德、普宁船埔、围龙屋、大埔县等地的客家人都不少;环印度洋的印度联邦、非洲、南印度洋岛国(毛里求斯等)则多嘉应籍;美洲地区则多惠州籍。客家籍华侨也以嘉、惠两地籍贯者为最。由于嘉应合并了大埔(梅州),所以论地级市则以籍贯梅州市为多;但人们习惯上认知惠州 为原籍的(惠州府),又比认知梅州为原籍的多(梅县)。 客语八片 分类 客家话大体上可以分为两大类型,即北片(岭北客家音系)、南片(岭南客家音系)。北片客家话差异不小,又细分为宁龙片、于桂片、铜鼓片、粤北片、汀北片;南片一般分为粤台片(包括韶南小片、汀南小片)、粤中片(包括惠城小片)、漳潮片,总称八大片。中国国际广播电台的客家话节目,通常采用粤台片梅县话播音。过去漳潮片没有定名,粤中片则被细分为粤中片和惠州片,现经过重新调整,仍为八片,。 惠城人对客家民系缺乏归属感,河源市水源人对客家民系却有强烈的归属感,所以过去将他们分别划为惠州片、粤中片。但事实上,惠城人却又对河源市水源人有相当的同缘感,因此根据语音相近原则,将他们重新编入粤中片。粤中片包括惠城小片和河源小片两部分,我们将原来的两大片重新整合为粤中片。然而惠城小片(惠城话)与河源小片(水源话)也存在细微差别,惠城话的人称代词复数形式采用单字表达,水源话的人称代词则采用复字表达。两相比较,惠城话和水源话都有界于粤台片(四海话)与粤语(广州话)的特点。其中水源话的语音更接近粤语,但融入了不少四海话词汇;惠城话语音更接近四海话,但融入了不少粤语词汇。事实上对于一般的客家人来说,惠城话反而更容易听懂(其实与粤台片语音更接近),水源话反而较难听懂。但是问题恰恰在于,水源话人士却比惠城小片人士更有客家族群认同感。 南片 (岭南客家音系)海外华侨之中使用得也较多,宁龙片、于桂片、铜鼓片很少有华侨(均位于江西省),福建省和广东省的北片客家音系(粤北片、汀北片)华侨也较南片(韶南小片、汀南小片)少。 1粤台片 流行范围最广,也称四海话;包括韶南小片、汀南小片、程乡小片、别溪小片、紫五小片、韩江小片、新惠小片、海陆小片、广南小片(粤桂交)等。韶南小片属于粤台片,是指翁源县、新丰县、英德市、始兴县、佛冈县等地。粤台片,顾名思义是广东省和台湾省两地最多人使用的客家方言音系。台湾省的客家方言“四海永乐大平安”主要为粤台片音系,唯独源自广东省饶平县的饶平腔、源自福建省诏安县的诏安腔,独属于漳潮片。梅县话显然是四海话的代表音,同时它又作为全国客家话的代表。 2漳潮片 过去没有定名。包括福建省南靖县、诏安县、平和县、华安县,及广东省饶平县,尤以福建省平和县的客家话最具特色,但饶平腔因为在台湾也有流行,所以较为有名。值得一提的是,广东惠东县、博罗县、海丰县、深圳市有一种 平婆话,事实上是源于福建省平和 县的客家话。 3粤北片 指韶关市仁化县、乐昌县、乳源县、南雄县等四个县。福建省的客家话原来统一划为汀州片,或名闽客片,但事实上汀州府南部的永定县、上杭县、武平县等三个县主要流行的是粤台片语音,因此划入粤台片汀南小片。汀州府北部的长汀县、连城县(长汀客语)、宁化县、清流县、明溪县(宁化客语),虽然南北仍有区别,但汀南三县与粤台片更为接近,因此汀北五县重新划定为汀北片。 4广南被泽 粤西桂南的客家话,在经过数百年的异地发展后,一方面是来自不同省、县的客家话发生了不同程度的融合,如哥豪不分,“高老好”等字,原乡大约有两种音韵o和ao,基本上合并为o。“周州”等字,原乡本有u与iu两大类,到了粤西和桂南,全部合并为iu。 粤西桂南客家话的核心区范围:广西的玉林市、罗城县、博白县、陆川县、合浦县,广东省的廉江市和化州市,共5个县市。与之相邻的语言主要是粤语,在学术划分片区上分属三大类:高阳片、钦廉片、邕浔片。 1、东南部的是廉江市、化州市,属高阳片粤语。 2、西南部的是合浦县,属钦廉片粤语。 3、北部的是博白县、陆川县,属邕浔片粤语。 下面分析这三大片粤语的主要特点,并分析其对粤西桂南核心区客家话可能存在着哪些方面的影响。 1、三大片粤语大部分有边擦音sl声母。 其周边的客家话有的没有此声母,如博白县新田镇、陆川县横山乡、合浦县公馆镇(下面在出现博白、陆川、化州、合浦名称时省略镇名)、廉江市石角镇等地区,没有sl声母的占多数,说明客家话核心区对这个外来语音有较强的抗拒力。但相对边缘的客家话区则难以避免地受到了粤语的影响,接受了sl声母,如化州市新安镇、廉江市的青平镇。核心区之外的除信宜市外,如高州市、阳春市、阳江市、电白县、北流市、玉林市,基本上都有这个边擦音。 2、高阳片和钦廉片粤语止摄开口精庄知章不分,基本合为一类,无舌尖元音韵母。而邕浔片粤语部分点有舌尖元音韵母(如南宁市、平南县),精庄知章两分(如南宁市)。 高阳片和钦廉片止摄开口精庄知章不分的特点,和粤西桂南的客家话同,这也是粤西桂南客家话比较一致的地方之一,不同于原乡梅州市属各县有精庄知章不分(梅州市区、梅县)和精庄知章区分(五华县、兴宁县、大埔县、丰顺县),拥有两大类的现象。粤西桂南 客家话的精庄知章不分的特点,应该是其自身融合演变的结果。 粤西桂南客家话分布 粤西桂南核心区有些地方的客家话有舌尖元音韵母,如博白、陆川、廉江青平镇。有些地方没有舌尖元音韵母,如化州、廉江石角镇。没有舌尖元音韵母是大部分粤语的特点,而与之相反,舌尖元音韵母是大部分客家话的语音特点。因此可以推断,没有舌尖元音韵母的客家话应该是受到粤语影响的结果。至于博白、陆川的舌尖元音韵母,应该是对原乡语音的保留,不可能是受粤语影响的结果。 3、粤语大部分方言点,钦廉片粤语无撮口呼韵母[y]。如信宜粤语有,高州、化州、廉江、合浦、钦州粤语没有。而邕浔片粤语大部分有撮口呼韵母[y],如南宁市、平南县、贵港市。粤西桂南核心区客家话周边的粤语如博白、陆川、玉林(城区除外,属勾漏片粤语)属于邕浔片。 粤西桂南核心区有些地方的客家话有撮口呼韵母[y],如博白、陆川。廉江和化州没有撮口呼韵母[y],梅州市的客家话也都没有撮口呼韵母。博白、陆川的撮口呼韵母应该是来自包括邕浔片在内的其他粤语的影响。 根据《粤西客家方言调查》的调查资料显示,属于粤西-桂南客家话核心区的客家话的声调,与非核心区的客家话存在着明显的差异。相对来说,位于核心区的客家话的声调与梅县客家话相同点较多,非核心区的客家话与周边粤语有较大相似性,原因可能是受其影响,也可能是由原乡带来的。 根据《粤西客家方言调查报告》,以及我的母语桂南防城港客家话(声调类型与博白、陆川相同),比较一下位于粤西-桂南客家话核心区与非核心区的客家话的声调异同。 1、古全浊声母上声字,新安、石角和青平三点一般读去声,例外的如“跪”,其余六点读上声。“混”字较特殊:声母大多为k-,声调几乎全部读为上声(塘口读为阳平,思贺一点除“户”字读为阳平外,“祸、蟹、李、柿、市、以、抱、绍、藕、敏”等字俱读为阳平,这种现象很少见)。 2、古全浊声母去声字新安、石角、青平今读去声,其他六点全浊声母字和大部分次浊声母字今读上声,小部分次浊声母字今读去声。 3、“坐、簿、弟、被”等二十个左右的古全浊上声字在梅县等地今读阴平,但下列六字在粤西客家话中则很少读阴平。 5巴蜀盈辉 周边客家话主要有乐兴、丁字桥、大丰、永乐、凤仪等乡镇;听前辈的人说是从广东迁移过来的,估计那里的客家话是比较古老的,进化得比较慢,只能用于沟通,不能用文字的形式记载下来;不像洛带的客家话里面夹杂到四川话的音调;有兴趣的朋友可以去朱德纪念馆去看看,免票,在城镇上可能听不到那种客家话,村里的人说得比较多~ 说一些简单的称呼可能比较有意思: 注:只能用汉字的同音字代替 妈妈(喔呀);爷爷(啊哒);爸爸(嘚嘚)有的也跟汉语同音;姐姐(几几);哥哥(沟沟);妹妹(篓莫);婆婆(呐呐) 古音系统问题 客音和古音虽不完全相同,但在客方言中保存了很多古音,从客家 话的纽韵调上可以发现古音系统的一些问题,在这里我不打算作全面的阐述,因为古音与客音的异同 6福建永定 ,古今汉语专家在专著里均有述及,我只是想从它们共同性的对应关系上谈谈纽韵情况,至于调的问题,对古汉语调类说法亦 不统一,如古有二声、三声、四声说,当今客话五华口语只有三声,无去声,梅县地区其余县都为六声说,就难以考定“古”“客”真相。我认为客方言的纽韵与古代汉语有一定的共同点和一定的对应规律的,譬如说声母,客 方言无浊声母[dz]、[dz] 、[dz]、[v]、[η],只有塞擦音[ts]、[ ts’ ]、和擦音[s],在三十六字母中属精、清、心声母,无舌上音[ts]、[ts’]、[s],因此客人说“知”为“低”(di),说,“值得”为“抵得”等等都是属 于上古语音,即清代音学大师钱大昕《十驾斋养新录》提到的“古无舌头舌上之分”“求之古音,则与端、透、定无异”,这话的意思是说,等韵三十六字母的舌上音“知、彻、澄”在上古音里,都是读“端、透、定”即今人发 “zh”、“ch”、“sh”的舌后音声母的字,在上古时有一部分读为舌尖母“d”或“t”的音,客方言正符合这个规律。钱氏又说“古无轻唇音”,认为凡“轻唇之音,古读皆为重唇”“凡今人所谓轻唇者,汉魏以前,皆读重唇” (见钱氏《音韵问答》)这话的意思是说,凡后代发轻唇[f(v)]声母的字,在上古音里都读为重唇音 或[p]或[m],证之于客话,如说“飞”为“卑”,说“负”为“辈”,说“分”为“奔”,说“粪”为“笨”,说“斧” 为“补”,说“无”为“磨”等等,这就是客话中今天还保存下来的上古语音。章太炎先生在《国故论衡》中说:“古音有舌尖泥纽,其后支另,则舌上有娘纽,半舌半齿有日纽,于古皆泥纽也。”这话意思是说,今人读“r”声母的字,证之于客话,客人说“汝(r )”为“你(n )”,读“乳(r )”为“能(n ng)”,读“挼(ru )”为“挪(nu )”等等,这些都说明客 话没有“日纽”,日纽在古音系统里应属三十六字母的“泥纽”。 再说客方言的韵母的保存了一部分古代韵部, 如罗 云《客方言?自序》所说“今考客音耕清韵婴声诸字,与真韵因字诸字无以别也;清韵之情、贞、成、盈、呈,与真之韵秦、真、臣、仁、陈,无以别也;青韵之轻、屏、 萍、 ,与真韵之亲音与清同;到臻韵这臻音与精同,就如顾(按:顾炎武)说非三百篇之正音,抑亦秦汉之古音矣。”这段话说明了客家话韵母系统与古韵部有不少相同相通之处,所谓“非三百篇之正音,抑亦秦汉之古音”是合乎事实的。 客方方韵母具有入声韵尾[- p ]、[ - t ] 、[ - k ]和阳声韵尾[ - m ]、[ - n]、[ -η ]特点,与《广韵》系统相符,但韵尾[-η]在[ Z ] 、[ I ]之后变为 [ -n ]、韵尾[ k ]在[ Z ] 、[ I ] ,“痕”与“真”各别。 特色语法 客方言与古语词 客方言是汉民族共同语的一个分支,因此客话保留了大量的古汉语词。著名音学大师章太炎先生对客家语言系统作一过番研究工作,撰述《岭外三州语》附在《新方言》后,选取了六十三条客话词语,用《说文》、《尔雅》、《方言》、《礼记》、《毛诗》、《战国策》、《老子》等古代典籍加以印证,说明客方言的词源与客话所本,自志汉民族一派语言,早已如此。现举几条《岭外三州语》例叙说如次: (1)《方言》说:“浑、 ”皆训盛,郭 曰:“们、浑、肥、满也”,《邹阳传》言“壤”子,壤即 也。故今三州谓小子曰满子。 按(笔者,下同):今客方言对最小之子(子女中最幼者)即呼“满子”,最小这女为“满女”。 (2)《夏宫》“缮人”注:“缮之言劲也,善也”。善、美同意。三州谓美曰劲,亦谓之产。〈广雅〉:“净,善也。”亦谓之产,郑公孙侨字子美,亦为产,明美、产同训矣。 按:“劲”字客话读[ k no]有美丽,漂亮之意。 ,客话读[cts Bn],称美而白净之意。用于指物,如说“瘦肉”为“ 肉”(精肉)。 产,客话读[csan],多指人(孩子)长得漂亮,也可指物。 (3)《说文》:“ ,白好也。”则旰切。三州谓人白好曰 。按:赞,客话读[ts‘anC],很好的意思,对事物表示赞许,常说“异女赞”、“奇女赞”(蕉岭)。 (4)《说文》:“桄,充也”古旷切。《乐记》“号以立横,横以立武”《注》:“横,充也。谓气作充满也。”《释文》:“横,古旷切。”桄、横同字。三州谓廓大充满为桄,转入庚部。 按“桄、横同字”,但今客话音读不同;从反切来看,古音是应读“桄”为[ckuBng],但今管话读“横”为[cvBN],失去中古的牙音(舌根音)。今客家话说袋子里装东西装得满满的为“桄桄鼓鼓”[ckUBN ckUBN ckUckU]。 上引章氏《岭外三州语》,可以证明客话形成的历史的悠久性,自诗始,既具先民语言,然经时代的发展和先祖居地的变迁,与当今客话不完全吻合,这很符合语言发展的演变 规律,所以客话的形成应该是与中华汉民共同语言并行而不悖。 (5)还一个不得不提的是客家话中还大量保留了“也”的后缀习惯 例: 1、 汝在哪也, ngi coi ngai ya 2、 汝又在届做乜嘅也,-- 你又在干什么啊(带点不耐烦) 3、 莫(毋爱)恁也,好无,--别这样了,好不 4、 快点也,无日夜恁拖拖拉拉。---快点啊,别总是这样拖拖拉拉。 5、 我样知也,--我怎么知道呢 此点更完好的体现了客家话对古汉语的保留。 客方言的音变与古音 客家人的先祖居地,纪元前三世纪,曾居山东、山西,到了秦朝(纪元前249至209)被迫迁于河南、安徽(见王力《汉语音韵学》“参考资料”引)等地。从客家人的先祖居地看来,多为王几所在,中原冠冕之居,乃中华语源的正宗,客话 则为语言正宗的支派,故客方言仍保存大量古代汉语而不少变,如《诗经》第一人称“ ”字,与客话第一人称口语“崖( 涯)”的本源书面语“我(吾)”是同源字。因为客话“崖( 涯)”的读音纽韵归类属顽母[N]、 拜韵[BI],正好与《中原 音韵》阳平声疑母[N]、来韵[BI]相吻合。但“崖”的口语为[NB],开口呼,阳平声。“我”的客话读音属顽母[N],在《广韵》系统里属牙音疑母[N],韵部为上声第十二歌[o],上古音属侯部[o],因此,“我”的 读音为[No],正合乎今天客话的读音。但日常口语不说[No],而是说[NB],作物主代词用,如说“我的书”[cNBkeC csU]这里的,上古音属鱼部,《广韵》属麻韵《中原音韵》“家、麻”合韵,汪荣宝《论歌戈虞模古读》说:“唐宋 以上,凡歌戈韵之字,皆读音,不读[o]音?魏晋以下,凡鱼虞模之字亦皆读,不读音或[ ]音也”“吾”字虽然在今天客话中不能归韵,但事实上是“我”字口语的另一种书写形式,如上述“吾”上古为鱼部,实际读音为[NB],“我” 在段氏古音十七部,“ 可见,现今客家话书面语中的“我”和“吾”在上古音里均应为[NB]。所以客话“崖( 涯)”、“我”、“吾”三字是同一音义,分别为口语、书面语和物主义代词的三种不同书写 形式和读音。而客话“我(吾)[NBN]《诗?邶风》“人涉印否”发生韵尾变化的结果,即“我(吾)”(阴声)带上鼻音韵尾则为“印”(阳声),失去鼻音韵尾则为“我(吾)”,这就是客家旅顺保存下来的古音。又如“端”字,在古音系统 里属端母[t],上古属元部[an]。客方言“端”属癫母[t],不送气、韵部为还韵[an],合口呼。可见“端”客音与音相一致。“端”即《诗经》中的“掇”字。《诗?周南?苤莒》:“薄言掇之:,”掇“音[tuan],《广雅》:“掇,取也。”,“取” 统言之为“拿”,“掇”[tuat]、“端”[tuan]为“阴阳对转”,“掇”即“端”。现今梅县地区(含七个县)客家话凡“拿”指用“两手捧着”义常说 “端”,如“端菜”、“端饭”、“端前来”等等,这又证明了今天客话中保存了上古的语音语义。 客方言语法特点与古代汉语 这里所谈客方言语法特点,只是举粤东地区?四海鹏程隅之谈,从此透视出客话的构词特点与古汉语有相通之处,并非偶然撮合,而是继承和发展了古代汉语,借以说明客话早已形成。 (1)同义复词在古代汉语里早已出现,也不乏其例,据王念孙《读书杂志?史纪第四》 “数让”条载:“《广韵》曰:`数,让`责也,数让边文,犹诛让连文,古人自有复语耳。”所说“连文”“复语”是同义词连用,即是同义复词,古已有之。客家方言中,同义复词 的继承应用,也是比比皆是,如说“雨笃湿”(即“雨湿衣”),其实“笃” 就是“湿”,“湿”也是“笃”,这是客话中保存下为的上古语音与构词特点,因“湿”是轻唇,“笃”是重唇(见上引钱氏《音韵问答》,客话读“湿”在古音系统里则为“笃”,由此变可见古今客话演变之一斑。客话继承了古汉语同义词复全使用的规律, 今天还保存在口语里;又如客话有“行嫁”一词,事实上“行”就是“嫁”,“嫁”也是“行”,是同义复词,这在古汉语中也能得到证明。《仪礼?丧服》郑玄注:“凡女行于大夫以上曰嫁,行于士人曰适人,”《高唐赋》:“赤帝女瑶姬,未行而亡。”这此 句子中的“行”字都是“嫁”。今天客家人说嫁出之人到男家说成是“行嫁”,正是继承了古代汉语这种说法特点同义复合的构词方式。 (2)动词重叠的构词 方式,古汉语与客话无异中《古诗十九首》“行行重行行,与君生别离”句中“行行”是动词的重叠。 表示事物的状态。客话中如说“目昌昌(客音[mau ]”,“眼瞠瞠(客音[ctaN”、“眼 (客话)[cmo]”、“头眈眈(客音[ctBm])”等等构方词式,非常丰富。 (英文版 ) easily blame, to prevent the broken window effect. Supervise the leading cadres to play an exemplary role, take the lead in the strict implementation of the < code > and < rule >, lead to safeguard the solemnity and authority of the party discipline, ensure that the party discipline and the laws and regulations for implementation in place. Throughout the discipline in the daily supervision and management , strengthen supervision and inspection, from the thorough investigation of violations of discipline behavior. Strengthen to key areas, key departments and key projects as well as the masses reflect the concentration of the units and departments for supervision. - strengthening supervision, discipline inspection and supervision of cadres to set an example for compliance with the < code > and < rule > is a man must be hexyl, blacksmith needs its own hardware. Discipline inspection organs as the executor of the party discipline, and supervisor of the defenders, for its supervision must be more strictly, discipline inspection and supervision of cadres to firmly establish the awareness of Party Constitution, sense of discipline and rules consciousness, politics loyalty, sense obey. Action speak Ji Ordinance to set an example of the regulations of the rule of law, strengthen supervision and accept the supervision of the firmness and consciousness, do comply with < > and < >. To firmly establish the discipline must first be disciplined, the supervisor will be subject to the supervision of "concept, and consciously safeguard and implement party compasses party, take the lead in practicing" three strict real strict, so loyal, clean, play. To be good at learning, the Constitution and the < code > as morality, politics and brought to fruition; to implement < >, do not want to, dare not, not with disciplinary ruler to supervision; to discipline a ruler, often the control inspection, and consciously in the ideological red line to draw the row Ming Good accumulation is indeed the bottom line, so that the heart has fear, said to have quit, the line has ended. Attached: indifferent to heart, calmly to the table in our life, there are many unpredictable things will happen, some good, some bad things, we cannot control is powerless to stop, but with time, you will find in life sometimes turns out to be not good, some bad things finally turned out to be a good thing, but then we muddy however did not know, this is the life teach us things. 1, life can be complex, can also be simple. Want simple life of precipitation, to have enough time to reflect, to make Become more perfect. Life is the most important thing is not to win, but the struggle; not to have conquered, but to have fought well. 2, the plain is the background of life. Live a plain life, give up on themselves is not a coward, but the wise answers; not disillusioned after the heart, such as ashes, but experience the storm after the enlightenment; not unrewarding perfunctorily, but calm attitude of life of unrestrained self-confidence. Plain living, there is no noise noisy, no earthly troubles, more did not fill in the discontent of desire, some just a calm, a calm. 3, memory of heart will not good things to erase the, life is a When no movie, pain is a beginning, the struggle is a kind of process, death is a kind of ending. Give up this giving up is the helpless, do not give up the abandoned, do not give up this giving up is ignorance, do not give up should not give up is persistent. 4, a thing figured is heaven, think impassability is hell. Since the living, to live better. Sometimes we because of too narrow-minded, too care around the chores and penny wise and pound foolish, not worth the candle. Some things to attract trouble and worry, completely depends on how we look at and deal with it. Don't always take everything back to things, and don't get into a blind alley, don't want to face, don't be narrow-minded. Poke to care, is a kind of open-minded, a free and easy. 5, I am not afraid of others behind me a knife, I afraid to look back and see stab me, is my intention to treat people; I am not afraid of the truth to tell the best friend, I'm afraid he turned to it as a joke to tell don't 6, when we are in a positive frame of mind, you will find many good things; and when we are in a negative state of mind, you will find many depressed things; life happy and worry, all is you of life attitude, optimistic, good luck; loss of sink, Eritrea company. When you are in adversity, may wish to change a point of view to think everything over to the good Think, because good mentality decided the fate of the! 7, people are tired, rest; heart tired, calm. Grow up, mature, this society read. Tired and sad, squat down, to their a hug. Because the world no one can sympathize with you, have mercy on you. You cry, tears is your own; you pain, no one can understand. Then you only tears to smile. 8, each people have youth, Each youth are a story, the life of the world never gets easier, I want what, wish the world all know, as has been the same; now want anything, for fear that others know, or like to lose the same. 9, the heart move, everything in the world is followed by birth, Rangrang, important thing is often the most difficult to open one's mouth, because words will reduce its importance; to let strangers people care about your life in the good things, the original is not easy 10, do not blame, do not laugh at who, also don't envy who. Like a person is a kind of feeling, not like a person is true. The truth is easy to explain, I feel Is unspeakable. The best travel life is that you in a strange place found a long lost touched. 11, happy life not in the bustling in, and in the peace of mind; no matter how many grievances, how uncomfortable, and ultimately to heal themselves or their own, others may got you to comfort, but never know your heart is how wanjianchuanxin. 12, ma'am, like a movie, learn to appreciate, learn to be grateful, learn tolerance, and goodness, helping others. Instead of accusing the society, as into one; and an exception is better to give than to what 13, don't envy him A sum of, don't lose your life and the life, respectively is: the former is a we experienced cannot escape in a day finally will last minute, while the latter is our persistent, we want to cherish the memory of those people and things. 14, learn to smile, learn to strong, the world you know so many people, so many people and you are, you cannot change also can't let everyone like you, so also do not want to do. Life is too short to go crazy to love to go to waste, to chase the dream to regret. 15, when temper, a blessing to go. A wounding elegant people, the key is to control their own emotions. With the mouth is the most stupid behavior. A control negative emotions than a can take a city more powerful water flow slow, language is expensive. People spent two years of time to learn to speak, but to spend a few years time to shut up. That is a kind of ability, that is a kind of wisdom. 16, life is not perfect, sometimes, growth is not a cry, not an eyeful of tears, there is no trace of emotion, there is no gleam of hope, no desire, no action, no static, there is only one kind of downward sinking feeling, sink A murky? 6? 7? 6? 7 sink? 6? 7? 6? 7 toward the bottom of the sink. 17, in some way, do not go, you will not know the other side scenery is beautiful. To you is not good, you do not mind too much, no one has an obligation to you; you learn knowledge, is you have weapons, you can start from scratch, but not unarmed; how do you treat people, does not represent how others treat you, if cannot see through this point, only inviting worry. 18, time is like a sponge in the water, as long as you are willing to squeeze, the total water is still there. Every life, after the ups and downs The best test of live, to life, survival and continuation, do not stop the struggle in the joys and sorrows of life on the road, so that different soul to bear life beat, acceptance of suffering. 19, indifferent to heart, calmly in table, elegant and comfortable life, do not take what is so important. The pursuit will be disappointed; to be alive, you will have trouble. Life is the most afraid of what all want to care about, but also what all grasp is not firm, without scenery, separated populations, such as not to desire, all docked in the fate of the end. Why is too rigid, the natural, to go stay not to live, let go of obsession, revel is 20, if the fate of the broken Hopes of sailing, please don't despair, the coast is still, if the fate of the withered petals of the beautiful, please do not sink, the spring is still, life will always be endless trouble, please don't helpless, because they are still alive, is still a dream, the sun still, we still. Lost, keep memories; to get, must work to; but the most important is good to cherish their own. 21, life, select the complex, is to choose the pain; choose a simple, is choose to be happy. The complex world like a Significance of pride. Hope is the ornate palace, outside people admiring the magnificent, living in the deep knowledge of living it to pay the price. Simple world as a simple log cabin outside ridiculed shabby, the heart is willing to go live to know the joy. Suffering and joy is their own choice. 22, learn how to use a single powerful heart, let the past be the past, let the future come. Life is really the end of the end of an eagle is flying wings, life is constantly pursuit. Don't miss to regret, don't wait for old just miss. Time to return, seize every moment, again painstakingly again tired also Those struggling to fly. 23, life could not Yimapingchuan, even flat pavement, inevitably there will be a few pieces of roadblocks. Some of the rocks around the past, while others have to move it out. Just move others put the stone is very easy, because the stone from the appearance we can discern; difficult to myself to move away the heart of stone head. Leave time to spend with her, often reflect my heart, so as to remove your heart of stone. 24, everything does not have to be demanding, come to, everything does not have to care about, over the past; failing to do not frown, laugh it laugh. Results Don't demand, do to; life is a simple, calm and peaceful. Always not to choose their own path and regret, life is like a train, the scenery and then the United States will retreat, the passage of time and encounter will eventually drifting further and further away, before is always himself. 25, everyone has a weakness, weakness is true humanity. That has no weakness, a shallow person. That people think there is no weakness, mostly false. Life has shortcomings, there are shortcomings is the real life. That no one regret, or childish or numbness or Self deception. It is in tolerance of weakness and so on to accept, people live happily. Hello, everyone! I am a party member. The title of my speech is: < study and implement the party's two laws, doing practical play highway. 2015 October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China promulgated the implementation of the < the probity of the Communist Party of China self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and punishment regulations. We Heyuan male passers-by to respond positively to the call of the Central Committee of the party, earnestly organize the study "party two regulations", truly grasp the essence and gist, and in their respective positions, to hold the bottom line of the discipline, build a strong ideological line of defense, with the courage to play, the courage to fight tough and fearless spirit, at the crucial moment well to complete the task, with practical action to test the study and implement effect Because of discipline in the * * * * * * * * * * * story. Here, let me to cast a brick to attract jade, speak about our highway. Highway line section of the road surface transformation project, last year "towards the country seized" will be seized one of the items. To complete this arduous task, as a project management office director Comrade, keep in mind from the Communist Party membership, recognize and identify the "bottom line", strict management, and strict adherence to the quality of the project. He not only set an example, honesty and self-discipline, but also requires the management of all the members of the O.K., do not eat the construction unit one meal, do not accept the construction unit a ceremony. In this way, they didn't really dare to adhere to the principle. No comrade, constantly put on reworking an emergency meeting to Comrade Zhen to speak louder, management tube too strict. Remember in Dongguan Street, 400 meters long cement concrete surface layer, because of various reasons, the smoothness of the poor in the bottom cavity, covering film traces and car imprinting quality problems, * * * inquiries, immediately rushed to the scene to understand and verify the situation, the convening of the management office, the construction units, supervision units, construction units, construction units construction time is tight, the economic loss and other reasons to intercede ******** unmoved. He said, "now a popular word, to the discipline and rules quite in front, there are no rules Radius, you construction team not accordance with the technical specifications, quality problems, it must be to carry out rectification. Engineering quality responsibility be weightier than Mount Tai, if we manage to this matter Pavement quality quantity are placed the matter, we this time to learn two regulations have what use? Still what is the Communist Party? "Finally, in his insisted, the road after rework, to solve these problems. In the construction of the new comrades and the project all the colleagues efforts, after four months of fighting, the project the main project was finally completed and passed inspection. Thousands of miles of ice, thousands of miles Piao, this is a splendid and romantic scene. But snow for the highway, it is a disaster, a serious threat to the traffic safety. This year, a month, a century of cold wave swept from North to south, and the snow blowing to Guangdong, but also to bear the blow To * * * * the highway. In January on the evening of 23, Lianping county city temperatures dropped to minus 2 degrees, a wide range of sudden rain sleet, before and after the provincial S341 line in Jiulianshan Mountain tunnel sections of the road appeared in the snow, lead to the passing vehicles skid, traffic is blocked. In the face of the sudden natural disasters, city and county highway department immediately launched the emergency plan for disaster prevention. As the front line of the main force, Lianping Highway Bureau of all Party members and cadres to remember the Party member responsibility, braving the biting cold wind, the first time rushed to the scene, on the icy pavement of salt disposal. Because the temperature is too low, just melt water immediately freezes, addition to the ice work to increase the difficulty. To ensure In addition to the re organization of the depths of the traffic safety, road people braved the icy put reflective cones and warning signs, endure cold at minus 2,3 of Jiulianshan patrols until one in the morning. Just before dawn, Lianping Highway Bureau personnel on the icy road salt ice melting processing until ten o'clock, ice melting ice success, the road gradually returned to normal traffic. In the cold winter night, which people do not miss the warm bed, which people do not miss the warm home. However, our highway on the road to the owners of the masses can go home early, the night fighting to secure the avoidance of the road safety and smoothness, fulfill their responsibility. Xi General Secretary Every Party member cadre cautioned against said: blacksmith needs self hard "." two regulations ", is our own hard standard test, more exercise every party members and cadres of the fire. We should continue to strengthen the party two regulations, conscientiously in practical work, practical play road, the road for the development of the cause of Heyuan and struggle. In the industry domain report the situation of road traffic in recent years, in the province highway departments of the concern and support, our bureau management department based on the job, loyalty duty, best service, to further promote the highway management standardization, legal, scientific and information technology to improve the management level and service quality. This will be my last work is as follows: first, around the center, go all out to greet the seizure in 2015, "meet national examination" is my bureau work. As the highway management department, we focus on the work of the center to strengthen road renovation and management as the focal point, further optimize the service environment, improve service levels. Inspection, the inspection group and the Ministry of transport, the Bureau under the leadership of the ministries and agencies highly evaluated and fully affirmed. (a) increase road area remediation efforts. The programme of work, strengthen the organization and leadership. The timely development of the city of <*** common trunk highway area environment remediation plan >, along the road signs and markings, traffic safety facilities, on both sides of the green, advertising signs, control area illegal construction and implementation of remediation tasks to the relevant departments, clear work time of the node to ensure rectification work timely. Set up road area special rectification work leading group, implement a bureau, the Bureau of the county (District), the project road site domain environment comprehensive improvement Mechanism. To ensure that the work carried out smoothly, the bureau also organized the city road managers participated in the regulation of road region and the relevant laws and regulations of the special training. 2. Active butt joint is reported, actively strive for the support of. Local Party committee and government support is the job As a magic weapon, I am one of the Bureau of the principal leaders repeatedly attack inspection "remediation and road area to the principal leaders of the municipal report. * * *, the Secretary of municipal Party committee, mayor * *, * * *, vice mayor of many times the rate of the relevant departments directly under the responsible person in-depth National Highway G105 line, G205 line, provincial S341 line and the other highway project site, on-site office, coordination solve engineering construction and environmental comprehensive renovation in the presence of difficulties and problems. Last year, national highway along the county (District) government led organizations deploy traffic, urban management, public security, land, environmental protection, industry and commerce, highways and other related departments, to carry out to dismantle illegal construction and ground structures, cleaning up illegal standard Records label "as the main content of the road domain integrated environmental remediation activities and achieved good results. 3. Pay attention to comprehensive management, improve the effectiveness of remediation. Road construction control management has been strengthened. According to the relevant provisions of the laws and regulations of the < Highway Law > and < highway safety regulations for the protection of > and so on, county * *, * * County People's Government on highway construction control area were delineated and issue a public notice, * * County People's government also approved by the executive meeting of the government through discussion, implementation of road boundary markers of 73 million yuan of special funds input, stake setting. According to statistics, last year the city has erected building control zone peg 820, construction control area boundary markers 815 . the second is highway greening and beautification work enhance the road area remediation effectiveness. Will highway greening and beautification work as road area remediation of a key, invite garden experts to guide the design of green, the implementation of high standards for ecological landscape highway activities to create, five years, I board greening mileage of more than 900 kilometers, appropriate road greening greening rate of 100%, effectively enhance the city road greening level and grade, adds a sharp scenery line for **********. Third, rectification of illegal construction and occupation of the road has been checked. By through the town, crossing the road on many occasions to carry out concentrated rectification actions, to clear the remnants of the wall, broken Archives of highways in strict accordance with the wall of building structures and the illegal deposits, remediation along the Jeeves, Jeeves placed advertisements and vehicle maintenance, car washing and other acts, standardize and purification on both sides of the highway billboards and other non road signs, I city of national and provincial highway basic elimination of the "dirty, chaotic, poor, blocking phenomenon, highway traffic environment purification, landscaping. (2) to strengthen the management on the basic data management. The level of the archives management regulations, formulate the < file management system >, the establishment of the road, the implementation of the file manager, file collection, filing, sorting, filing, confidentiality, custody, borrow, identification pin Destroy the standardization. 2, standardized management, enhance service image (a) evaluation system to further improve in order to strengthen and standardize guidance and assessment of each county (area) bureau of highways management work, the Bureau developed a <*** City Highway Bureau highways management assessment implementation measures (Trial). To regularly check for half a year, year-end assessment and irregular random sampling combined, taking the spot road inspections, sampling sections, listening to the reports, archives data check, for each county (area) bureau of highways management work implementation of the special assessment. According to the annual comprehensive assessment appraisal score results, evaluation of outstanding, excellent compliance and Not up to the standard of four grades. And in accordance with the level of assessment, the award on behalf of dial highway management funds. Total score is above 95%, is excellent, 10 million yuan reward; total score of 90 - 94 for excellent, 8 million yuan reward; for the total score of 80 - 89 points for standard, reward 50000 yuan. On the total score is less than 79 points for non-compliance unit, circulate a notice of criticism. (II) Sheung inspection work to further standardize a is in place to ensure the inspection. National and provincial trunk highway patrol monthly not less than 20 days, State Road a week of not less than 3 times, dart a week of not less than 2 times. The second is to explore and promote the electronic patrol monitoring. City highway patrol vehicles are installed on the highway patrol vehicle monitoring system; highway law enforcement personnel are equipped with a recorder for law enforcement, on the process of supervision and law enforcement to ensure evidence has played an effective role. The third is unified and standardized inspection ledger records, inspection equipment use and management of the electronic Patrol information storage utilization. The fourth is the establishment of highway maintenance and inspections mechanism. The city's 19 country and provincial trunk highway maintenance center equipped with the CPPCC keeper, and to develop a road of the Chinese people's Political Consultative Conference tube member responsibilities. According to statistics, in 2015 (on the road. Day.... Stop the road mileage, 17 cases; clean up debris on both sides of the road 20 , demolition billboard 30, demolition chaotic scaffolding house 3, clean Lane Hawking 15.) (3) road permit work to further strengthen the implementation of administrative licensing system, strengthen the supervision and administration of the licensing. Strict implementation of the < Guangdong Province highways license implementation measures >. According to the provisions of the road approval procedures and processes to carry out road license, do according to the law, the license in accordance with the law, shall be subject to examination and approval of the. Implement the collective examination and approval, to strengthen supervision. Highways and approval of business implementation of technical review of administrative approval and separation, the audit focused on the more complex involved in the road licensing matters, collective decision-making, to improve the scientific nature of the road administrative examination and approval, reduce approval corruption risks. Second is to promote the In administrative permission of information technology to improve service quality. According to the <*** Provincial People's Government Office on Issuing 2014 improve and expand the spirit of the relevant documents of the online business hall of program of work notice > and ministries and provincial and municipal government, I realized the butt of Guangdong Province highway information network and provincial network business hall * * * branch office highways licensing examination and approval work. Simplify the licensing process, and strengthen the office system, optimize the quality of service. (4) image of the team to further enhance a is grasp Windows image.2015 years, my bureau highways licensing in the city administrative service center settings window service. According to the <** provincial highway The provisions of the administrative licensing service window management way > and < on regulating the content of the public notice >, I Bureau for damaged highway capacity compensation standard, occupied by highway repair (lost) compensation expenses standards, in accordance with the law of administrative licensing items, the communications administrative license implementation procedures into the line on the wall publicity, in the service window is equipped with all kinds of application fill in sample, administrative licensing service guide brochure, in a conspicuous place public commitment to the system and advisory telephone complaints, for the masses provides warm and thoughtful service. Second is to grasp the "Four Unifications" working in the city's highway law enforcement image. According to the Ministry of transport < to strengthen transportation administrative law enforcement image construction guidance Scheme > and the ministries of the Provincial Bureau of the relevant documents, I board in front of the June 2015 completed the identification of law enforcement, law enforcement station appearance, clothing of law enforcement, law enforcement documents "four unification". (5) the AILU nursing atmosphere further formation of my bureau attaches great importance to the propaganda work of highway management "road awareness month" into <*** City Highway Bureau 2015 road administration work points. One is around the "norms of law enforcement, improve the service" theme "road awareness month" activities carried out. According to statistics, the city's highway system were deployed highways propaganda car 60 times, staff of highways 152 people, set point consulting 6, issued and publicity Data of 8000, hanging banners 134; broadcast 60 hours / 20, update 7 inch high rod making permanent propaganda page 4; in <*** Daily > 7th edition published < highway laws and regulations publicity content >, purchased and distributed < the people's Republic of China Highway Law >, < highway Ann Quanbao supporting regulations > legal text, a total of 500 this. The second is to carry out "12.4" national legal advocacy day activities, the city road officers go deep among the masses interpretation of highway Highways Management laws, regulations and policy advocacy, analysis for illegal construction at both sides of the road, a typical case of illegal advertising management, showing public road construction and maintenance of highways The actual results of the management, the masses love protection consciousness and social awareness to further enhance the enforcement of highways. In recent years, I board in the highway management work were some beneficial explorations and the attempt, and achieved initial results, but there is still a certain gap compared with requirements of the Provincial Bureau and other brothers City, we will to implement the party's spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the opportunity, and further increase the intensity of road management work, and constantly improve the overall quality of the workforce and the ability to learn, and strive to achieve the new highway across. Today the topic of democratic life will I talk about the main to correctly treat leave turn ensure transition delicate gas is understanding, to carry out criticism and self-criticism, in-depth to find problems, profound analysis of the causes, through self analysis to find their own existence problem, to correctly understand their own, strengthen the party spirit training, to ensure that the election of smoothly and successfully completed. Below I talk about their own situation, please put forward valuable opinion. Main understanding (a) serious discipline, to create a delicate gas is in the general environment in accordance with the Central Commission for discipline inspection organs, < of Organization Department of CPC Central Committee on strengthening the election of the notice of customs supervision >, municipal < on doing a good job City Township leadership transition in the notification > and county Party Committee Organization Department of the county Party Committee Organization Department < on the convening of the correct treatment leave turn ensure transition Fengqing gas is a feature of democratic life notice > files related to the spirit of the requirements, earnestly implement the "nine is prohibited, nine shall be" the solemn discipline, I earnestly study the < Chinese Communist Party principle of honesty and self-discipline >. < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations >, < promote leading cadre of some regulations >, < party and government leading cadres selection and appointment Regulations > and file, and a profound understanding of the nine is prohibited, a nine law "discipline essence and firmly safeguard the election of serious Ensure the unhealthy tendencies have successfully completed, and actively create a delicate gas is the election of environment, to ensure that the election, so as to further strengthen the town leadership and cadre team construction. Through the study, in-depth thinking, to a serious discipline the importance and necessity of a more profound understanding. First, it is the iron discipline. The central put forward the "nine is prohibited, nine shall be the reason for early serious general discipline, designated" high-voltage wire, "itself reflects the party committees at all levels of the reelection of attaches great importance to the objective is bright resolute attitude, the implementation of effective measures, the same candidate to fight with discipline election of wind Discipline in gas is health. Secondly, this is prevenient. From some typical cases, we can see that individual cadres election to engage in speculative hack canvassing votes, in violation of discipline, and ultimately paid a high price. The destruction of Hengyang election case and Nanchong canvassing bribery case that strengthen election discipline, serious election discipline of necessity and importance. The discipline of publicity to the public, wide report, that is, early warning, early hit precautionary needle, tell the cadres should do what shouldn't do, what to do and what not to do, and better education of cadres, warning cadres, and build a strong line of defense, to avoid the occurrence of similar problems. There is duty. Serious discipline, with a strong team is an important starting point. As the leadership of the party members and cadres, take the lead in the implementation and take the lead in upholding the election of discipline, which is a major political responsibility. Must be clear requirements, strict constraints themselves, cherish the honor, safeguard the image of the organization; promote righteousness, play an exemplary role. Especially as deputy Township, but also to give a full play to its role, always stand in the discipline of first-line maintenance. The wind Su Ji through the election of the work of the whole process. (II) serious discipline, treat correctly leave turn as a cadre of the party, whether it is in, is back, stay, turn are organization Metabolism of entrepreneurial career, need and development need. So, his first with a broad mind to treat "leave turn". The position is officer positions, power for the people service tools. Different positions of the party's cause, plays a decisive role, the same important. To ability strong, style of comrade to important positions and applause, is full of vigor and vitality and promising young cadres in leadership and cheer for their own "leave turn" and calmly face, calm place. Second is to a healthy state of mind to treat "leave turn". The personnel of metabolic, between the past and the present. Cadre new old alternant, team, push In the party constitution control strict working to career development objective need, is never the end of the historical process. Each a cadre must face up to the laws of nature to think we also took the former relay baton "go on leadership post, regardless of the current positions, positions and responsibilities have what change, can do for peace of mind and mood, such as water, in a happy mood. (3) carefully and find out the problem, correct understanding of themselves, even though they do conscientious, serious attitude, honesty in politics, but high standard < >, the control standard, especially control learning, striving for excellent activities emerge in large numbers of advanced characters, advanced deeds Static not consciously practice the "strict three real" and strengthen the party spirit accomplishment to find the gap, swing is insufficient, a clear direction, mainly manifested in the following aspects: one is the learning initiative and self-consciousness. Often busy with work as an excuse, not consciously take the initiative to spare time to learn. Is often superior to learn what to learn what, and work closely to learn, and working relationship is not less to learn. Mainly manifested in the theoretical study is not thorough, system is not thorough, the Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and "Three Represents" important thought, the scientific concept of development and learning, general secretary of the series of speech learning, just from the surface on learning In the less less less and not deep enough, not from the deeper study, to study, to understand, to sentiment, to use, to guide the work. The second is to investigate the research. This year their participation in the county, the county government's important meeting, the town Party work time is more, coupled with the specific affairs busy, in-depth primary research time reduced. The inspection was carried out research activities, there are surface examination, thematic research, listen to reports and discussion research, the general requirements and specific guidance, in a certain extent, affected the timely discovery and solve. Third is the level of leadership, leadership and need to be further improved. Stroke the personnel selection is positive, work coordination and cooperation can't to the best effect; in the coordination to deal with some complex problems, the approach is not enough. Especially encountered, time is tight, the task is heavy, is often the soldiers to be blocked, the water to soil cover, struggling to cope with. The global and forward-looking innovation is not enough. (4) to ensure that the transition delicate gas selected loyal to the party loyal to the people of leading cadres (recommended) for the county to provide accurate information to ensure the transition in the air, after the general election of work have a greater change. The second is balanced, promote the work in an orderly manner. In the future a period of time, the transition will be in the county under the leadership of the Extended surface. And breeding industry and the construction of key projects also in actively, they have to seriously consider, overall transition and key projects to promote. Education team members and the town, village cadres actively participate in industry cultivate the work, with outstanding achievements to accept the assessment of test of the organization and the masses of the people, in the town set up promising is a strong general business and the right atmosphere general election, do election and projects to promote the two not mistake, the promotion of two. Second, the rectification measures One is to enhance learning, awareness raising, he will continue to strengthen learning, improve the level of awareness, their own unity of thought and action to the county, township party committee of arrangements for the election. The second is correctly, strengthen discipline, own the right of transition, a matter of personal leave turn, as a town, deputy secretary of Party committee, themselves are fully aware of the only serious work, strict demands on themselves in order to not negative expectations of organizations and the masses, so that individuals can well deal with good transition in personal leave turn. Three people on the election promise as Deputy Secretary of the Party committee, in the election of my solemn commitment to Catch: if a is strictly abide by and take the lead in the implementation of the "nine is prohibited, nine" transition discipline, not to engage in cliques, not to engage in canvassing votes buying and selling, buying, and no fraud swindlers officer, do not intercede say hello, not illegal, not to run gas leak, do not interfere with changing times, accomplish strict discipline, warning, with iron discipline firmly put unhealthy trends, promote delicate gas to ensure transition in the healthy and orderly development; the second is resolutely obey organization arrangement, and resolutely to stress the party spirit, principle, discuss overall situation, correctly treat personal leave turn, the correct treatment the election results and focus on their careers, from start to finish, ensure the normal and orderly develop. For in-depth study and implement the party's eighteen, the eighth session of the fourth, the spirit of the fifth plenary session, the implementation of comprehensive strictly required, a solid grasp of the construction of Party member team, in accordance with the requirements of the county Party Committee Organization Department No. 3 (2016) Luo Zufa. According to the requirements of the < Chinese Communist Party Constitution > and the central work of education for the party members, combined with actual town, 2016 Party member education and training scheme is formulated. The guiding ideology adhere to a comprehensive study of implementing the scientific development view as guidance, in-depth study and implement the party's eighteen, the eighth session of the fourth, fifth plenary session and the General Secretary Xi Jinping series important Speech adhere to the application for promoting learning, and strive to improve our ideological and political quality of Party members; firmly establish catch a party to build pipe must be members, tube members first catch education of ideological understanding, close to the Party member's ideological and practical work, strive to build a party regular education work mechanism, promote the party members play a vanguard and exemplary role; firmly grasp the construction of ability of administration of strengthening the party, advanced nature and purity of construction of the main line, adhere to to enhanced grasp the party building work consciousness, strengthen the self construction of the party organizations as the fundamental starting point, for the town's economic and social development provided for ideological and political guarantee of the strong and powerful organization guarantee. Second, target 201 The main task of 6 years of education and training of Party members is earnestly implement the <2015 - 2018 XX County Education and training of Party members to implement views > (Luo Wei do [2015] 121) to further strengthen the work of the education and training of Party members request, to training the town, the grassroots party members and common. From 5 January 2016, through a variety of channels in a variety of forms in a planned, step by step, to focus on the organization to carry out the education and training of Party members. A party spirit idea generally enhanced. Through education and training, prompting the majority of Party members to further strengthen the ideal and faith, enhance the party concept, consciously practice the agency will socialist core value system. To further enhance the confidence of the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics, theoretical system of self-confidence and confidence. (II) Party members working ability greatly improved. Through the development of education and training, to boost the knowledge structure of Party members transformation and upgrading, improve the party to use the Marxist stand, viewpoints and methods of analysis and problem solving ability, adapt to the new situation and new tasks. (3) play an effective role of Party member model. Through the development of training and education, promote the party members in theProduction, work, learning and service to the community in give full play to the exemplary vanguard role, and actively striving to take the lead in learning to improve and take the lead in striving for success, serving the masses to take the lead and lead law-abiding, take the lead in promoting the healthy atmosphere model. (4) the building of grassroots organizations strong impetus. Through the development of education and training, the Party member troop overall quality and ability to serve the people increased, grass-roots party organization's creativity, cohesion and combat effectiveness of the improved. Contents and measures according to different type of the town, at different levels, the actual needs of the different positions of Party members, hierarchical class to carry out the education and training of Party members. Adhere to the town overall and please tutoring, please Come in and sent down the combination, to the party spirit education and ability cultivation as the center, overall constitution and discipline, the core value system, political theory, domestic and international situation in town situation, party organization construction, legal education, culture, science and technology, industrial development, management, resource management and protection, social management innovation in the aspects, to village (unit) as a unit, to all members of the organization a above rotation activities. Focus on Township and village committee cadres straight unit leading Party group secretary, activist of join or be admitted to the party, the education and training of village class mothball cadre training, efforts to strengthen the parties organization Secretary of party spirit accomplishment, do a good job of the consciousness of the party building work, enhanced the Party activist , people in rural areas to promote rural economic development of practical abilities. At the same time, through the development of the theme of practical training, autonomous learning training, make full use of the party members and cadres of modern distance education network etc., for the party members in various fields to carry out the classification of rotation, party spirit training, tobe grind quality, improve quality. Organizational Leadership (a) strengthen leadership, implement the responsibility. Town Party committee to the work of the education and training of Party members into the party building work important content, the overall responsibility of the Secretary of the Party committee, vice secretary of the lead and the implementation of specific members of the organization, the organizational Secretary of the parties to personally plan, personally deploy, supervise the implementation; the education and training of Party members to carry out into the grass-roots party Construction work responsibility system and the building of grassroots organizations special assessment, directly with the grass-roots party organizations Pingxianpingyou link, to strengthen the organization and leadership to do a good job of work to implement. (II) the overall progress, implement the plan. Ensure that the deployment, according to the arrangement of the 2016 Party member education and training plans, based on the actual needs of the party, on-demand rationing; do supervision and guidance, strengthen the supervision of the work of the education and training of Party members, guidance and services to help solve the difficulties and problems in the training; assessment, by listening to the report, information search, evaluation, etc., with emphasis on the assessment of the implementation of the plan, Party members to participate in training proportion and effect, indeed Protect task implementation. (3) the typical guide, step up publicity. Pay attention to cultivate advanced and typical, timely promotion and the typical experience of the characteristics of the practice. The work of the education and training of Party members as the focus of the grass-roots party building and the sector skills training for communication and advocacy, by setting the column, offering special journals and other forms of propaganda, to create a strong atmosphere of public opinion, promote the orderly conduct of the work and achieved certain results. In order to further implement the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of major speeches about the party's work style and clean government and anti-corruption struggle spirit and the central, province, city, County Commission for Discipline Inspection and the spirit of the plenary session, to further strengthen the awareness of the loyal party members and cadres, sense of purpose, sense of responsibility and a sense of discipline, boost the county's economic and social development. In accordance with the ensemble [of Ji Qing 2016) spirit of the document No. 3, combined with my bureau actual, make this program of activities, and a theme of learning party discipline, strict discipline, boosting Qingshen development. Second, activity time April 2016 1 - April 30, three, activity content (a) carry out party discipline learning activities. Global organization of cadres and workers to focus on learning, network learning, self-study and other forms of strengthen constitution < < the probity of the Communist Party of China self-discipline criterion "" Chinese Communist Party disciplinary Regulations >, < Xi Jinping on clean government and anti-corruption fight discusses excerpts > and other relevant information learning. Education for Party members and cadres to < code > < Regulations > as the ruler, combined with its work, measure, control and their own ideas and practical test, take the initiative to conduct Lianzheng is affirmatory consciously practice commitment, achieve the hearts of the party, Zun Jishou Confessions of readings of the Si > < confessions to carry out the hearts of the people, in the heart has the responsibility, in the heart has quit, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. (2) to carry out special warning education activities. In the global "read < > writing experience, the concept of warning education independent micro film > reflections, prisons and courtroom free" as the main content of the special warning education activities. Use of the weekly worker will focus to watch a warning education. The < >, cadres and workers to write their feelings, reflections, and the clean publicity column posted; 4 month global organization of Party members and cadres to the eyebrow delta prison visits to detainees xianshenshuifa education of cadres and workers With low-cost combined with special method. (3) to teach a class of anti-corruption initiate cheap course. By the leaders of anti corruption and financial supervision and administration of state-owned assets of explain the profound things in a simple way to explain, so that all staff of honest business, according to the law to act in a more profound understanding, so as to enhance staff's sense of responsibility and sense of mission. (4) to promote innovation to help the family activities. To carry out the party members and cadres "motto, bright family traditions" activities for family education into harmony, filial piety, encouraging learning, goodness, thrifty, inspirational, cultivation of excellent genes to guide Party members and cadres to good tradition folk, with a good tradition being honest, with good tradition promote political winds, creating a delicate gas is the general atmosphere. Four activities (a) to strengthen leadership, careful organization. One is the establishment of the "independent warning education month" activities leading group of the state owned Financial Bureau, bureau leading Party group secretary of the leader, board members of the team to serve as deputy head. The second is making < County State Owned Financial Bureau independent warning education activities month scheme > determine promotional content, clear steps, truly understanding, measures, and put in place, ensure the effectiveness of the activities. (II) take all factors into consideration, pay attention to actual effect. According to "strict three real special education and" two studies do "activities, in based on the provisions of the action without aliasing, and creativity to carry out various forms, rich and colorful activities, and strive to Pay attention to actual effect, and resolutely prevent, going through the motions, really promote the party members and cadres from the depths of the ideological solidating abide by discipline regulations of the defence. (3) strengthening propaganda, to create atmosphere. To make full use of the column publicity, propaganda position of network, increase publicity efforts, expand warning education activities of the coverage and influence. Today, we hold the city's precise technology to poverty alleviation and project work to promote the meeting, the main purpose is to further promote the task of aiding the poor with technology roots and accelerate all kinds of scientific and technological projects. Last year, this year, the city's scientific and technological work has made remarkable achievements, such as the convening of national poverty alleviation of science and technology on the spot will, cultivate high-tech enterprises, Bashan scholar training and the introduction of scientific and technical personnel incentives, listing national agricultural science and Technology Park, science and technology incubator building. Just now, Huangli In recent years city science and technology to help the poor and science and technology project effectiveness, the main problems were analyzed, and in a period of time in the future, the city's precise technology to poverty alleviation and science and technology project work arrangements, I agree, I hope everyone to earnestly implement. Here, I stressed the three points. Learning "learning", to carry out the "learning and doing" education as the city's innovation and development of an important driving force. The Party Central Committee decided to 2016 years in all Party members to carry out learning the party constitution, party rules, a series of speech, do a qualified party member education (referred to as "learning to do"). Some time ago, I called the "learning the party constitution, party rules, a series of speech, do a qualified party member education and mobilization, the province carried out within the" two a "learning education mobilization. Municipal Party committee will soon be held a mobilization will make arrangements for the deployment. To carry out the" two a "study and education, based on" learning ", key in" do ". As the science and Technology Department of cadres and workers, to (benchmark for two pilot demonstration study through studying the party constitution of party compasses, a series of speech, not only to do a qualified party members, to do a good job of science and technology innovation. Next week, I as the city's county-level leading cadres reading class open cooperation and innovation driven study group members went to Mianyang, Meishan national innovation driven development characteristics and the province's Innovation Driven Development Zone work experience, a great harvest, feeling very deep. Mianyang, Meishan city innovation driven strength is very great, especially is Mianyang has become civil military integration, a comprehensive reform and innovation, our benchmarking in Mianyang, the gap is very large. Mianyang Science and technology city construction as the basis, built around the "Five" goal of building Hotbed of innovation of construction science and technology, military and civilian fusion demonstration, collecting and distributing center of scientific and technological achievements, innovative talents convergence and high technology industry concentration), vigorously promote to military and civilian fusion for the characteristics of comprehensive reform pilot innovation, and achieved remarkable results, is toward the national civil military integration innovation demonstration area, the national innovation driven development characteristics demonstration area and western economic development growth emerging great step forward. The expanding Park, stronger innovation platform; incubated enterprises, cultivate innovation; poly talent, to improve the ability of innovation; promoting fusion, highlighting the characteristics of the innovation; catch open, form innovation efforts of the experience is worth learning from. Benchmarking advanced, we have to struggling to The amount of weight is to grasp to catch the strategic innovation. To improve the target oriented system. The innovation actually placed in the core position, firmly establish the "grasping innovation development, seek innovation is to seek the future, innovation is not backward, slow innovation also will lag behind" concept, accelerate factor driven to innovation driven change. City Branch Bureau to actively seek the city management system emphasizing the innovation driven development, focus on strengthening the scientific and technological enterprise incubator construction, scientific and technological innovation platform, technology oriented small and medium-sized enterprises to cultivate, high and new technology industry output value and product evaluation. Second, we must built innovation and Entrepreneurship platform. The city will be in Pakistan and the open area to build the whole To confidence, "double center", the new industrial park for a period, the city public entrepreneurship Park Phase II, Qin Ba electricity supplier industry park for three period, incubation area of more than 50 million square meters. The county (District) to take advantage of idle assets of construction science and technology enterprise incubator, a passenger space and other new public record space, the formation of a, a, a, to create vivid situation. Third, we must foster technological innovation subject. To vigorously implement the "high and new technology enterprise doubling plan" and "science and technology oriented small and medium-sized enterprises to cultivate plan", to honor the implementation of tax incentives, financial subsidies, such as a package of policies to support, so that high technology enterprise "indomitable spirit", let the small and medium-sized enterprise "overwhelming". To increase investment in science and technology innovation. To actively seek special funds for the development of Municipal Science and technology part for cashing innovation drive the development of financial subsidy policy, transfer a portion of funds for science and technology enterprises of loan guarantees and interest subsidies. Encourage banking institutions set up science and technology branch of the franchise, push the patent pledge loan, for the small and medium sized enterprises of science and technology provide financing services tailored. Fifth, we must strengthen science and technology personnel. To attract more technology military personnel and high-end talent with technology, project, with funds to Bazhong Lingban or joint science and technology enterprises, encourage and support both inside and outside the citycomrades and the5 years of college graduates and college students to a new public space, science and technology business incubator innovation and entrepreneurship. Second, it is necessary to promote the precision technology poverty alleviation as the important content of the scientific and technological work. To build a well-off society in an all-round way by 2020 is the party's eighteen to the whole Party and the people throughout the country to make a solemn commitment. Lead the city people out of poverty to become rich go straight towards well-off, Party committees at all levels, political responsibility and mission of the times of the government's major political, technology sector is also the bounden responsibility. Municipal three tenth plenary session made < on the go all out win battle poverty alleviation and development to ensure synchronous completion of a comprehensive well-off society decided >, proposed to further promote the "five a group of" precise action to help the poor, "six precision" and "1 + 6" poverty alleviation projects, clear the "add Great science and technology achievement transformation efforts, accelerate the construction science and technology poverty demonstration village and demonstration households, give full play to the role of modern information network, for the impoverished village poor households to provide production technology, market information, policy advice, encourage scientific and technical personnel to the poor village launched a to one helping and guiding the development of income industrial projects, strengthen technical training and propaganda of popular science, highlighting grasp large breeding, family farmers, agricultural co-operatives are the backbone of the training "technical poverty alleviation mission. The city's science and technology sector must be from the political height, the assault fortified positions that help deficient up as the most important task, the most urgent work. The most arduous mission, to science and technology for precise poverty alleviation promote to speed up a well-off society in an all-round way Decision to deploy, boost the process to precise technology to poverty alleviation and the effectiveness of a well off society in an all round way. One should obey the overall situation. The city's scientific and technological system of cadres and workers, especially leading cadres, should have the political consciousness, ideological conscious action conscious, in accordance with the central, provincial and municipal deployment requirements, to strengthen the organization and leadership, reasonable arrangement of time, carefully study the deployment, to ensure poverty. There must be resolutely implement the political position and character, poverty alleviation and the attitude to be distinctive, poverty alleviation action should be strong, to politics, to understand the overall situation, re implementation, see results. To lock the target. In accordance with the provincial Party committee and the municipal Party committee, municipal government, lock 2 provincial-level General requirements for the completion of the goal of poverty alleviation poverty alleviation poverty alleviation poverty alleviation poverty alleviation poverty alleviation and Technology Demonstration County, four provincial science and technology demonstration towns, 10 provincial science and technology demonstration village and a municipal science and technology demonstration area, 2 Municipal Science and technology demonstration towns, five municipal science and technology demonstration village and the "five one" precise technology to poverty alleviation and special operations tasks, inverted duration, wall chart battle, set the time, tasks, measures, staff, given the responsibility to ensure high quality precision technology poverty alleviation task. To focus on the key. To focus on precise poverty and accurate out of poverty, detailed measures, clear job responsibilities, to develop targeted and operable precise technology to implement poverty alleviation program. Prominent precise poverty technical training, poor village informatization construction, technology oriented poverty reduction model village and demonstration households construction precision technology poverty alleviation focus, in a precise sense, precise attitude, precise style, go all out to fight the precise technology of poverty alleviation and battle. Three, it is necessary to strengthen science and technology funds supervision as an important means to enhance the quality of the project. Science and technology project fund supervision is the key to the implementation of the project of science and technology. In recent years, especially during the "Twelfth Five Year Plan" period, the system of science and technology management in the city vigorously to declare the implementation of the country and province science and technology projects, science and technology demonstration lead brought obvious effect and improve the scientific and technological innovation capability of enterprises, boosting the characteristics and advantages of industrial development, science and technology support to the economic and social leading role improved significantly. In the project management of science and technology, in addition to seriously implement the state, provincial science and technology project management rules and regulations, and the actual Bazhong, established the access system of science and technology projects, the project of science and technology commissioner system, science and technology Project credit system and scientific and technological projects honest commitment system, and the Municipal Finance Bureau jointly issued the > < Bazhong City Science and technology development funds management approach, formulated the "trilogy of seven" science and technology project implementation specification, these are worth fully affirmed. However, we should also see clearly, we in the science and technology project management still exist "account of the special accounts, earmarking system is no effective implementation and other issues. In particular, this year the Audit Commission Chengdu Tepai ban on Bazhong confidence found in the audit of science and technology business incubatorProblem has certain representativeness. The audit to us sounded the alarm, should cause everyone vigilance. Here, I will strengthen science and technology project budget supervision put forward four requirements: a strict project reporting, prevent fraud. Implementation of the project to declare the competition mechanism, the annual financial support to science and technology projects oriented society Bulletin, conditions open content, open competition to declare, open field investigation, public presentations, the public assessment of the decision, do full open and transparent, fair, accept social supervision. To those who resort to deceit or something real is not clear, suspected of defrauding, impersonator national subsidy funds, once found immediately cancel Declaration of qualification, recovery of funds subsidy and discipline in accordance with the law strictly held responsible. Second, we must innovation funds supervision. In county finance to establish science and technology project "account", the project undertaking entity in accordance with the key nodes task completion by formal invoice to apply for funding and audited by the Department of science and technology, the Ministry of finance funds, and resolutely put an end to project funds are retained, misuse and misappropriation. Third, we need to strengthen scientific and technological project supervision. Department in charge of science and technology to strengthen project inspections to check or checks, of ineffective implementation to strengthen the supervision and the existence of violations of responsibility into the project undertaker rectification. To establish a scientific and technological project, "black list" system, the Project implementation quality particularly poor recorded in the "black list", stage or permanent abolition of the applicant country, province, city science and technology project qualification. Fourth, it is necessary to carry out training funds management. Science City Bureau to the initiative to meet with the finance department, organize project unit commitment held science and technology project funds management training, of country, provincial and municipal science and technology project funds management of the relevant policies, financial acceptance specification, mid supervision points, budget review points and key contents were training system, to ensure the use of project funds safe and reasonable. Thank you all! To implement the central, provincial, city and county to make important decision about the grass-roots party construction work in the deployment, push forward the county public security organs in the work of Party building, further strengthen the party secretary of the governing party and party liability, according to < of the Organization Department of CPC Committee of Xuchang County on the issuance of the "counties as well as the authority of Party building debriefing appraisal implementation solutions" notice > requirements, according to the arrangement of the Bureau of the party work. Today, the organization held the county public security organs party secretary grasping grass-roots party construction work in the debriefing will. The implementation of this is a powerful measure to the Secretary of the party organization construction of the party,, and is learning to carry out the party's spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the, grasp the new situation of Party building work under the rules, pushing Public security party building services in the public security center of the inevitable requirement. Just now, the 3 Juzhu unit Party branch secretary of debriefing, below I on the 3 party organization work one by one review. Party branch of the Political Department Good: first, strengthen ideological and political work, pay close attention to the work of the implementation. The Political Department of the Party branch strictly in accordance with the requirements of bureau Party committee, to "strict three real special education as the main line, take effective measures, pay close attention to the ideological and political work of the implementation, strengthen the education of Party members and the police thought, improve the Police Ideological and political consciousness, make a solid foundation for public security work smooth development of health. Second, strict management team, boost the morale of the team. Strict implementation of Police Ideological Trend of periodic analysis, timely grasp the ideological situation of the personnel; strictly implement the system of check on work attendance, strengthen the daily management; cash rewards and punishments, continue to boost the morale of the team. The third is The intensification of police training, improve the police actual combat skill. Seriously and actively carry out a series of training activities and < Henan public security network, > learning activities, the majority of police in the political quality, physical quality, professional quality, policing skills improved. The fourth is to adhere to the preferential treatment from the police, the warm pool police. According to thRequirements, and actively do a good job of personnel management work, to run within the scope of the policy, help the police solve the practical difficulties, the police systemic heart into work. The fifth is strengthening propaganda, promote righteousness. Around the center of the public security work, actively do a good job in the publicity, fully display the spirit of good public security team. Six is to fulfill the responsibility of Party building, do a good job of education and management of Party member team. Sound and perfect "three class", Party of democratic appraisal, commendation and reward system, effectively enhance the branch of the creativity, cohesion and fighting capacity. Shortcomings: is ideological and political work still can not adapt to the new situation, new task, in the form of a single, innovation is not enough, lack of learning education of the appeal and study the effect of education needs to be improved, the political department to strengthen the guidance to the grass-roots units. The second is the branch of organizational life will implement the is not good enough to play an exemplary role. Traffic Police Brigade Party branch System of good practice: one is grasping the implementation of the work of Party building system, enhanced branch team cohesion, combat force. The brigade Party branch always pay close attention to the work of Party building and would not let go, conscientiously perform their duties, strict implementation of democratic life etc., to develop the branch of learning plan, all equipped with learning record the experience and experience the and organize regular inspection learning, ensures that the learning plan, implement, effect. Second is to carry out the "strict three real special education. The development of special education learning scheme, held a party branch focus on learning and the level of consultation forum, deputy director in charge of, brigade leader for the party members and the police on the lectures, deployed to carry out Ban Zicheng throughout the Yan Zhenchang Yang Shuicai to relive the oath to join the party, visit the memorial hall, learning advanced characters, micro lectures attention and learning characteristics of the activities, and to develop measures for rectification. Three is to pay attention to the party building work into the public security work. The brigade Party branch and always will be the work of Party building in 9.3 security, national civilized city re examination, the SCO security meeting, the focus of illegal investigation, "sword", "anti terrorist violence, to ensure safety", "five wave", "camp turn non bus", "detoxification", the focus of the work, in a timely manner to carry out the pre war mobilization, wartime dynamically judged, the post-war award in recognition of a series of measures Members always fighting in the first line of traffic management, all traffic police has always maintained a high state of mind, a strong impetus to the work carried out. Shortcomings: first, there is a "hand hard and soft" phenomenon. Of work of Party building under the new situation is not enough emphasis, focus on light business building, re form light effects. The second is measures are not enough effective. In particular, catch a party to build working innovation consciousness is not strong, measures and methods used in the experience of the old, old practices and effectiveness needs to be further strengthened. The third is three lesson "not very good insist, life of the party organization to carry out less often. Zhao police station Party branch Good practice: one is to strengthen the study and education. To "strict three real special education as an opportunity to take leadership lectures, seminars, individual learning, exchange of experience in various forms, the police organization learning leaders at all levels of the spirit of the important speech, < > in the constitution as well as the side of corruption cases and asked party members and the police carefully recorded study notes, writing experiences, join and pay attention to the micro lectures, according to the control requirements of inspection, enhance their own, to ensure that the learning effect. The second is to strengthen the leadership responsibility. Party branch secretary as the first responsibility of honest government, earnestly implement the" four person ", and insisted on the" important work personally Department Department, major issues personally intervene, personally key aspects of coordination, supervision of important cases personally ", Party branch members always strict demands on themselves, play an exemplary role model. Third, strengthen the service for the people. Every act of the masses for the warm reception, carefully recorded masses anti reflect each a problem, and make the resistancee bureau Party committeeHeart to answer, and constantly improve the quality of service. Combined with the "one village, one police work, police organization carefully touch row all may affect the stability of the unstable factors, resolve conflicts and disputes, and arrange for the police with daily visits, issued security leaflets, collecting sites, personnel information, promote the harmony police. Existing problems: a party branch team party affairs knowledge is not rich enough, on some of the procedural provisions are not familiar with, in a certain extent restricted the work carried out. The second is regular ideological education is not deep enough, the ideological trends of the police command is not timely and accurate. Third, there is a need to improve the management level of refinement, police standardization awareness is not strong enough, daily habit is not quite self-conscious. Since this year, bureau unit Party branch to "strict three real special education as the main line, to the service center, troop construction as the focus, adhere to the combination of ideological building of the party and the system of the party, solid to carry out the comprehensive strictly required, to further standardize the construction of the party organization, continuously improving the quality of Party members and police, continue to strengthen the party building innovation, service building execution significantly improved, has made remarkable achievements. Meeting debriefing of 3 units in the work of Party building problems in other units are also different degrees of existence to other units by the party building debriefing, draw on the experience of face the problem, replicability, careful analysis of rectification, promote the sustained and healthy development of the work of Party building units. Below, to further strengthen the county public security organs party building work stressed the views of five points. One, improve the ideological understanding, enhance the sense of political responsibility and historical mission Follow the basic construction of the party's eighteen years, Xi Jinping, general secretary: the series of important speech to the party put forward many new ideas, new judgment, the new requirements is to promote grass-roots party building work. We should thoroughly study and understand, and consciously assume responsibility. One is to grasp the party building "three questions" of the new requirements. Xi, general secretary of the party's mass line education practice summary of the General Assembly on the proposed the construction of "three questions, namely:" is not the party committees at all levels and the departments of Party committees (party) to achieve the sedulous catch a party to build is not at all levels of Party committee secretary, the Department of the party committees (party) secretary become strictly administering the party secretary? Is not at all levels and all departments of the party Forced the construction of Party committees (party) members to fulfill the responsibilities strictly responsibility? "General Secretary of the party building" three questions ", directed at the crucial point, enlightening, three mirror placed in front of everyone, let you according to a photo, see a look, want to think about the conscious of it, is the three pieces of papers placed in front of us, it is clear to judge ourselves whether in to do their duty. Building" three questions ", urge people to watch, thought-provoking, and convey a strong responsibility to ask signal. The second is to understand the building" three no "new judgment. Xi, general secretary of the party's mass line education practice summary congress pointed out that" history and reality Are accounted for in the police forces of discipline, do not do, is to stop the event tells us, not a clear responsibility to implement the responsibility, accountability, and strictly administering the party is not to ". General Secretary of the" three no ", a clear responsibility to implement the responsibility, accountability, and point out the key. The county public security organs is a team of the Communist Party as the main body, Party members and the vast majority of bureau of belonging to different units of the leadership cadres and backbone of the party members, the power and responsibility are relatively concentrated in the party's construction, must be clear responsibilities, the implementation of responsibility, accountability, or catch a party to build is an empty word. Three is to clear the" three grasping "new initiatives. The total learning book Remember that catch a party to build must grasp the responsibility system, grasping accountability must grab the responsibility person, grasping the responsibility must catch the first responsible person. Why should we let the Bureau unit Party branch secretary of the debriefing is to implement general secretary put forward "3 catch". To seize the party organization's primary responsibility, seize the key issue. Two, the full implementation of the task of ideological construction, the theory of armed tasks implementedGeneral Secretary Xi Jinping in the mass line of educational practice summary congress put forward in the new period party building thought of tasks and requirements, to strengthen the construction of the Party pointed out the direction and path. One is to strengthen theoretical study. The urgent task is to fully understand the study and implement the spirit of the fifth plenary session of the eighth session of the significance of, the organization of Party members and the police through the focus on learning, self-study and special counseling and other forms of serious in-depth learning, adhere to the first step in learning, deep layer, accurately grasp the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, and do the thinking and learning gains, use it. The second is to strengthen the party spirit temperance. Adhere to the school party constitution. Through the center of the group learning. Secretary of the party organization about lectures and other forms of learning the party constitution, enlightenment spirit, guide Bureau unit Party branch and all members of the police to firmly establish the consciousness of the party. Persist in learning advanced. Vigorously carry forward the spirit of Jiao Yulu, Yang Shuicai spirit, seriously study the advanced deeds of Comrade Yan Zhenchang, deep fine shine Dusing the police party guided, to strengthen public opinion and public servant consciousness, consciously practice the "strict three real. The third is to strengthen the party and Party discipline education. For the ideological construction of the party faces new tasks, new requirements, the emergence of many new problems, new situations, and actively take the initiative to adapt to the constantly emancipate the mind, innovative ways, making use of the Internet, micro channel, micro Bo new platform for new, enrich the content of education, improve education forms, the constant reminder education, enhance the police Party discipline in awe, guide Party members and the police do political understanding discipline about the rules of the leaders. The fourth is to strengthen the ideological and moral education. Guide the party police exemplary practice the socialist core values, cultivate good political and moral character, professional ethics, family virtue and morality, forming a strong atmosphere of moral construction. Pay attention to strengthen the positive guidance to the police party ideology, adhere to the diversification of the social ideology guided by the system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics, improving and perfecting the Party members and the police thought The dynamic analysis of mechanism, providing an ideological guarantee for the purity and firmness of team members. Three, fully implement the strict requirements, the management and administration of the party's responsibility to implement General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed that to implement strictly the responsibility, do a good job of Party building as the biggest achievement. Therefore, in my bureau implement comprehensive strictly required must be the party tube responsible party implemented. First, to further implement the responsibility system in Party building. To establish and improve the party building responsibility assessment mechanism, at the beginning of the year to progressively signing party builds working target responsibility book. Party organizations at all levels is mainly responsible for comrades to do a good job of Party building as the greatest achievements, adhere to the development wholeheartedly for, to concentrate its attention on the construction of the party, the party building work is included in the agenda, and business to work with the deployment, with checks, with the implementation of, true to form Party grasping, Secretary to take the lead in efforts, in charge of the leadership Specific catch, catch a, layers of implementation pattern of Party building work. Is to improve the reporting and appraising system. In accordance with the "debriefing the party building, the appraisal rating of Party building, Party building assessment test, use of cadres at request of the party", CF county Party debriefing practice, and constantly improve the annual party built debriefing appraisal system, in particular, to the year debriefing appraisal evaluation and annual comprehensive examination closely together, the party builds the job evaluation results into the leading bodies and leading cadres of the annual comprehensive assessment system, strengthen the use of dynamic management and results of debriefing appraisal work, further enhance the debriefing appraisal of scientific, effective and directive The new integration business. Three is to improve the "three class" system. "Three class" system is to improve the party's organizational life, strict party member education management system, we must do a good job in the implementation and long-term persistence. According to "the party secretary of the organization lectures", "party members and cadres micro lectures and Thematic Party Day activities, innovation" three class "form, rich" three class "content, pay attention to the work of Party building with the public security work, the formation of" the same resonance frequency, the linkage of communion "party organization life situation. At the same time, the" three class "system implementation of join or be admitted to the party organization committee debriefing appraisal of important content, strict grasp the" three class "system Real. Four, strict political discipline and political rules. Guide all Party members and the police in ideological political action always as the general secretary of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping highly consistent, involved in major political principle, political stand, political views and other issues, we must be sober, stand firm. Guide the members of the civilian police to strengthen the sense of organization, determined to do the individual is subordinate to the organization, the minority is subordinate to the majority, the lower level to the higher level, and the whole party to the Central Committee. Some time ago, I held a party enlarged meeting, focus on adherence to the party's political discipline and political rules of thematic theory study, I at the meeting for the feelings to speak. I understand, party a concept of organization, can not see Party, touch not. According to the materialistic point of view, the material determines consciousness, existence determines consciousness, consciousness is the objective things in the brain to reflect, then, how to prove that the party's existence? Like the current, can not, can not be touched, but through the wire carrier, connect power supply, the electric light, the motor is running, it is proved that the current existence. Similarly, the party is by living every Party member, every Party member, speech and action of the carrier, reflecting party. Party is a whole, in order to normal operation, each party members according to their personality characteristics. Academic knowledge, professional knowledge, hobbies, physical condition, age, work experience, work experience and other comprehensive evaluation, main task of the division of labor and in jointly do a good job in party work, is mainly responsible for the Division I business, then in my division of work, in the Party committee collective discussion by, decision, foreign, on every level of members can to bureau of the party in the name and identity delivered a speech, the organization of work. In specific work, in the higher Party committees have clear provisions of the spirit, in accordance with the spirit of the documents of ranking Party committee, combined with my work of the division of labor, on behalf of the bureau Party committee put forward their views and suggestions. Since Party members according to the higher Party committees to the spirit of the document can be Bureau on behalf of the party organization of work, then the behavior has party authority and seriousness, we should respect them and be with, give support, cannot according to personal preferences, personal understanding and awareness, regardless of the occasion, in broad daylight, in meetings, especially in the lower front of, guilty of liberalism, published the higher Party committees have been expressly prohibited speech, also cannot euphemistically called the personal point of view; regardless of party image and personal image, irresponsible, gossip, just open the river, grumble, grumble about; even, sarcastic ridicule, sarcasm, oblique accusations, make people Hold the most stringent start speech, personal attacks, vent personal grudge; more even, with ulterior motives, ulterior motives; fan Yin breeze, will-o '- the wisp, deliberately and party dissension and discord, rumors spread, the spread of division, and the party and the people, the hearts of the people, the decline of morale. This kind of behavior is the party's discipline are not allowed, from my start, from the members of the Party committee member, once, who despite the party discipline, drunk, behind, the key moment, in violation of the party's political discipline, political rules and wait for the party discipline. We must strictly comply with the implementation of the central and superior party committee has clearly defined, does not allow bargaining, unconditional obedience, unconditional , does not allow a discount, or disguised discount. In addition. We want to strictly enforce the system of democratic life of the party, Party of democratic life, it is necessary to carry out criticism and self-criticism, is between the members of the Party committee of the mutual criticism, remind each other, will not do not speak, gossiping afterwards. Guide Party members and the police strictly request reporting system, regularly party members to execute the political discipline of political rules situation analysis judged and thematic summary, constantly enhance political of the political life of the party, the principle and militancy. Five, comprehensively improve the scientific level of Party building, the task of the party building To enhance the scientific level of the construction of the party is our party according to the worldly affairs, national and the new changes and new challenges of the party put forward the major issue is effective to deal with the four test ", resolve the pressing requirement of" four big risk "is the only way to maintain and develop the party's advanced natuStep is to strengthen the party's cohesion, attraction and the fighting power of the inevitable choice. Under the new situation, it is necessary to apply the law of the ruling party construction of Marxism, according to the basic requirements of maintaining the party's advanced nature, continue to study new situations, solve new problems, sum up new experience, make the party building in scientific orbit continues to advance. One to focus, efforts to lay a solid foundation. Continue to carry out the "two hit" activities, accurately grasp strictly required new rules and characteristics of the work of Party building under, deepening grass-roots increase of basic party organization and Party member quality upgrade plan. Continue to carry out the window units vanguard party post, window model building activities, and continuously Enhance the party members and the police involved in activities to create enthusiasm. Increase of Party organizations and Party members advanced typical advocacy training efforts to become a "sign", "evergreen tree". To broaden the party serving the masses channels, construction of Party members contacting and serving the masses work system, make the Party member to become truly keep in mind the purpose, advanced elements of the heart of the masses. Establish and improve incentives within the party, care, helping mechanism, we do care and love grassroots cadres, old party members, difficult life member. In order to promote the party construction services, continue to carry out "party members and counterpart assistance" live and on-the-job Party member volunteer service activities. Second, we must strengthen management, efforts to enhance the party members Quality, and conscientiously implement < the Communist Party of China the development of Party Work Rules >, adhere to strict standards, rigorous training, strict procedures, strict regulation and control, and continuously improve the quality of Party members, optimize the structure of Party member team. Strengthening of different kinds of police, the classified management of Party members in different positions, through the implementation of target management of Party members, record management, star rating etc. ways to strengthen the education of Party members, management and service work. Adhere to the mass appraisal, solid and effective to carry out members of the public commitment, no post party post duty activities, give full play to the role of Party members. Actively introduce the Internet +, by means of information to strengthen the education and management of the party members and make full use of "Xuchang male Ann party building network "," peace of Xuchang, Communist Party members, Liancheng micro lectures and other network platform to strengthen the education and training of Party members. Three to strict requirements, efforts to improve the party's style of work. To build a first-class units, to create a first-class team, cultivate first-class style, create first-class performance as the goal, combined with learning from the advanced models, and effectively solve the police party in the party spirit, moral character, style and ability existing prominent problems; adhere to the lead austerity, oppose extravagance and waste, and oppose formalism, bureaucratism and seriously practice the "strict three real, establish a good style of work; earnestly implement the" eight insist, eight against ", advocate diligence Excited to learn and apply what they have learned, the heart of the masses, serve the people, grab get right on the job really, and to ensure the effectiveness of, hard work, thrift, the overall situation, curried, develop democracy, solidarity work, impartially and with the right of honesty in politics, life is decent, healthy interest in eight aspects of good atmosphere, promote the county public security organs party political construction has made new achievements. Fourth, it is necessary to produce battle fort effect. Party organizations at all levels to grasp the practical to the center of the public security work service key links, adhere to the completion of difficult and perilous task as the main battlefield of the work of Party building, the more encountered serious incidents, major rescue mission, a major security tasks, the more you want to play the party organization The role of core, and earnestly do a good job before the war mobilization, wartime motivation, war veteran and so, truly party members and cadres to fight to where, the life of the party organization will extend to where, the role of fighting bastion of the party organizations play where, reflecting the party building work to promote and protect the power. Comrades, in the circumstances to promote comprehensive strictly new situation, the Party Central Committee and the Party committee of a higher level of the construction of the party proposed the new, higher requirements, the work of Party building task is arduous, the glorious mission, rare opportunity. Let us to the debriefing meeting as a starting point, in the Bureau of the party's correct leadership, conscientiously study and implement the series of important speech of General Secretary Xi Jinping, spirit and the party's spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth, thoroughly implement the comprehensive strictly required, continue to carry forward the party's fine tradition, hearten spirit, do solid work, the enterprising spirit, selfless dedication, to continue to create the county public security organs of Party building work in the new situation, to maintain social stability to ensure Successful completion of the task,re, also is aPromote public security undertakings flourish, for the construction of a beautiful and happy Xuchang county to make new and greater contributions! Carry out the party building debriefing appraisal work, implement the central and provincial Party committee, the municipal Party committee and comprehensively promote the strictly deployment requirements, implement strictly the responsibility, tamp the foundation of Party Construction of major initiatives. Public security organs as the party's absolute under the leadership of the democratic dictatorship force, as the party and the people in the hands of the "hilt" must to strengthen the work of Party building and walk in the forefront, and make an example. From just four of the Secretary of the party organization debriefing situation, the party organization of debriefing of Party building and ideological work attaches great importance to prepare more fully, in the debriefing process, say achievements do not exaggerate, speak the problem does not cover, emphasize not vanity about rectification, truly realistic. Offer as Political Bureau Director comments, targeted strong, closely with the practical assessment highlights outstanding characteristics, ask clear, point out of the results, points out the problems and points out the pressure. This is not only a debriefing meeting and Party building the responsibility to implement, today the debriefing, to do a good job of new period party building work will play a very good role in promoting. Next, according to the city bureau Party Committee on Party building work on the arrangements, Bai chief commissioned by combining city Bureau of Party building work of new requirements, borrow this opportunity to revisit four points. To improve the ideological understanding, enhance the sense of responsibility and historic mission, the party's eighteen years, Xi Jinping, general secretary Follow the construction of a series of important speech to the party put forward many new ideas, new conclusions and new requirements, the grass-roots party building work. We should thoroughly study and understand, and consciously assume responsibility. One is to grasp the party building "three questions" of the new requirements. Xi, general secretary of the last 10 August, the party's mass line education practice summary of the General Assembly on the proposed the construction of "three questions". That is: "is not the party committees at all levels and the departments of Party committees (party) to achieve the sedulous catch a party to build is not at all levels of Party committee secretary, the departments of Party committees (party) secretary become strictly administering the party secretary? Is not at all levels and all departments of Party committees (party) Forced members to fulfill the responsibilities strictly responsibility? "General Secretary of the party building" three questions ", directed at the crucial point, enlightening, three mirror placed in front of everyone, let you according to a photo, see a look, want to think the self-knowledge; is the three pieces of papers placed in front of us, it is clear to judge ourselves whether the party's construction to do their duty. Building" three questions ", urge people to watch, thought-provoking, and convey a strong responsibility to ask signal. The second is to understand the building" three no "new judgment. Xi, general secretary of the party's mass line education practice summary congress pointed out that" history and reality, especially the Are substantially more than 80% of the discipline to move tells us, clear responsibility, fulfil responsibility, accountability, and strictly administering the party is not to ". General Secretary of the" three no ", clear responsibility, fulfil responsibility, accountability, and point out the key. The city public security organs is a member of Communist Party as the main body of troops and members accounted for total number of civilian police, the Bureau of belonging to various departments of leading cadres and backbone of the party members, the power and responsibility are relatively concentrated in the party's construction, must be clear responsibilities, the implementation of responsibility, accountability, or catch of Party construction is empty. Three is to clear the" three grasping "new initiatives. Xi, general secretary of the strong , catch a party to build must grasp the responsibility system, grasping accountability must catch responsibility, grasping the responsibility must catch the first responsible person. Why should we let Jushu unit party secretary to the party organization at the next higher level debriefing is to implement general secretary put forward "3 catch". To seize the party organization is mainly responsible person, seize the key problem. Second, it is necessary to improve the work of Party building system, the system construction is to strengthen the party building work of public security is an important guarantee. To through the scientific development of the system, improve the system, execution system and make the system become a hard bound, continue to promote the public security work of Party building standardization. One is to further implement the responsibility of Party BuilSystem. It is necessary to establish and improve Party building responsibility assessment mechanism, at the beginning of the year to progressively signing party builds working target responsibility book. Party organizations at all levels is mainly responsible for comrades to do a good job of Party building as the greatest achievements, adhere to the development wholeheartedly for, to concentrate its attention on the construction of the party, the party building work is included in the important process, and business to work with the deployment, with checks, with the implementation of, true to form Party grasping, Secretary to take the lead in efforts, leaders in charge of specific grab, grab a level, layers of implementation pattern of Party building work. The second is improve the debriefing appraisal system. In accordance with the "debriefing the party building, the appraisal rating of Party building, Party building assessment test, the use of cadres at request of the party", the Secretary of the party debriefing contrast do Law, and constantly improve the annual party debriefing appraisal system, especially to the annual debriefing appraisal evaluation and annual comprehensive examination closely together, the party builds the job evaluation results into the leading bodies and leading cadres of the annual comprehensive assessment system, strengthen the use of dynamic management and results of debriefing appraisal work, further enhance the debriefing appraisal of scientific, effective and oriented. Third, improve the "three will be a lesson system." three class system is to improve the life of the party organization, strict management of Party member education system must do a good job in the implementation, insist for a long time. According to the "Secretary of the party organization lectures", "Party cadres Implementation of integrating micro lectures and theme day activities, innovation "three class" form, rich "three class" content, pay attention to the work of Party building with the public security work, the formation of "the same resonance frequency, the linkage of communion" party organization life new situation. At the same time, the "three class" of the implementation of join or be admitted to the party secretary of the organization debriefing appraisal of the important content, strict grasp the "three class" system. To strengthen the education of Party members, improve Party member of party spirit idea and political consciousness. Xi General Secretary profoundly pointed out: "firm ideal and faith are the legal team of political soul must be the ideal and belief education in political and legal team construction of the first , constantly playing firmly hold high the banner, command of the party, loyalty to the mission of the ideological foundation. "The city's public security organs is a with Communist Party members for the disciplined subject, Party members accounted for more than 80% of the total number of civilian police, bureau of belonging to different departments of leading cadres and backbone basically is a party member, do a good job in the construction of Party member team, will seize the fundamental construction of public security team. We must seize the political construction of the police as the core, adhere to the party for public security work absolute leadership this fundamental principle, put the ideal and belief of party spirit education in a more prominent position, to ensure that the Party member troop absolute loyalty, absolutely pure, absolutely reliable. To adhere to the theory of armed, serious organization And adherence to the in-depth study of the majority of Party members and the party's basic theory, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the series of important speech spirit, education of Party members and the party's political discipline and political rules, and consciously in accordance with the party constitution and party political life standards to regulate their own words and deeds, so that discipline, rules, listen to say hello, do in the party party, the party worry about the party, the party for the party, the party retaining the party, and always in the ideological and political action and to Xi Jinping as general secretary of the Central Committee of the party remain highly consistent, consciously do the party's loyal guards of the masses of the people caring people. To build a strong base layer organization, strengthen grass-roots party organization's cohesive force and fighting force. To strengthen the basic level party organization construction Is the key to the target is doing a good job of Party building work of the important basis and guarantee. To optimize the organizational settings. In accordance with the ease of Party members to participate in activities for Party organizations play a role in principle, reasonable norms of the party organization, Party organizations at the grassroots level full coverage, to ensure that each party members into the party organization in Party activities, organization and management, the organization of care, to accept the supervision of the organization, and actively play a role. Second, we must pay close attention to the team construction. Catch team, with the team party building is an important content and basic level party organization team with members shall complete, clear division of labor, responsibility implementation, implementation of post management. With a good team with a strong Party Secretary , to effectively strengthen the Secretary of the party organization is the Party of person of the first responsibility, sense of responsibility, the responsibility system to prevent "party construction task of Party building, Party building work and business two skins" phenomenon. Third, we need to play good battle fort action. Party organizations at all levels to effectively seize as a key link in the center of the public security work service, adhere to thedingTo the completion of difficult and perilous task as the main battlefield of the work of Party building and the encounter major emergencies and major rescue mission, a major security tasks, the more you want to play the core role of Party organizations, and earnestly do a good job in the pre war mobilization, wartime motivation, postwar entitled work truly where the battle of Party members and cadres, the party's organizational life extended to where, the role of fighting bastion of the party organizations play where, reflecting the party building work to promote and protect the power. Comrades, in the circumstances to promote comprehensive strictly new situation, do a good job of public security Party Building work as the task is arduous and glorious mission, hope everyone to firmly establish "a game of chess," thought, put down Real strictly required as the new normal organ of the party's construction, further emancipate the mind, ningxinjuli, do solid work, to maintain social stability, promote social fairness and justice, protect the people live and work, to make new and greater contributions. The accident scene of the accident treatment of XX XX, April 7 to April 11, according to traffic police detachment and the traffic police brigade of the arrangement, I had the honor to participate in the Ministry of Public Security Research Institute held high-end training class, by 5 days of training and learning, I have a deep feeling, learning a lot of new knowledge and to deal with the accident of skills, to learn and work are of great help, we will experience is summed up as follows: first, study the new knowledge, to expand the field of vision. In the research the teacher to explain, we review the < road traffic accident scene drawing >, and emphatically studied at the scene of the real record drawing standards, the graph can reflect the state and each element Full coverage regardless of size, position, give a person to live a more intuitive understanding of the next step accident treatment has a great help. At the same time, I have seen some new accident investigation equipment, such as a new generation of traffic accident scene drawing system, through training, the police can very fast rendering standard site map, data measurement, and in accordance with the Ministry of public security of the standard, and the UAV, the application of UAV camera or camera, from the fundamental solution overview accident photos. Second, on the scene photography basic requirements and accident photographic difference. The scene photography scene is the most objective real reaction. But photographs of the scene taken to ensure objective, comprehensive, timely and clear requirements, this scene photos to assurance its legal effect; the scene photography has also undergone a change by the original photography of orientation and overview of photography, Photo Center, breakdown of the photo, change for range photography, photographic overview, local camera, film element, photography of minutia, than photography, so to photographic content more refined, more specific, the as evidence of a more targeted, more accurate., on site survey extracted traces and field exploration process traces are extracted by the problems and errors. Trace on the scene of the discovery and extraction as a matter of So the scene investigation is an important part of the process, on the analysis of the cause of the accident and the accident are very important role, through the teacher's explanation and analysis them as an expert, from the perspective of identification of traces of the scene points extraction and pointed out the direction for under our own exploration site to extract traces, at the same time, through the teacher's explanation, accidents will produce certain traces, which requires us in the scene of the accident investigation of careful, and not missing any useful to our trace on the scene. On advanced equipment of traffic accident identification, genetic analysis of the role of. I feel the deepest is now home Car safety air bag with something called the airbag module. This is known as "black box" car equipment, has a record of when the speed, whether to take braking, take a few braking and other data, recording, has a very large role for analyzing the cause of the incident, next serious accidents must pay attention to extract such equipment; and escape accidents are common in the general video surveillance on the blurred image, wLicense plate number; shellac, fiber identification, etc. with advanced equipment can make the identification, with the advanced equipment, technical backing, feeling the impartial handling of the each accident and escape detection accident confidence. On the scene of the accident protection. The teacher from three aspects to explain the road traffic accident and law enforcement duty site safety protection: 1, from the level of laws and regulations, Ministry of public security, proceeding from the actual conditions promulgated on the rules and regulations to strictly enforced, which requires each of us a police starting from their own point of view, for their own safety, must not omit any link, don't be afraid of trouble, this is Lists are not qualified for you alone are responsible for the unit is responsible for the family is responsible for; 2. Strengthen on-site protection facilities of the configuration and use, the first to buy and configuration of safety protection equipment, if equipment, but also about what door? Then is another question, equipment, how to use, the teacher of Tianjin accident lesson, because a lot of equipment, is not put into use, resulting in our police due to the lack of timely reminder of the accident, causing us to a number of police casualties; 3, the device is put into use, but also strengthen individual protection skills and teamwork training. In a word, We want to use qualified equipment and abide by laws and regulations, strengthen training of personal skills and teamwork and ensure its own security in the field staff. Through the study of five days of training, an increase of knowledge, learning the something new, strengthen the unit and brother of business flow, also found their own shortcomings, the next step I want to share of Wuxi advanced concepts and colleagues, common learning and common progress, makes the traffic police brigade accident treatment work more on the floor! In recent years, XX city always adhere to a hand grasping the building, a hand grasp the management, and actively explore new mode of Biogas Service, strive to innovate new mechanism for ecological compensation, pay attention to enhance the image of the new energy team, cohesion to create a new bright spot of circular agriculture, biogas in scientific management, comprehensive utilization and achieved certain results. First, the cultivation of new business entities, to explore new mode of follow-up services XX city has been built biogas 11 million households, biogas digesters is "treasure pool, biogas replaced the coal and firewood, become a clean, economic life energy, biogas pool instead of the old cesspool, become to improve the sanitary conditions of important possessions. With the maintenance quantity is increasing year by year, firedamp follow-up service into the long-standing problem. To do a good job of Biogas Service, polish up the brand of "XX model and we guide biogas mechanic established biogas cooperation, energy service companies, such as the model of market main body. Through market service, breakthrough in the past by the government construction, maintenance, a pack in the end of the narrow concept, establish the" who benefits, who management "the correct concept. The main body of the new take innovative service mode, expand service content and other measures, developing biogas service, centralized gas supply pipeline construction and gas charging operation and other aspects of comprehensive management. It not only solves the problem of farm household biogas, and change the follow-up services, but also increases the income of service team. The cultivation of new subjects, to consolidate and improve the service system, the effective establishment of a long-term mechanism of biogas services, to achieve the standardization of the follow-up services, intensive and professional. Two, the introduction of international carbon trading, innovative new mechanism for ecological compensation XX City Xiang Bai Guo centripetal rich is an ordinary farmers biogas, biogas his home with very good results, he is carbon fund project of farmers, this year, the winner of the Netherlands government to pay him thehich can identifyInspired by the introduction of $23, he used this carbon trading income to buy a new gas stove. This is XX household biogas clean development mechanism project is the United Nations first successfully registered household biogas carbon fund project. The project of 4330 household biogas pool, each year to reduce carbon emissions in 7298 tons, carbon emissions trading income of 10 million US dollars, equivalent to RMB 65 million yuan, carbon trading income subsidies to build pool farmer for biogas digesters follow-up maintenance provides ongoing capital investment in carbon fund project, XX City, the implementation of the "gas rewards" project, "whether the normal ignition, gas pressure size, pig herds head number Indicators will biogas digester using effect is good, medium and poor to refine the management and posting the use of farm household biogas, biogas use good farmers reward. Ecological compensation project implementation, increase the income of farmers, mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers, increase rate of the use of biogas, at this stage for the implementation of the voluntary emission reduction projects to provide a reference. Three, establish an advanced service model, highlighting the new image of the energy team Repeatedly since the technology of biogas digesters "third built seven in charge, not good will be" a year, two years, three years four years keep frogs. To catch the follow-up service, to catch the team XX City in strengthening the team building process, the emergence of a number of service models and technical experts. Dragon and Phoenix Town Agricultural Service Center of Yuan Liang, is a typical representative. He from 2005 years engaged in gas, ten years as one day, always keep the people of noble sentiment, conscientiously perform their duties conscientiously serve the masses. His advanced deeds of people's daily, the farmer daily, Hubei Daily and other media reported that 2015 was named the provincial labor Model, by the Deputy Secretary of the provincial Party committee Zhang Changer as the new era of Shi Chuanxiang, Yuan Liang with his dedication to the cause of the gas, won the majority of people good reputation. Vigorously promote the typical deeds, strengthen the play. Incentive motivation, the city "for everyone to learn advanced, all vying for the advanced, everyone catch up with and surpass the advanced" has become so rampant, the team has the typical, post a pacesetter, set up the city's rural energy team for the good image of the civil service. Four, to promote the development of circular agriculture, build a comprehensive utilization of a new bright spot Table, an important role in the profound understanding of the ecological "XX" from the ecological agriculture, XX city to biogas development of ecological agriculture, always adhere to the construction of biogas energy line overall circulation agriculture demonstration, in accordance with the "gas into people's homes, free installation, according to the charges, comprehensive utilization" principle, vigorously carry out the centralized gas supply, recycling for the purpose of biogas engineering construction. One is to carry out multi demonstration. The dragon and Phoenix Town, Tun Xiang Bai Guo Xiang, the construction of the biogas engineering as a link to the "pig - biogas - vegetable", "pig - biogas - tea", "pig - biogas - fruit" cycle of agricultural demonstration base, through a variety of experiments and demonstrations, summarize test result And promotion of demonstration experience. The second is to enhance the quality. The city in biogas production and utilization, research and development of "high yield biogas fermentation device and selenium enriched biogas fertilizer production method" is State Intellectual Property Office of the grant of the patent right, to enhance the level of technology of the city of Biogas fertilizer use. The third is to expand the use of the area. According to local conditions, due to implement the strategy, the follow-up services of biogas and biogas comprehensive utilization of organic combination, to solve the "planting no biogas pool", "biogas pool or not in the labor force", practical problems such as "labor without cultivation", let biogas fertilizer was in circulation and utilization. The next step, XX city will in accordance with the provincial, state energy deployment, and further increase the efforts to the construction of biogas project, to accelerate rural biogas to the scale of development, comprehensive utilization and scientific management in the direction of transformation and upgrading, promote the sustainable development of biogas in rural areas. In recent years, under the support and guidance of the provincial rural energy office, the county completed a total of household biogas pool nearly 7 million households, large-scale biogas project 4, small and medium-sized biogas project in 141, rural service outlets 211, subsidies for solar water heater 2340, biomass stove 2300 units, for the development of green agriculture, improve the people's quality of life play great role. In particular, we succeed in biogas purification, high value utilization based on, to further expand the scale, to open up the market, standardized management, to promote the transformation and upgrading of rural biogas project made some active exploration. Our approach to report as follows: One, scale development, play the economic and social benefits of high quality of methane utilization Biogas high-quality exploit inspired new rural of our country's energy market, for installation of gas pipeline engineering of new rural residential demand. Since last year the province's rural biogas high quality using after the spot, we based on the basis, to expand the scale, an ample supply of gas source, to ensure that farmers with adequate quality of bio gas. One is to expand the size of the original base. Last year held a spot of Qianfeng county and in the province of rural energy office, county government support, in the original 30 acres of the project on the basis of, to ratify the new 10 acres of land, according to large scale biogas centralized gas supply engineering construction requirements, invest 100 million yuan to build a 3000m3 volume of anaerobic fermentation tank, the implementation of technical innovation, using carbon steel output pipeline, building to gas 10000m3 above the new holder, and complete the related projects, assurance that have been developed to farmers with the supply of gas, 2016 Spring Festival peak gas during. There have been no interruption in supply, the user of ten Satisfaction. Second is to actively open up new bases. This year, we through the comprehensive deployment of the county government, related to the integration of sector funds, in Pu Zhen Zhang Zhuang Songlin farm, the port town of gold farming cooperatives, plans to build two 2000m3 volume fermentor, copy forward mode, solve environmental pollution, fruit trees fertilizer, life problems with gas. We will also under the support of relevant departments, the forward mode is launched county public security, with conditions in other counties, willingness of biogas engineering base, to assist in the construction of gas compression purification equipment and production and marketing integration mode. At present, Qianfeng company has been declared a biogas purification, compression and canning 10 a number of utility Technology patents, 2 invention patents, has applied for a registered trademark of the striker, and with the equipment manufacturers to improve the equipment stereotypes and production and business license related work. File, identity to access to a wide range of measures to implement a decentralized, and third, we will steadily develop the market, we forward the company together to form a team, the public security county, Nanping, lotus pond gate three town residential area development, joint concentrated propaganda, further mobilize and organize farmers to base inspection, to the user, enhance the perceptual knowledge, so that the majority of users of biomass gas from ignorance, doubt, and the safe, convenient, economical and practical advantages of convinced, blown away. At the same time, begin to rural area market development, Meng Zhen Jin Gang Cun Zha Kou Zhen De Yi Village pilot, the biomass gas supply farmers, let old people's lives improve grades. Popular support, this year, has added 2382 users. In the commercial sector, has also developed more than 10 food and beverage industry users, the amount of gas is equivalent to 500 civilian gas consumption. Two, make an inventory of the stock, to play the role of high quality of the use of Biogas Rectification has been built in the biogas project, the use of mobile integrated compression purification equipment, the nearest gas recovery, the nearest distribution, improve the use of the original biogas project effect, give full play to the role of high quality and revitalize thProvince's rural marsh gas with high quality use after the spot, we organized a special group, on the basis of a full range of investigation and research, and forward the company together on the county's three large and medium-sized anaerobic fermentation tank be renovated and through technical transformation to restore gas production capacity, building integrated mobile compression purified gas recovery equipment, gas recovery at the price of one yuan per cubic meter by striker company recovery. Both sides have certain economic benefits, not only start the utilization of waste fermentation tank, but also saves the cost of new fermentation tank, achieve a win-win results. Transformation of concentrated residential above at the same time, we also the county nearly 20 100m3 volume fermentation tank, technological transformation, the use of forward the company's equipment, so that to make full use of the conditions are ripe for the District, we use small equipment for purification of direct supply, the use of the user directly with clean and high quality raw material gas, deeply welcome. For example, we in Zhang Tian Si Zhen Chang Chun Cun residential area gas investment less than 20 million yuan, to more than 100 users for the natural gas. Through the entire old buildings and building new, one or two years to cover the whole county, and truly let the rural biogas upgrading work implemented, resulting in greater social benefits and economic benefits. Three, comprehensive utilization, to play the key role of biogas project to boost green agriculture Consumptive striker in my county is planting, livestock and poultry, aquatic County, according to statistics, the county pig herds 57 million head, poultry kept caged 9.7 million, large-scale farms and farming district more than 1000, animal manure and sewage emissions 20 million tons, aquaculture and environmental protection pressure. In the county government's support, we have more channels to raise funds, the biogas project near the base of the five towns more than 20 a livestock and poultry farm manure renovation to achieve separation of dry and wet, and each farm road repair, the company and the aquaculture field signed agreement, the implementation of paid service. On the one hand, to solve the environmental pollution problems, to ensure that the livestock and poultry breeding The healthy development of the industry, on the other hand, to ensure the Qianfeng company production of biomass gas raw materials, can effectively reduce the cost. In the treatment of biogas slurry and residue, we equip the a full automatic drip injection and spraying fertilization system, biogas slurry destined for the vegetable fruit base, through the pipe network, the use of automation in process of sprinkler irrigation and achieve small investment, big gains in effect. Combined with biogas centralized supply through the establishment of biogas households, biogas comprehensive utilization demonstration area, fan out from point to area, to expand the scale, give full play to the commercial, biogas fertilizer fertilize the soil effect. Comprehensive utilization of agricultural structure adjustment to construction of biogas as a link, promote aquaculture, driven by planting industry development, and vigorously promote the "pig - Marsh - fruit, pig - Marsh - food, pig - Marsh - Fish" green mode, to create eco brand, organic brand. Over the past two years, we met with Xing Long ecological farm, Dorian vegetable cooperatives and Jin Gang grape base jointly invested more than 30 million, to build three "three natural ponds" comprehensive utilization project pilot, the economic benefit is obvious, vegetable growers of identity And praise. Although we have done some work on the use of biogas in high quality, but according to industry standards and market operation requirements there are many procedures need to complete, we urge the department pay more to give guidance and support, to ensure that rural biogas high-quality use of standardization, scale, standardization and rapidly to the province, and strive to promote the country.e stock.
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